Deck 32: Social Behavior Part 2

Question 1

According to the elaboration likelihood model, messages that focus on the ____ are more likely to produce lasting attitude change.

A) peripheral route
B) parasympathetic route
C) central route
D) generic path

Answer 1

central route

Question 2

According to the elaboration likelihood model, TV advertisements for Tylenol that use an attractive famous actor who portrays a doctor in a television series to promote their product are using

A) a peripheral route.
B) central route.
C) fear appeal.
D) foot-in-the-door technique.

Answer 2

a peripheral route.

Question 3

According to Bem's self-perception theory, people often

A) change their behavior to reflect their attitudes.
B) infer their attitudes from their behavior.
C) develop cognitive dissonance when exhibiting counterattitudinal behavior.
D) reduce cognitive dissonance when exhibiting counterattitudinal behavior.

Answer 3

infer their attitudes from their behavior.

Question 4

In Asch's studies of conformity, subjects

A) were ordered to deliver painful electric shocks to a stranger.
B) became the recipients of painful electric shocks delivered by an experimental accomplice.
C) indicated which of three lines matched a "standard line" in length.
D) were ordered to give consistently wrong answers to simple questions.

Question 5

Research on the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change suggests that the ____ route leads to more enduring attitude change and better predicts future behavior.

A) peripheral
B) central
C) objective
D) subjective

Question 6

Conformity occurs when people change their behavior

A) as a result of positive reinforcement.
B) as a result of negative reinforcement.
C) after observing a model being reinforced for a particular response.
D) in response to real or imagined social pressure.

Question 7

Which of the following psychologists is known for conducting classic research on conformity?

A) Solomon Asch
B) Daryl Bem
C) Leon Festinger
D) Stanley Milgram

Question 8

Solomon Asch conducted classic research on

A) the bystander effect.
B) conformity.
C) group productivity.
D) obedience.

Question 9

According to the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, when persuasion depends on factors such as the attractiveness and credibility of the source or emotional responses by the receiver, it is referred to as the

A) objective route.
B) subjective route.
C) central route.
D) peripheral route.

Question 10

Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines which of the following terms?

A) cognitive dissonance
B) obedience
C) groupthink
D) conformity

Question 11

Conformity occurs when people

A) change their behavior as a result of receiving a persuasive argument.
B) change their behavior as a result of observational learning.
C) follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority.
D) yield to real or imagined social pressure.

Question 12

According to the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, when people ponder the content and logic of persuasive messages, it is referred to as the

A) objective route.
B) subjective route.
C) central route.
D) peripheral route.

Question 13

Kara has noticed that every time she eats out on her own she chooses a pizza place over fast food places that serve burgers and fries. Consequently, Kara decides she must really prefer pizzas to burgers and fries. In this example, Kara has formed her attitude in the manner suggested by

A) self-perception theory.
B) cognitive dissonance theory.
C) observational learning theory.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 14

Julio had planned to buy a national brand computer when one of his friends suggested that he look into the computers available through a local "no-name" outlet store. Julio carefully reviewed the relevant reports about the various computer components as well as the statistics on service reliability, and decided his friend was correct. Julio bought his computer from the local "no-name" outlet store. In this case, Julio reached his decision using

A) the central route to persuasion.
B) the peripheral route to persuasion.
C) the cognitive dissonance model of persuasion.
D) a self-serving route to persuasion.

Question 15

Elijah listens carefully to the content of an infomercial for a new exercise system; Bolton focuses on the fact that two star athletes are endorsing the exercise system. After the infomercial has ended, both Elijah and Bolton have favorable attitudes toward the exercise system that was advertised. According to the elaboration likelihood model,

A) Bolton is more likely to actually purchase the exercise system.
B) both these men are likely to purchase the exercise system that was advertised.
C) neither of these men is likely to actually purchase the exercise system.
D) Elijah is more likely to actually purchase the exercise system.

Question 16

Maureen was trying to decide which one of two national brand computers to buy. She was pretty well set on buying the "Brand A" computer when one of her friends mentioned that Kevin Costner did commercials endorsing "Brand B". Maureen decides to buy the "Brand B" computer, based on the assumption that Kevin Costner wouldn't endorse anything that wasn't top quality. In this instance, Maureen has reached her decision using

A) a self-serving route to persuasion.
B) the peripheral route to persuasion.
C) the cognitive dissonance model of persuasion.
D) the central route to persuasion.

Question 17

Clara listens carefully to the content of an infomercial for a new software package, Joyce focuses on the fact that there are three different celebrity endorsers who are really excited about the software package. After the infomercial has ended, both Clara and Joyce think the software is worth purchasing. According to the elaboration likelihood model,

A) Clara will experience more cognitive dissonance than Joyce.
B) Joyce will experience less social facilitation than Clara.
C) Clara will have a more enduring attitude toward the software than Joyce.
D) Joyce will have a more enduring attitude toward the software than Clara.

