Deck 11: Learning Part 1

Question 1

Pavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs

A) salivating right before food was placed in their mouths.
B) failing to salivate when food was placed in their mouths.
C) salivating only when food was placed in their mouths.
D) salivating right after they had swallowed food.

Answer 1

salivating right before food was placed in their mouths.

Question 2

In Pavlov's original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UR) was

A) the sound of a tone.
B) salivation elicited by a tone.
C) the presentation of meat powder following a tone.
D) salivation elicited by meat powder.

Answer 2

salivation elicited by meat powder.

Question 3

Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" her boyfriend gave her a long, passionate kiss, which Holly found very enjoyable. Now Holly finds that every time she hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio, she becomes a little flushed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

A) the long, passionate kiss.
B) the song, "Can't Help Falling in Love with You."
C) the enjoyment she experienced after the kiss from her boyfriend.
D) the flushing she experiences when she hears the song on the radio.

Answer 3

the song, "Can't Help Falling in Love with You."

Question 4

Carson used to really enjoy lime sherbet, and when he was in Mexico he tried frozen lime margaritas. After his fourth margarita Carson became extremely ill. Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet in a bowl can make him feel queasy. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is

A) the lime margaritas that Carson consumed.
B) the illness that followed the fourth margarita.
C) the sight of lime sherbet.
D) the queasiness that Carson feels when he sees lime sherbet.

Question 5

One Saturday, Lacey was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Lacey she had just won a $1000 gift certificate. She felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what she could do with $1000. Now Lacey finds that whenever she hears a telephone ring, she feels a surge of excitement. In this example, the rush of excitement that Lacey felt when she heard she had won the gift certificate is

A) the conditioned stimulus.
B) the unconditioned stimulus.
C) the unconditioned response.
D) the conditioned response.

Question 6

Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" his girlfriend gave him a long passionate kiss, which Darrel found very enjoyable. Now Darrel finds that every time he hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio, he becomes mildly excited. In this example, the long, passionate kiss is

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned response.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 7

When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, the process is

A) operant conditioning.
B) primary reinforcement.
C) Skinnerian conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 8

One Saturday, Clayton was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Clayton he had just won a $500 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500. Now Clayton finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a little surge of excitement. In this example, the conditioned response is

A) the surge of excitement that Clayton feels whenever he hears a telephone ring.
B) the ringing of a telephone.
C) the news that he had just won a $500 gift certificate.
D) the rush of excitement he felt when he won the certificate.

Question 9

A conditioned stimulus is

A) a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
B) an unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioning.
C) a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response.
D) a learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Question 10

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned reinforcer.
D) conditioned reinforcer.

Question 11

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as

A) state-dependent learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) observational conditioning.

Question 12

Veronica had been working at Zenex Industries for 8 months when her boss asked to see her in his office. She thought he wanted to talk about a promotion so she was quite excited, but instead of giving her a promotion, the boss told Veronica she was being laid off as a result of company downsizing. Veronica could feel her heart pounding as she listened to the news. Veronica was able to get a new job, but every time her new boss asks to talk to her in private, Veronica feels a little faint. In this example, the unconditioned response is

A) the bad news from her boss at Zenex Industries.
B) her new boss asking for a private meeting.
C) her pounding heart when she heard she was being laid off.
D) the faintness she feels when her new boss wants to talk to her in private.

Question 13

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that is originally neutral in regard to the response to be learned is the

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.

Question 14

Floyd had been working at Qualton Enterprises for 2 years when his boss asked to see him in her office. He thought she wanted to talk about a promotion so he was quite excited, but instead of giving him a promotion, the boss told Floyd he was being laid off as a result of company downsizing. Floyd could feel his heart pounding as he listened to the news. Floyd has a new job now, but every time his new boss asks to talk to him in private, Floyd feels a little faint. In this example, Floyd's new boss asking for a private talk is

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned response.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned stimulus.

Question 15

Charity used to really enjoy potato salad, and at a family reunion she ate a large helping. Unfortunately, the potato salad had not been kept cold, and Charity became quite ill after eating it. Now she finds that even the sight of potatoes in the grocery store can make her feel sick to her stomach. In this example, the sick feeling Charity experiences when she sees potatoes in the grocery store is

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned response.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned stimulus.

