Deck 13: Human Memory Part 1

Question 1

Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings, based on the results of studies on divided attention, should Kwan answer the phone?

A) No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus more on the phone call than on traffic signals.
B) He should only answer the phone if he is an experienced driver who is driving in a familiar location.
C) Yes, his attention system will allow him to process both traffic information and his phone conversation equally.
D) He should only answer the phone if he has a hands-free device, so that he is not distracted by having to hold the phone.

Answer 1

No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus more on the phone call than on traffic signals.

Question 2

In order for a memory to be retrieved, it must first be

A) ablated.
B) modeled.
C) stored.
D) encoded.

Answer 2

stored.

Question 3

Zachariah was not sure that he was ready for his midterm exams, but once he started the exams, he found that he was able to accurately recall the information he had learned that related to each question. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Zachariah could access and utilize the information in his memory is

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) rehearsal.

Answer 3

retrieval.

Question 4

The memory process of storage involves

A) recovering information from memory stores.
B) forming a memory code.
C) linking new information to other information.
D) maintaining information in memory over time.

Question 5

Which of the following does not describe one of the three main processes involved in memory?

A) evaluating information in memory
B) maintaining information in memory
C) pulling information out of memory
D) putting information into memory

Question 6

Curtis is working on a presentation and doesn't hear the phone ringing in the background. Later, he is surprised to find three phone messages have come in for him, because he was totally unaware that the phone had even rung. Incidents of this type would lend support to

A) a late-selection model of attention.
B) a proactive model of attention.
C) an early-selection model of attention.
D) an acoustic-blocking model of attention.

Question 7

The process of locating and recovering information from your memory store is

A) remembering.
B) retrieval.
C) storage.
D) encoding.

Question 8

Early-selection theories of attention propose that

A) stimuli are screened out before the brain processes the meaning of sensory input.
B) stimuli are screened out after the brain processes the meaning of sensory input.
C) attention is distributed equally among all stimulus inputs that are above threshold.
D) stimuli are screened out before they reach the sense organs.

Question 9

The three basic processes in memory are

A) encoding, storage, and retrieval.
B) acoustic, semantic, and eidetic.
C) recall, recognition, and relearning.
D) sensation, perception, and cognition.

Question 10

If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) acquisition.

Question 11

The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) sensation.

Question 12

Frances is daydreaming during her botany class, and has not been listening to the lecture at all. She is suddenly aware that her professor has just called her name, and is waiting for her to respond to a question that has been asked. Incidents of this type lend support to

A) a retroactive model of attention.
B) a late-selection model of attention.
C) an early-selection model of attention.
D) an acoustic-blocking model of attention.

Question 13

In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

A) ablated.
B) modeled.
C) retrieved.
D) encoded.

Question 14

The basic process in memory that involves maintaining information in memory is

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) sensation.

Question 15

The first memory process that involves getting information into memory is

A) memorization.
B) storage.
C) encoding.
D) retrieval.

Question 16

Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is

A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) chunking.
D) storage.

Question 17

The process of recalling information from memory is referred to as

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) information registry.

Question 18

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later is

A) encoding ® retrieval ® storage.
B) encoding ® storage ® retrieval.
C) storage ® retrieval ® acquisition.
D) acquisition ® encoding ® retrieval.

Question 19

Which statement best represents current thinking about early-selection versus late-selection theories of attention?

A) The preponderance of evidence supports early selection.
B) The preponderance of evidence supports late selection.
C) The preponderance of evidence supports intermediate selection.
D) The location of the attention filter may be flexible.

Question 20

Focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events involves

A) encoding.
B) attention.
C) elaboration.
D) clustering.

Question 21

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines

A) perception.
B) processing.
C) attention.
D) sensation.

Question 22

Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing?

A) phonemic, semantic, structural
B) structural, semantic, phonemic
C) semantic, phonemic, structural
D) structural, phonemic, semantic

Question 23

Two students took a memory test. Twenty nouns were shown sequentially on a TV monitor. Mallory tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor. Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence. Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory, you should predict that

A) Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
B) both students should have equivalent recall of the words.
C) Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
D) Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding.

Question 24

Based on Lavie's research into the location of the attention filter, which of the following pairs of terms is matched INCORRECTLY?

A) high-load task - late filter
B) simple task - late filter
C) complicated task - early filter
D) low-load task - late filter

Question 25

When processing verbal information, if you focus attention on the sounds of words you are engaging in ____ encoding.

A) verbal
B) phonemic
C) semantic
D) structural

Question 26

When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks, their performance on the encoding task generally shows

A) a marked improvement.
B) a small decline.
C) a large decline.
D) no significant change.

Question 27

The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information being processed, is

A) the triarchic level of encoding.
B) the semantic level of encoding.
C) attentional encoding.
D) dyadic encoding.

Question 28

The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.

A) structural
B) semantic
C) verbal
D) phonemic

Question 29

According to Lavie, the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing. Selection tends to occur late when individuals

A) are attending to complicated, high-load tasks.
B) are processing new information.
C) expect to be tested on the material.
D) are involved in simple, low-load tasks.

