Deck 14: Human Memory Part 2

Question 1

Following a rape, the victim had no memory of the rape, but became very anxious if approached by a man. According to Freud's view of memory, this would be an example of

A) repression.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) proactive interference.
D) Korsakoff's syndrome.

Answer 1

repression.

Question 2

In regards to the repressed memory controversy, which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A) if a specific case of alleged child abuse cannot be proven by independent evidence, individuals should conclude that the allegation was false
B) some recovered memories of childhood abuse are true
C) some recovered memories of childhood abuse are false
D) individuals should be careful in accepting or rejecting claims of childhood abuse as accurate

Answer 2

if a specific case of alleged child abuse cannot be proven by independent evidence, individuals should conclude that the allegation was false

Question 3

Studies by Richard Thompson and his colleagues suggest that specific memories depend on localized neural circuits in the brain. The brain structure identified as accounting for the memory of a conditioned eyeblink response in the rabbit is the

A) hippocampus.
B) amygdala.
C) cerebellum.
D) hindbrain.

Answer 3

cerebellum.

Question 4

Psychologists who accept the accuracy of recovered memories of abuse are most likely to attribute the recent upsurge in recovered memories to

A) an increase in the level of childhood abuse occurring in society.
B) inadvertently created memories after a therapist makes suggestions of childhood abuse.
C) increased sensitivity to an issue that people used to be reluctant to discuss.
D) the use of more effective techniques that allow for the recovery of memories of childhood abuse.

Question 5

Freud's concept of repression involves a specific type of

A) retrieval failure.
B) ineffective encoding.
C) interference.
D) decay.

Question 6

Researchers who question the accuracy of repressed memories are likely to cite all of the following concerns about the retrospective support for repressed memories EXCEPT for

A) the fact that self-assessments of personal memory are often distorted.
B) it is difficult to distinguish between a period when memory was not accessed and whether a memory is not available due to repression.
C) the individuals reporting the repressed memories are lying.
D) patients may have failed to report their abuse due to embarrassment or a conscious preference not to revisit a painful experience.

Question 7

Roediger and McDermott (1995, 2000) used a simple procedure to produce memory illusions. Their data showed that

A) when subjects are given a recall test of the words on the list they remember the non presented words less then 50% of the time.
B) when subjects are given a recognition test they typically indicate that about 80% of the non presented words were actually presented in the list.
C) about 25% of the subjects remember the non presented words when they are given a recall test of the words.
D) about 80% of the subjects remember the non presented words when they are given a recall test of the words.

Question 8

Williams (1994) followed up on females who had been brought to a hospital emergency room for treatment of sexual abuse when they were children. When these women were interviewed 17 years after their emergency room visit,

A) almost all of the women (95%) failed to report the original incident.
B) very few of the women (less than 10%) failed to report the original incident.
C) approximately one-half of the women (55%) failed to report the original incident.
D) just over one-third of the women (38%) failed to report the original incident.

Question 9

Chu and his colleagues (1999) studied psychiatric patients that had been hospitalized for post-traumatic or dissociative disorders and found

A) one third of those who reported childhood sexual abuse said they had experienced amnesia at some point in their lives.
B) very few of the patients with dissociative disorder (less than 10%) reported having been sexually abused.
C) approximately one-half of the women (55%) had been sexually abused.
D) most of the patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (more then than 75%) reported having been sexually abused.

Question 10

At Debbie's 20th high school reunion, her old friends talk about the time Debbie tripped in the cafeteria and spilled her lunch tray full of spaghetti all over the captain of the football team. Debbie enjoys hearing the story, but claims to have no memory of the event. Most likely her lack of a memory of the event is the result of

A) interference
B) motivated forgetting
C) decay (it was over 20 years ago)
D) ineffective encoding

Question 11

Eric Kandel earned his Nobel Prize for his research showing that specific memories depend on

A) biochemical alterations in transmission at specific synapes.
B) the creation of localized neural circuits in the brain.
C) hormonal fluctuations.
D) long-term potentiation in specific synapses along a specific neural pathway.