Question 16

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which

A) responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
B) an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior.
C) an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end.
D) a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.

Question 17

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov's terms, the meat powder is

A) an unconditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned response.

Question 18

The major difference between a CS and a US is

A) the order in which they are presented.
B) that one reliably elicits the response of interest prior to conditioning while the other does not.
C) that during conditioning the response to one increases while the response to the other decreases.
D) the strength of the response that each stimulus elicits.

Question 19

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience is defined as

A) mediation.
B) maturation.
C) learning.
D) conditioning.

Question 20

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience defines

A) development.
B) classical conditioning.
C) learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 21

In classical conditioning, a US is

A) an unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
B) a learned reaction to a stimulus that occurs as a result of previous conditioning.
C) a stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning.
D) a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a learned response.

Question 22

An unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning is

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 23

In Pavlov's principle experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the

A) salivation.
B) light.
C) tone.
D) meat powder.

Question 24

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

A) sing a song.
B) tie shoe laces.
C) print letters.
D) fear the dark.

Question 25

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, cringing in the waiting room is

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) a conditioned response.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 26

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

A) talk.
B) play baseball.
C) walk.
D) love the smell of her father's after shave.

Question 27

Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is

A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) a conditioned stimulus.

Question 28

A previously neutral stimulus, that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response, is

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) a conditioned response.

Question 29

If a child covers his/her ears when seeing fireworks, before hearing the sound of the fireworks, seeing the fireworks would be a(n)

A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 30

The type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is

A) observational learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) reinforcement.

Question 31

In Pavlov's principle experiment, if a dog salivates after hearing a tone the salivation would be the

A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 32

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which

A) an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
B) a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
C) voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
D) an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response.

Question 33

Lyn is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger. Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine. The learning process that could best account for Lyn's fear of spiders is

A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 34

Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) a conditioned response.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned response.

Question 35

In classical conditioning, a CR is

A) an unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
B) a learned reaction to a stimulus that occurs as a result of previous conditioning.
C) a stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning.
D) a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a learned response.

Question 36

In Pavlov's principle experiment, when the dog salivated after receiving meat powder, the salivation was the

A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of learning?

A) learning involves a change in behavior or knowledge
B) learning is due to experience
C) learning is an automatic process
D) learning is relatively durable

Question 38

Belinda was very close to her father, she claims that he always made her feel safe. Belinda's father always wore "Stetson" cologne. Today every time she smells the scent of "Stetson" cologne she develops a pleasant feeling of warmth and comfort. The learning process that could best account for Belinda's pleasant feelings is

A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 39

In Pavlov's principle experiment the conditioned stimulus was the

A) salivation.
B) meat powder.
C) light.
D) tone.

Question 40

When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is

A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 41

When people try to quit drugs to which they are addicted, exposure to drug-related cues may trigger

A) compensatory URs, increasing drug cravings.
B) compensatory CRs, increasing drug cravings.
C) compensatory URs, decreasing drug cravings.
D) compensatory CRs, decreasing drug cravings.

Question 42

When drug users depart from their normal drug routines, the risk of overdosing from their typical drug dosage

A) decreases because compensatory CRs occur.
B) increases because compensatory URs occur.
C) decreases because compensatory URs do not occur.
D) increases because compensatory CRs do not occur.

Question 43

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. In this example, the combined smell of cigarettes and Beemans gum would be

A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 44

Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli

A) occur together in time.
B) occur together in space.
C) occur together in time and space.
D) have been conditioned prior to the current trial.

Question 45

Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to

A) become potty-trained.
B) feed himself.
C) pick up his toys.
D) fear the dentist.

Question 46

When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings, in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings, they are using principles derived from

A) classical conditioning.
B) state-dependent learning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 47

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression, while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. In these studies, the conditioned response would be

A) the immunosuppression.
B) the taste of the liquid that is used.
C) the injection of the drug.
D) fear of the injection process.

Question 48

Compensatory CRs tend to

A) amplify some of the actual effects of psychoactive drugs.
B) cancel out some of the anticipated effects of psychoactive drugs.
C) become weaker over time and eventually disappear.
D) disrupt homeostasis.