Question 18

In recent election campaigns, there has been much criticism that campaign ads focus too much on building attractive images for candidates and too little on substantive issues of genuine importance. These two ways of trying to influence voters are dealt with by the approach to persuasion called

A) balance theory.
B) dissonance theory.
C) self-perception theory.
D) the elaboration likelihood model.

Question 19

The makers of the new Adobe automobile are sick and tired of TV commercials that rely on images of sex and life in the fast lane to sell cars. Besides, they believe that if their commercials simply present the true facts about why their car is the best on the market, potential buyers are more likely to develop a long-lasting preference for the Adobe. According to the elaboration likelihood model, this approach exemplifies the

A) central route to persuasion.
B) peripheral route to persuasion.
C) autonomic route to persuasion.
D) somatic route to persuasion.

Question 20

Carmen has been invited to a party. Immediately after receiving the invitation she meets with a group of friends to discuss what they plan to wear to the party. Carmen then makes the decision on what she will wear. Carmen's party dressing behavior demonstrates

A) obedience to an authority.
B) conformity.
C) a social decision scheme.
D) groupthink.

Question 21

Vanessa is working on a take-home exam, and she is fairly certain that the answer to the fourth question should be alternative "C." Based on the research by Solomon Asch into the influence of group size on conformity, Vanessa will be MOST likely to select an alternative other than "C" if she is working on the exam with

A) one other student who believes the correct alternative is actually "B."
B) four other students who all believe the correct alternative is actually "B."
C) two other students who both believe the correct alternative is actually "B."
D) four other students who can't agree on a single correct answer, but who all believe that alternative "C" is definitely wrong.

Question 22

In Milgram's (1963) study of obedience, subjects

A) were ordered to deliver painful electric shocks to a stranger.
B) became the recipients of painful electric shocks delivered by an experimental accomplice.
C) indicated which of three lines matched a "standard line" in length.
D) were ordered to give consistently wrong answers to simple questions.

Question 23

In his research on conformity in making perceptual judgments, Asch found that

A) conformity did not change much with group size.
B) group size affected conformity, but unanimity did not.
C) increasing group size reduced conformity.
D) both group size and unanimity affected the degree of conformity.

Question 24

In Milgram's research on obedience, what was the teacher's perception of what would happen when the learner made a mistake?

A) The learner would receive a shock.
B) The learner would be negatively reinforced.
C) The teacher would be asked to change places with the learner.
D) The experiment would have to be terminated.

Question 25

When the behavior of all subjects was combined, Asch's study of conformity found that subjects exhibited conformity on approximately ____ of the trials.

A) 5-10%
B) 15-20%
C) 35-40%
D) 55-60%

Question 26

In Asch's studies, what was the relationship between group size and conformity?

A) Conformity did not change with group size.
B) Conformity increased steadily as group size went from two to four, and then leveled off.
C) Conformity increased as group size went from two to four, and then decreased.
D) Conformity increased steadily as group size was increased up to fifteen.

Question 27

Subjects in ____ study concerning ____ were instructed to indicate which of three lines matched a "standard line" in length.

A) Asch's; conformity
B) Milgram's; conformity
C) Asch's; obedience
D) Milgram's; obedience

Question 28

Obedience occurs when people

A) change their behavior as a result of receiving a persuasive argument.
B) change their behavior as a result of observational learning.
C) follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority.
D) yield to real or imagined social pressure.

Question 29

In Asch's studies, ____ were found to be the key determinants of conformity.

A) group size and the subjects' intelligence
B) the group leader's personality and group unanimity
C) task difficulty and group size
D) group size and group unanimity

Question 30

Asch found that group size made little difference on conformity when

A) the task was easy.
B) just one accomplice failed to go along with the rest of the group.
C) the experimenter ridiculed the group's wrong answers.
D) the task was difficult.

Question 31

Asch's "line study" clearly demonstrated that people ____ alter their behavior so that it conforms to the behavior of others.

A) almost always
B) frequently
C) rarely
D) almost never

Question 32

Obedience is a form of compliance in which people change their behavior in response to

A) direct commands.
B) implied pressure.
C) requests from others.
D) persuasive communications.

Question 33

Maria is driving along her normal route to work when a police officer stops her and directs her to take a different route. She is not sure why she has to take the detour, but she does what the police officer tells her to do. The process that best explains Maria's actions in this instance is

A) conformity.
B) obedience.
C) ingratiation.
D) reciprocity.

Question 34

Which of the following psychologists is known for conducting classic research on obedience to authority?