Question 12

In regard to the recovered memory controversy, psychologists who rely on research on the misinformation effect, reality-monitoring, and imagination inflation are MOST likely to

A) have no opinion on the accuracy of recovered memories.
B) doubt the accuracy of recovered memories.
C) believe the accuracy of recovered memories.
D) be equally likely to doubt or believe the accuracy of recovered memories.

Question 13

Which of the following statements best reflects the current view of the repressed memories controversy?

A) It seems likely that most cases of recovered memories are authentic.
B) It appears that many therapists are deliberately creating false memories in their patients.
C) Recovered memories of childhood abuse can be summarily dismissed.
D) We should be extremely careful about accepting recovered memories of abuse in the absence of convincing corroboration.

Question 14

Anna is currently 55 years old. When she was 7 years old, she saw her grandfather fall down the stairs after he had a stroke. At the time, she visited him in the hospital every day for the 6 months it took him to recover. Today, Anna has no memory of her grandfather, his stroke, or her visits to him in the hospital. According to Freud, Anna may be

A) showing signs of proactive interference.
B) experiencing retrograde amnesia.
C) suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome.
D) using repression to push the memories out of her conscious awareness.

Question 15

Psychologists who doubt the accuracy of recovered memories of abuse maintain that

A) the recovered memories result from the ineffective encoding of everyday events.
B) the recovered memories are accurate accounts of earlier events.
C) the recovered memories are inadvertently created in individuals after a therapist makes suggestions of childhood abuse.
D) individuals purposely make up stories of abuse to damage the reputation of the accused individual.

Question 16

Krista is 28 years old. She was burned quite badly in a kitchen accident when she was seven years old. Today, even though her parents still sometimes mention the kitchen accident, Krista has no memory of ever being burned. According to Freud, Krista may be

A) showing signs of proactive interference.
B) experiencing retrograde amnesia.
C) experiencing the misinformation effect.
D) using repression to keep the distressing memories buried in the unconscious.

Question 17

A 45-year-old woman suddenly becomes aware of long-forgotten memories of being sexually abused by her father when she was six years old. Her father denies the allegations. This case can be described as a typical example associated with the

A) memory reconstruction controversy.
B) false allegation controversy.
C) recovered memory controversy.
D) memory retrieval controversy.

Question 18

Bob is currently 37 years old. He was bitten quite badly by a dog when he was 8 years old. Today, even though his parents still sometimes mention this incident, and even though Bob has numerous scars from the dog-bite incident, he has no memory of ever being bitten. According to Freud, Carter may be

A) showing signs of proactive interference.
B) using repression to push the memory out of his conscious awareness.
C) experiencing retrograde amnesia.
D) suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 19

McMillan and her colleagues (1997) asked a random sample of almost 10,000 adults about whether they had experienced abuse during childhood. These researchers found that

A) females were more likely to have experienced physical abuse, while males were more likely to have experienced sexual abuse.
B) males were more likely to have experienced physical abuse, while females were more likely to have experienced sexual abuse.
C) females were more likely to have experienced both physical and sexual abuse.
D) males and females experienced both physical and sexual abuse with equal frequency.

Question 20

According to Sigmund Freud, repression

A) refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.
B) involves remembering information without willful intent.
C) causes memories to be forgotten spontaneously with the passage of time.
D) allows semantic memories to be erased if they are not rehearsed.

Question 21

Long-term potentiation appears to involve changes in

A) presynaptic, but not postsynaptic neurons, in the hippocampus.
B) both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons in the cerebellum.
C) both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons in the hippocampus.
D) postsynaptic, but not presynaptic neurons, in the hippocampus.

Question 22

If you suffer from an inability to recall old memories as a result of brain trauma, you have a case of

A) anterograde amnesia.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) Korsakov's syndrome.
D) limbic system inversion.

Question 23

In anterograde amnesia,

A) new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
B) previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
C) a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury.
D) a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury.