Question 49

Compensatory CRs are

A) maladaptive in the short-run, but adaptive in the long-run.
B) maladaptive in both the short-run and the long-run.
C) adaptive in the short-run, but maladaptive in the long-run.
D) adaptive in both the short-run and the long-run.

Question 50

Becky has an intense fear of dogs. Her fear dates back to when as a young child she was attacked and bitten by a stray dog. Her dog phobia developed as a result of

A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 51

A compensatory conditioned response is one that

A) is opposite in direction to the unconditioned response (UR).
B) develops without a conditioned stimulus being present.
C) develops without an unconditioned stimulus being present.
D) is in the same direction as the unconditioned response.

Question 52

Eduardo's mother always wore Chantille perfume, and when she would hug him or hold him close he could smell that scent. Today, whenever he catches a whiff of Chantille perfume, it makes him feel calm and relaxed. The learning process that could best account for Eduardo's response to the scent of Chantille perfume is

A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) delayed reinforcement.

Question 53

Examples of behaviors learned through classical conditioning would include all the following EXCEPT

A) both pleasant and unpleasant emotional responses.
B) simple reflexive behaviors such as blinking.
C) the physiological functioning of the immune system.
D) voluntary behaviors such as setting the table for dinner.

Question 54

The initial stage of learning a response is called

A) extinction.
B) contiguity.
C) acquisition.
D) conditioning.

Question 55

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. The positive emotional response that this woman experienced developed through

A) secondary reinforcement.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 56

Every Sunday morning when Benjamin was a young child, his family would have a special breakfast complete with freshly baked cinnamon rolls. To this day he finds himself smiling whenever he smells cinnamon rolls baking. The smell of the cinnamon rolls is ____ for his positive feelings.

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned stimulus.
C) a discriminative stimulus.
D) a cue.

Question 57

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. In this example, her "weak knees" would be

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned response.

Question 58

According to Pavlov, the key to classical conditioning is the

A) strength of the US.
B) strength of the CS.
C) resistance to extinction brought about by sign-releasing stimuli.
D) stimulus contiguity.

Question 59

A major automaker has developed a series of television commercials that show its cars in the great outdoors, in peaceful settings, away from the hustle and bustle of big cities. They hope that seeing the cars in these settings will condition good feelings about their cars. This particular auto maker is attempting to use

A) classical conditioning in its advertising campaign.
B) operant conditioning in its advertising campaign.
C) observational learning in its advertising campaign.
D) noncontingent reinforcement in its advertising campaign.

Question 60

The study by Domjan et al. (1988), which investigated the adaptive significance of sexual conditioning, may shed some light on

A) how erectile dysfunction may develop in humans.
B) why some species fail to reproduce and become extinct.
C) how sexual fetishes develop in humans.
D) the evolutionary causes of infertility in humans.

Question 61

In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to

A) the return of a conditioned response that had been extinguished, after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
B) a loss of responding that results from the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without an unconditioned stimulus.
C) learning that an event signals the absence, or non-occurrence, of the unconditioned stimulus.
D) a procedure which uses an established conditioned stimulus to condition a response to a second, neutral stimulus.

Question 62

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest is called

A) disinhibition.
B) reconditioning.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 63

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggests that

A) classical conditioning can only be used to condition biologically meaningful responses.
B) once a conditioned response has been extinguished, a person will also stop responding to other stimuli that are similar.
C) extinction does not erase a learned association, it only suppresses or interferes with a conditioned response.
D) when a conditioned response is extinguished, higher-order responses replace the original response.

Question 64

Pavlov believed that the acquisition of a conditioned response depended on

A) the stimulus contiguity of the CS and US.
B) the stimulus contiguity of the US and UR.
C) the response contiguity of the UR and CR.
D) the contiguity of the response and its consequences.

Question 65

After training one of his dogs to salivate in response to a tone, Pavlov continued to present the tone periodically without the food, with the result that the dog

A) kept responding at the same intensity, despite extended exposure to the tone alone.
B) stopped responding immediately.
C) initially responded to the tone at an even greater intensity than before.
D) gradually stopped responding to the tone.

Question 66

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggests that

A) classical conditioning can only be used to condition biologically meaningful responses.
B) even if a person is able to extinguish a conditioned response, there is an excellent chance that it will reappear later.
C) once a conditioned response has been extinguished, a person will also stop responding to other stimuli that are similar.
D) when a conditioned response is extinguished, higher-order responses replace the original response.