A) Solomon Asch
B) Daryl Bem
C) Leon Festinger
D) Stanley Milgram

Question 35

A typical subject in Asch's conformity study would be LEAST likely to exhibit conformity when

A) the group size was three and all other group members selected the same incorrect choice.
B) the group size was five and all other group members selected the same incorrect choice.
C) the group size was six and one group member selected the correct choice.
D) the group size was ten and all other group members selected the same incorrect choice.

Question 36

In his studies on conformity, Asch found that if a group of persons espouses an opinion contradictory to one's own opinion, one is most likely to

A) voice the group's opinion.
B) echo the opinion of the nearest group member.
C) voice one's own opinion, even though it's contradictory.
D) show mild symptoms of learned helplessness.

Question 37

Asch found that two key factors influencing conformity were

A) group size and task difficulty.
B) group size and group unanimity.
C) the sex of group members and group unanimity.
D) the sex of group members and task difficulty.

Question 38

Your boss tells you to report to work at 3:00 am. You are not happy at reporting to work at such an unusual hour, yet you report as requested. Your behavior is an example of

A) obedience.
B) conformity.
C) groupthink.
D) deindividuation.

Question 39

Subjects in ____ study concerning ____ were instructed to administer increasingly strong electric shocks to another subject when the other subject made a mistake.

A) Milgram's; conformity
B) Asch's; conformity
C) Milgram's; obedience
D) Asch's; obedience

Question 40

Stanley Milgram conducted research on

A) the bystander effect.
B) conformity.
C) prison guard/prisoner behavior.
D) obedience.

Question 41

Which of the following statements MOST accurately summarizes cultural variations in conformity and obedience? Similarities between American society and many other societies exist concerning

A) conformity but not obedience.
B) obedience but not conformity.
C) neither conformity nor obedience.
D) both conformity and obedience.

Question 42

In Milgram's research on obedience, what did the experimenter do to the teacher when the teacher questioned whether the experiment should continue?

A) The teacher was verbally abused.
B) The teacher was shocked.
C) The teacher was given verbal prompts to continue.
D) The teacher was requested to change places with the learner.

Question 43

The "typical" subject in Milgram's study experienced ____ psychological distress ____ to administer stronger electric shocks.

A) considerable; but continued
B) considerable; and refused
C) little; and continued
D) little; and refused

Question 44

The Stanford Prison Simulation was conducted by

A) Soloman Asch.
B) John Darley and Bibb Latane.
C) Stanley Milgram.
D) Philip Zimbardo.

Question 45

Karen is a graduate student in psychology and proposes to use Milgram's procedure to study whether men or women are more likely to exhibit obedience. Most likely her faculty advisor will tell her

A) people today are too sophisticated to believe the deception Milgram used.
B) people today are more likely to simply refuse to participate in the study at all.
C) it is an excellent choice for a research project.
D) modern ethical guidelines would not permit the study to be conducted.

Question 46

Imagine your psychology professor described the procedure and results of Milgram's study without discussing the term obedience or Milgram's interpretation of his results. Students (including yourself) in the class would be MOST likely to believe that had they been a subject they would have administered

A) more shocks than the typical subject
B) about the same number of shocks as the typical subject
C) slightly fewer shocks than the typical subject
D) vastly fewer shocks than the typical subject

Question 47

Which of the following statements regarding the influence of culture on conformity and obedience is MOST accurate?

A) Conformity and obedience appear to be unique to American culture.
B) Replications of Milgram's study in other countries have generally resulted in low levels of obedience.
C) Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage more conformity than individualistic cultures.
D) Studies of conformity and obedience have yielded virtually identical results across a variety of cultures.

Question 48

In Zimbaro's (1973) study the participants

A) were ordered to deliver painful electric shocks to a stranger.
B) were assigned to be guards or prisoners in a simulated prison.
C) indicated which of three lines matched a "standard line" in length.
D) were ordered to give consistently wrong answers to simple questions.

Question 49

The primary explanation(s) suggested to explain the behavior of the prison guards and prisoners in the Stanford Prison Simulation was

A) obedience.
B) conformity and situational factors.
C) group polarization.
D) social roles and situational factors.

Question 50

Cross-cultural studies on obedience rates as compared to Milgram's American studies

A) found higher levels of obedience in collectivistic cultures.
B) found lower levels of obedience in collectivistic cultures.
C) found lower levels of obedience in Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain and Holland then in the United States.
D) found higher levels of obedience in Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain and Holland then in the United States.

Question 51

In Milgram's (1963) study, what percentage of the subjects fully obeyed the experimenter?

A) 5 percent
B) 35 percent
C) 65 percent
D) 95 percent

Question 52

Milgram's research was criticized as being flawed since subjects in a psychology experiment generally expect to obey the requests of the researcher. Thus, critics thought the results could not be generalized to the real world. Milgram responded to this criticism by

A) admitting his procedure was flawed and his results were not relevant to the real world.
B) admitting his procedure was flawed, but he still believed his results were relevant to the real world.
C) arguing that his research could be generalized to the real world since in the real world people also generally expect to obey the requests of others in positions of authority.
D) arguing that his research could be generalized to the real world since he employed a dependent variable.