Question 30

Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "pup, bucket, and loathe." Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list

A) proactively.
B) semantically.
C) phonemically.
D) structurally.

Question 31

Sarah is studying for her psychology exam and listening to the television. Studies on divided attention would suggest that

A) she would experience a negative impact on her studying since she would focus more on the TV since auditory cues will be attended to over visual cues.
B) the effect will be neutral.
C) she will experience a negative impact on her memory and not remember much of either the TV show or her studying.
D) she would experience a positive impact on her studying since the TV would serves as noise and would allow her to focus her attention on her textbook.

Question 32

According to Lavie, the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing. Selection tends to occur early when individuals

A) are involved in simple, low-load tasks
B) are attending to complicated, high-load tasks
C) are processing familiar information
D) do not expect to be tested on the material

Question 33

In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?

A) morphemic
B) phonemic
C) mnemonic
D) platonic

Question 34

A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called

A) a structural code.
B) a phonemic code.
C) a semantic code.
D) an episodic code.

Question 35

Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list

A) phonemically.
B) semantically.
C) implicitly.
D) structurally.

Question 36

Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: dog, pail, and hate. Later, he recalled these words as: "log, whale, and late." Xavier's errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the original word list

A) phonemically.
B) structurally.
C) semantically.
D) retroactively.

Question 37

You are observing another student reading in the cafeteria. There are several distracting sounds, but the individual does not look up or otherwise appear to notice any of the disruptions. Based on Lavie's view of the attention filter, you should conclude that the person is reading ____ material because external information is being filtered ____.

A) complicated or complex; early
B) complicated or complex; late
C) simple; early
D) simple; late

Question 38

Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?

A) structural encoding
B) mnemonic encoding
C) semantic encoding
D) phonemic encoding

Question 39

Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart (1972)?

A) semantic
B) structural
C) phonemic
D) functional

Question 40

Based on Lavie's research into the location of the attention filter, which of the following pairs of terms is matched CORRECTLY?

A) high-load task - late filter
B) simple task - early filter
C) low-load - early filter
D) complicated task - early filter

Question 41

Naomi is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Naomi is using

A) an efficient study strategy, because examples should help her to recall key ideas.
B) an ineffective study strategy that will probably cause her to confuse many of the key ideas.
C) shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is reading.
D) the linking method, to create a more complete semantic network.

Question 42

Self-referent encoding involves

A) the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered.
B) making the material to be remembered personally meaningful.
C) forming two kinds of memory codes for each word.
D) linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.

Question 43

The semantic level of processing focuses attention on

A) the visual structure of written words.
B) the meaning of words.
C) the spelling of words.
D) the sounds of spoken words.

Question 44

The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

A) enhanced by forming either semantic or visual codes.
B) composed of declarative and procedural elements.
C) composed of episodic and semantic codes.
D) composed of schematic and nonschematic elements.

Question 45

Hugh is studying for his geography test. He is in a hurry, so he focuses on the main points of the text and skips all of the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point. In this case, Hugh is using

A) an efficient study strategy, because examples often cause students to become confused about key issues.
B) chunking to create fewer storage units, and this should aid his later recall of the information.
C) deep processing, which should produce a very durable memory for the material.
D) an ineffective study strategy and will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads.

Question 46

The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model proposes that memory has

A) sensory, short-term, medium-term, and long-term stores.
B) short-, medium-, and long-term stores.
C) four different memory stores.
D) sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.

Question 47

Level of processing theory suggests that longer-lasting memory codes are the result of ____ levels of processing.

A) broader
B) narrower
C) deeper
D) shallower

Question 48

Erin is studying for her anatomy exam. While she is studying, she tries to create as many pictures as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Erin is using

A) elaboration.
B) visual imagery.
C) self-referent encoding.
D) phonemic encoding.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a method to enrich encoding of to-be-stored information?

A) self-referent encoding
B) visual imagery
C) rote memorization
D) elaboration

Question 50

If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of the words, as you read through the list you should

A) count how many letters are in each word.
B) concentrate on the first letter of each word.
C) think of a word that rhymes with each word.
D) use each word in a sentence.

Question 51

Norm is studying for his law exam. While he is studying, he is trying to think of as many examples as he can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Norm is using

A) elaboration.
B) visual imagery.
C) self-referent encoding.
D) phonemic encoding.

Question 52

When their mom took them to the store yesterday she asked David and Andrew to help her remember to buy apples. While David focused his attention on how apples were his favorite fruit, Andrew thought of seeing a bag of big red apples in the shopping cart. David was using ____ and Andrew ____.

A) elaboration; structural encoding
B) elaboration; visual imagery
C) phonemic encoding; structural encoding
D) phonemic encoding; visual imagery

Question 53

Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?

A) encoding-storage theory
B) information-processing theory
C) enhanced imagery theory
D) dual-coding theory

Question 54

Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of information in sensory memory?