Question 24

Victims of organic amnesia who can recall memories stored before a head injury but can not recall information processed after the injury are showing

A) retrograde amnesia.
B) pseudoforgetting.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) retroactive interference.

Question 25

Damage to which of the following is MOST likely to cause deficits in long-term memory?

A) limbic system
B) hippocampal region
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) Broca's area

Question 26

Retrograde amnesia is a type of organic amnesia in which

A) new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
B) previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
C) a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury.
D) a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury.

Question 27

Evidence from studies of which of the following most clearly supports the idea that memory traces consist of specific neural circuits?

A) long-term potentiation
B) retrograde amnesia
C) electrical stimulation of the brain
D) the transfer of RNA from one animal to another

Question 28

Dave is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in loss of memory for events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of

A) retrograde amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) retroactive interference.

Question 29

Evidence on long-term potentiation (LTP) suggests that a memory trace

A) consists of specific neural circuits.
B) involves anatomical changes in the structure of the brain.
C) develops from altering hormonal levels in the brain.
D) depends on biochemical changes at specific synapses.

Question 30

Trevor was in a car accident and hit his head on the dashboard. Later, when the police question him about the events just prior to the accident, he draws a complete blank. Trevor's memory difficulties are consistent with

A) retrograde amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) proactive interference.
D) pseudoforgetting.

Question 31

The key implication of Richard Thompson's work, investigating the neural circuitry of memory, is that

A) the cerebellum, rather than the hippocampus, is the hey to memory in non-human mammals.
B) durable changes in synaptic transmission are the building blocks of all complex memories.
C) the prefrontal cortex is the primary area involves in the processing of sensory and short-term memories.
D) it may be possible to map out specific neural circuits that correspond to some types of specific memories.

Question 32

Which of the following processes has not been suggested as a biochemical process involved in memory?

A) protein synthesis
B) hormonal levels
C) consolidation
D) alterations in synaptic transmission

Question 33

The case of H. M. suggests that

A) the hippocampal regions, not just the hippocampus, is critical for long-term memory.
B) retrograde amnesia results in permanent memory loss .
C) long term memories are stored in the hippocampal region.
D) memory consolidation is complete in twenty minutes.

Question 34

One process that may shed light on how forgetting occurs at the level of the synapse is

A) long-term potentiation (LTP).
B) long-term depressions (LTD).
C) high-frequency potentiation (HFP).
D) low-frequency excitation (LFE).

Question 35

The profound anterograde amnesia that H. M. experienced after undergoing surgery to control his epilepsy suggests that

A) the prefrontal lobes are the storage area for most long-term memories.
B) the hippocampal complex plays a key role in the consolidation of long-term memories.
C) the cortex houses exact recordings of past experiences and events.
D) long-term memories are processed and stored in the cerebellum.

Question 36

Adrianna was skiing when she fell and hit her head. When the operators of the ski resort ask her what she was doing just before she fell, she really can't remember. Adrianna's memory loss is consistent with

A) cryptomnesia.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) pseudoforgetting.

Question 37

Scientists studying the neurological basis of memory have discovered new brain cells are formed constantly in the

A) dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
B) dentate gyrus of the amygdala.
C) subcortical areas of the prefrontal cortex.
D) basilar sulcus of the cerebellum.

Question 38

Animal studies show that manipulations that suppress neurogenesis lead to

A) enhanced learning on many types of tasks.
B) organic anterograde amnesia.
C) non-orgranic retrograde amnesia.
D) memory impairments on many types of learning tasks.

Question 39

Trent was attacked by another motorist and his head was banged against his car several times during their brawl. Since that night he finds that he is constantly forgetting to run errands, and he often forgets appointments. Trent's memory difficulties are consistent with

A) retrograde amnesia.
B) retroactive interference.
C) pseudoforgetting.
D) anterograde amnesia.

Question 40

The long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses of a specific neural pathway is referred to as

A) spreading cortical activation.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) transfer-appropriate excitation.
D) an engram process.