Question 67

Ken used to drool at the smell of peanut butter cookies as they baked, and he couldn't wait to sink his teeth into that first cookie. However, Ken's new roommate makes terrible peanut butter cookies, and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience. Consequently, Ken finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) second-order conditioning.
C) extinction.
D) avoidance.

Question 68

When a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery, the rejuvenated response typically

A) is weaker than the previously conditioned response.
B) is stronger than the previously conditioned response.
C) occurs before the conditioned stimulus.
D) changes to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 69

On Tuesday morning, Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast, she tried eating guava for the first time. Later she became extremely ill. If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items, the conditioned response will MOST likely be to

A) guava, because it was a novel stimulus.
B) milk, because the milk may have been sour.
C) grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast.
D) coffee, because coffee is a stimulant.

Question 70

In order to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response, you would present

A) the US before the CS several times.
B) the CS alone several times.
C) the US alone several times.
D) extra pairings of the CS and US.

Question 71

If a classically conditioned response undergoes extinction in an environment which is different from the one in which the response was acquired, the extinguished response will often reappear if the individual is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place. This phenomenon is called

A) second-order conditioning.
B) the renewal effect.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) vicarious conditioning.

Question 72

When choosing a conditioned stimulus, it is best to select a stimulus that is

A) naturally associated with the response.
B) familiar.
C) novel or intense.
D) something the organism perceives as positive.

Question 73

Anthony classically conditioned his cat to purr whenever the phone rang. One day, the phone rang for nearly two hours straight when Anthony wasn't home, and the cat's conditioned purring response underwent extinction. Today, the response has spontaneously recovered, but if the conditioned purring response were to undergo extinction again Anthony should expect that it will

A) take less time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.
B) take more time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.
C) take the same amount of time to extinguish as it took for the original extinction.
D) be impossible to extinguish the response now that spontaneous recovery has occurred.

Question 74

The continued presentation of the CS without the US will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. This phenomenon is known as

A) extinction.
B) inhibition.
C) suppression.
D) conditioned forgetting.

Question 75

Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, however, as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

A) extinction.
B) second-order conditioning.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 76

Bart developed a severe fear of flying when he was piloting a small plan through some severe turbulence. He has been seeing a therapist, and it appears that his fear response has been successfully extinguished. The therapist used a flight simulator to help Bart practice his piloting skills in a safe setting. However, the first time Bart stepped back into a real plane, his fear returned. This example illustrates the phenomenon known as

A) second-order conditioning.
B) the renewal effect.
C) unblocking.
D) stimulus generalization.

Question 77

Kaleb developed a fear of snowstorms two winters ago when his car spun off the road and hit a tree during a blizzard. As the winter progressed and he had no further accidents, Kaleb thought his fear of snowstorms had pretty well disappeared. To his surprise, this winter when the first heavy snow started to fall, he found his heart was pounding and he was trembling. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

A) extinction.
B) second-order conditioning.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 78

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a tendency to make a conditioned response is termed

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) extinction.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 79

On Thursday morning, Charles prepared his typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with his breakfast, he tried eating guava for the first time. At lunchtime he ate his typical lunch of tuna salad and potato chips. However, instead of having a Coke to drink with his lunch, he drank a new fruit flavored soft drink for the first time. During the mid afternoon he became extremely ill. If his illness causes him to develop a conditioned response to something which stimulus is likely to be the conditioned stimulus?

A) guava, because it was a novel stimulus and was the first novel thing he ingested that day
B) tuna, because it is most likely have been sour and it was ingested closest in time to the onset of the illness
C) milk, because the milk may have been sour and it was ingested first thing in the morning
D) the new fruit flavored soft drink, because it was a novel stimulus and was ingested closest in time to the onset of the illness

Question 80

Carly used to be afraid of visits to her family doctor because she associated the sight of his waiting room with the pain of having a blood sample drawn. However, Carly's new doctor's lab worker is "painless," and the sight of the waiting room is no longer associated with pain. Consequently, Carly finds her fear of visits to her family doctor has disappeared. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) extinction.
C) second-order conditioning.
D) avoidance.