A) Richard Atkinson
B) Hermann Ebbinghaus
C) George Miller
D) George Sperling

Question 55

Several students are arguing over the actual year that the Berlin wall came down. Some of the students think it was in 1990, several think it was in 1991, and one student thinks it may have been 1988. Seth confidently tells them it was in November 1989, because it came down the same week he won a statewide spelling bee. The fact that Seth is able to accurately recall the date illustrates the impact of

A) prospective memory processes.
B) self-referent encoding.
C) semantic encoding.
D) spreading activation in a semantic network.

Question 56

Karina is given a list of words to memorize, and she forms a mental image of each word on the list. Calvin is given the same list of words, and he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a memory test

A) both Karina and Calvin will recall the same number of words.
B) Karina will recall more words than Calvin.
C) Calvin will recall more words than Karina.
D) Karina is more likely to make "look-alike" errors in recall.

Question 57

When studying for her psychology exam, Amy would read each word from the list of key terms at the end of the chapter, read the definition of the term and then think of an example that illustrated each term. Amy was using the process of ____ to hopefully enhance her memory of the terms.

A) elaboration
B) expanded attention
C) retrieval
D) imagery

Question 58

The approach to encoding that involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant is

A) deep processing encoding.
B) semantic encoding.
C) self-referent encoding.
D) dual-code encoding.

Question 59

Whitney's neighbors are surprised that she never forgets their anniversary, but their wedding anniversary falls on the same day as Whitney's birthday, so she finds it an easy date to remember. Whitney's easy recall of the anniversary date illustrates the influence of

A) semantic encoding.
B) spreading activation in a semantic network.
C) prospective memory processes.
D) self-referent encoding.

Question 60

Elaboration involves

A) the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered.
B) decreasing the complexity of the material to be remembered.
C) forming two kinds of memory code for each word.
D) linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.

Question 61

The observation that when a flashlight is waved quickly through the air in a circular pattern, you perceive a circle of light and not just a "single point" of light is consistent with the functioning of your

A) visual memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 62

When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ____ memory until you write it in your notes.

A) trace
B) sensory
C) short-term
D) long-term

Question 63

Nelson Cowan cites evidence indicating that the capacity of short-term memory is actually

A) seven, plus or minus two.
B) nine, plus or minus one.
C) four, plus or minus one.
D) five, plus or minus three.

Question 64

Research by George Miller suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is about ____ chunks of unrelated acoustically coded information.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 12

Question 65

A 1-800 number for a product Ronald was interested in flashed on the television screen. Unfortunately the number disappeared before Ronald was able to write down the last three digits. However, Ronald found he had a momentary mental image of the phone number, and he was able to complete it, even though the number had disappeared. Ronald's experience BEST illustrates

A) cued recall.
B) sensory memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) a flashbulb memory.

Question 66

As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using

A) chunking to increase the capacity of her short-term memory.
B) rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory.
C) filtering to temporarily bloc other information out of short-term memory.
D) acoustic encoding to process the names semantically.

Question 67

The function of sensory memory is to

A) put information into long-term memory.
B) hold the immediate perception of what was perceived.
C) hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer.
D) hold information for a lifetime.

Question 68

A sensory memory

A) usually lasts for about 30 seconds.
B) can be maintained by rehearsal.
C) is usually stored acoustically.
D) gives you additional time to try to recognize a stimulus.

Question 69

You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings. After talking on the phone, you can't remember the last thing you read. This information was lost from ____ memory, because the phone conversation distracted you from ____ the information.

A) sensory; perceiving
B) short-term; rehearsing
C) long-term; rehearsing
D) long-term; retrieving

Question 70

Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope. As long as the rope is turning, all Cindy can see is a blur of color. She can only make out the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping. The "blurred" image that Cindy sees while the rope is moving results from the way in which

A) flashbulb memories are formed.
B) episodic memory is encoded.
C) sensory memory works.
D) rehearsal works in short-term memory.

Question 71

Information-processing theory subdivides the memory process of ____ into three separate components.

A) remembering
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) storage

Question 72

Sensory memory

A) is the same as the working memory.
B) is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.
C) preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
D) is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.

Question 73

Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items?

A) Richard Atkinson
B) Hermann Ebbinghaus
C) George Miller
D) George Sperling

Question 74

If your psychology professor brags that she has a good memory because she can remember everything she saw one-fourth of a second ago, your professor is referring to her

A) instantaneous memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) working memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 75

You look up the phone number of the new Pizza Hut and repeat the number silently in your head until you find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating the number is called

A) chunking.
B) rehearsal.
C) encoding.
D) retrieval.

Question 76

With rehearsal, information in short-term memory can be maintained for some time. Without rehearsal, the duration of short-term memory is

A) no longer than 1 second.
B) about 5 seconds.
C) about 20 seconds.
D) 1-2 minutes.

Question 77

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory comprise the three components of

A) memory.
B) encoding.
C) retrieval.
D) storage.

Question 78

Which stage, according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, is the first stage of memory processing?

A) short-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) semantic memory

Question 79

The memory system that holds information in storage just long enough to give you additional time to recognize the stimulus is

A) sensory memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) working memory.

Question 80

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, the memory system that allows for the sensation of a visual pattern, sound, or touch to longer for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over is called?

A) semantic memory
B) sensory memory
C) long term memory
D) short-term memory