Question 41

The hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long term memory is known as

A) long-term potentiation.
B) consolidation.
C) pseudomemory.
D) cryptomnesia.

Question 42

The gradual conversion of information into durable long-term memory codes is called

A) long-term potentiation.
B) postsynaptic conversion.
C) elaboration.
D) consolidation.

Question 43

The text described the case of H. M. who following brain surgery developed a severe case of anterograde amnesia. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe H. M.'s memory?

A) he could not form new long-term memories for events that occurred after the surgery
B) he could remember events that occurred prior to surgery
C) he could not remember events that occurred between one year prior to and one year after his surgery
D) his short-term memory was normal

Question 44

Natasha asks Oscar for directions to his house. When he tells her to turn on 4th Street, she asks what color the house is on the corner where she turns. Oscar is surprised that he actually knows the house is blue, since he never really thought about it. In this instance, it is likely that the house color was stored in Oscar's

A) nondeclarative memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) declarative memory.
D) prospective memory.

Question 45

The hypothetical process during which information in converted into durable long-term memory codes is termed

A) storage.
B) expansion.
C) retention.
D) consolidation.

Question 46

Some theorists believe that the ____ memory system may handle automatic remembering, while the ____ memory system handles conscious, effortful remembering.

A) procedural; declarative
B) declarative; procedural
C) independent; procedural
D) declarative; independent

Question 47

Which area of the brain is associated with the consolidation of long-term memories?

A) hippocampal region
B) hypothalamus
C) cerebral cortex
D) medulla

Question 48

Declarative memory appears to be handled by the

A) medial temporal lobe.
B) medulla and the structures within the midbrain.
C) limbic system and the connections it makes with the prefrontal cortex.
D) hippocampal complex and the areas of the cortex with which it communicates.

Question 49

The current thinking is that memories are consolidated in the ____ and stored in the ____.

A) limbic system; cerebellum
B) hippocampal region; cortex
C) cortex; limbic system
D) cerebellum; hippocampus

Question 50

Hayden is explaining the rules of his new computer game to Shane. The information about the rules is being retrieved from Hayden's

A) prospective memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 51

Andre is demonstrating a new computer program to his roommate. As he shows his roommate how to open the application and create a file, Andre is largely relying on his

A) procedural memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) prospective memory.

Question 52

The consolidation view suggests that after the consolidation of a long-term memory, the memory is stored in a region of the

A) hypothalamus.
B) hippocampus.
C) cerebellum.
D) cerebral cortex.

Question 53

Which of the following areas of the brain is associated with the severe memory impairment that occurs in Alzheimer's disease?

A) limbic system
B) hippocampal region
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) Broca's area

Question 54

The memory system that contains words, definitions, events, and ideas is the

A) episodic memory system.
B) declarative memory system.
C) procedural memory system.
D) assimilative memory system.

Question 55

Faith had brain surgery to remove a small tumor from her temporal lobe. While recovering from the surgery Faith appeared to be fine, and she was able to talk about events from both her childhood and just before the surgery. However, she really cannot remember anything that has happened since the surgery. Faith's memory difficulties are consistent with those seen in

A) retrograde amnesia.
B) cryptomnesia.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) pseudoforgetting.

Question 56

Various lines of recent research suggest that areas in the prefrontal cortex contribute to

A) procedural memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) working memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 57

A person who has a head injury, and as a result loses his memory of events that happened before the injury, has

A) partial amnesia.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) complete amnesia.

Question 58

Following a serious car accident in which both Rick and Ron suffer head injuries, they both have amnesia. Rick cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Ron cannot remember events that occurred after the accident. Rick suffers from ____ amnesia and Ron from ____ amnesia.

A) anterograde; retrograde
B) retrograde; anterograde
C) proactive; retroactive
D) retroactive; proactive

Question 59

Procedural memory

A) is memory for factual information.
B) is memory for actions, skills, and operations.
C) is made up of chronological recollections of personal experiences.
D) contains general knowledge that is not temporally dated.

Question 60

Various lines of research suggest that areas in the ____ contribute to working memory.

A) reticular formation
B) cerebellum
C) hippocampus
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 61

Memory of "chronological" and "dated" personal experiences is referred to as

A) semantic memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 62

Seven-year-old Dana is distressed when her third grade teacher gives her class an assignment the very first day. They are all to write four paragraphs describing what they did over their summer vacation. To complete this assignment effectively, the students will need to utilize their

A) procedural memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) prospective memory.

Question 63

Dennis is reminiscing about the trip he took with his parents to visit the house where his father grew up. He can still remember the wide front porch with the porch swing and the big trees in the backyard. As Dennis recalls this trip, he is relying on his

A) retrospective memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) prospective memory.

Question 64

Remembering to perform actions in the future involves

A) proactive memory.
B) retrograde memory.
C) prospective memory.
D) retrospective memory.

Question 65

Ruben and Maya are describing their recent trip to Brazil. They describe all the interesting things they did while they were there, and all the interesting people that they met. In describing their trip, Ruben and Maya are largely relying on their

A) semantic memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) prospective memory.

Question 66

The memory system that contains the memory for how to type on a typewriter or drive an automobile is the

A) cerebellum memory system.
B) schematic memory system.
C) procedural memory system.
D) episodic memory system.

Question 67

Nondeclarative memory appears to involve structures such as

A) the cerebellum and the amygdala.
B) the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
C) the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal complex.
D) the midbrain and the cerebellum.

Question 68

Your memory of how to do something, such as how to shoot a free throw in basketball, is contained in your

A) declarative memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 69

When, during a psychology test, you try to remember something your instructor said in class last week, you are using what researchers call

A) proactive memory.
B) retrograde memory.
C) prospective memory.
D) retrospective memory.

Question 70

Timothy was planning to tape a special broadcast late on PBS Tuesday night, but he forgot to turn the VCR on before he went to bed that night. Timothy's forgetfulness illustrates

A) pseudoforgetting.
B) proactive interference.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) a failure in prospective memory.

Question 71

Dave is reminiscing about the first car he owned in high school and how he felt the first time he drove it through town. This is an example of

A) procedural memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 72

Your psychology professor asks you for the name of the individual who started the behavioral approach to the study of psychology. To answer this question correctly, you need to rely on your

A) semantic memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) prospective memory.

Question 73

Which memory system is characterized by both it requires little effort or attention to recall a memory and memories do not decline much over long retention intervals?

A) declarative memory
B) episodic memory
C) procedural memory
D) semantic memory

Question 74

____ memory is made up of temporally dated recollections of personal experiences.

A) Episodic
B) Declarative
C) Semantic
D) Explicit

Question 75

Kelly is taking antibiotics for an ear infection, but she finds she often forgets to take the medication when she is supposed to. She has tried leaving the container for the medication in plain view, but she still forgets on occasion. Kelly's difficulty in remembering to take her medication illustrates

A) proactive interference.
B) pseudoforgetting.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) a failure in prospective memory.

Question 76

Cierra is writing a test in geography, and she is trying to recall the capital of Turkmenistan. In answering this question, Cierra is largely relying on her

A) episodic memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) prospective memory.

Question 77

The memory system that contains memories for factual information such as names, faces, events, definitions, and concepts is the

A) prospective memory.
B) retrospective memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) declarative memory.

Question 78

General knowledge that is NOT tied to the time when the information was learned is contained in

A) episodic memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) procedural memory.

Question 79

The subdivision of the declarative memory system, made up of chronological recollections of personal experiences, is referred to as

A) network memory.
B) nodal memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) event-evoked memory.

Question 80

The neural bases of nondeclarative memory appears to be handled by the

A) medial temporal lobe.
B) cerebellum and amygdala structures.
C) limbic system and the connections it makes with the prefrontal cortex.
D) hippocampal complex and the areas of the cortex with which it communicates.