Question 53

In Milgram's research on obedience, the "teacher" routinely

A) resisted the authority figure.
B) obeyed the authority figure.
C) resisted the authority figure, but obeyed the confederate.
D) resisted the authority figure when the learner appeared to be injured.

Question 54

Which variation of Milgram's experimental procedure resulted in a dramatic decrease in obedience?

A) the study was conducted by "Research Associates of Bridgeport"
B) the study was conducted by "Yale University"
C) one of two "accomplice" teachers defied the experimenter
D) the participant was teamed with two "accomplice" teachers

Question 55

Milgram's original study found that approximately ____ of subjects exhibited obedience by administering all 30 levels of electric shock.

A) 85%
B) 65%
C) 35%
D) 15%

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms directed toward Milgram's research on obedience to authority?

A) The findings generalize very poorly to the "real" world.
B) Subjects were exposed to extensive deception without prior consent.
C) The independent and dependent variables were not clearly defined.
D) Subjects were exposed to severe stress that could leave emotional scars.

Question 57

The typical prison guard in the Stanford Prison Simulation

A) physically abused (hit and/or kicked) the prisoners.
B) behaved in an abusive and malicious manner toward the prisoners.
C) acted in a professional manner and developed a cordial relationships with the prisoners.
D) experienced emotional disturbances and voluntarily left the study.

Question 58

As Milgram studied factors affecting obedience to the research authority, the only factor which seemed to markedly reduce obedience was

A) agreement of other "teachers" with the directions of the researcher.
B) moving the research away from the university to rundown quarters.
C) other "teachers" defying the experimenter and supporting subject objections.
D) no variable was found that greatly reduced obedience.

Question 59

A recent review of 133 conformity studies drawn from 17 countries found higher levels of conformity in

A) collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures.
B) individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures.
C) industrialized cultures than in non-industrialized cultures.
D) Western cultures than in Asian cultures.

Question 60

Milgram found that subjects' obedience declined dramatically when

A) an innocent stranger was harmed by the subjects' actions.
B) group size was increased beyond seven members.
C) another "teacher" defied the experimenter's order.
D) the study was conducted in a run-down, dilapidated building.

Question 61

The bystander effect is

A) greater the more people there are in the group.
B) less the more people there are in the group.
C) unaffected by the size of the group.
D) greatest when the observer is the only one present.

Question 62

In the Stanford Prison study, the "guards" routinely

A) became malicious and abusive in fulfilling their responsibilities.
B) became withdrawn and had to be forced to fulfill their roles.
C) resisted the demands of the researchers to play a role of a malicious and abusive person.
D) used physical punishment on their "prisoners."

Question 63

According to social psychologists, a group

A) exists whenever two or more people are in spatial proximity to each other.
B) consists of three or more people who interact on a regular basis.
C) consists of two or more people who interact and are interdependent.
D) will not affect the behavior of its members.

Question 64

The bystander effect refers to

A) a reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups.
B) an increase in effort by individuals when they work in groups.
C) people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups.
D) people are more likely to provide needed help when they are in groups.

Question 65

The bystander effect should be strongest in

A) a large group when need for help is ambiguous.
B) a large group when need for help is unambiguous.
C) a smaller group when need for help is ambiguous.
D) a smaller group when need for help is unambiguous.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a necessary component for describing or defining a group?

A) a group consists of two or more individuals
B) members of a group are cohesive
C) members of a group are interdependent
D) members of a group interact

Question 67

Jeff, Greg, Dan, and Ray all watched as the building across the street burned to the ground. They kept waiting for the fire trucks to show up, even though none of them had called 911. In this case, the fact that none of the four friends phoned to report the fire illustrates the phenomenon known as

A) social loafing.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) group polarization.
D) the bystander effect.

Question 68

Diffusion of responsibility refers to the

A) tendency of others to assume that someone else will take responsibility in a crisis.
B) basis for performing prosocial behavior.
C) halo effect in aggression.
D) loss of identity one experiences in mob violence/aggression.

Question 69

Evidence from numerous studies of the bystander effect suggests that

A) it is a widespread phenomenon.
B) it is limited to contrived laboratory situations.
C) it occurs only in urban ghetto areas.
D) there is much truth to the old saying that "there is safety in numbers."

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary features of a group?

A) most groups have eligibility requirements
B) most groups have a power structure
C) most groups have a communication structure
D) most groups have norms

Question 71

A group of six college students observe a fellow student stumble and fall down a flight of stairs. No one goes to check to see if the student needs help. Which of the following statements BEST illustrates diffusion of responsibility?

A) "I didn't want to embarrass the student who fell by making a big deal about it"
B) "I was pretty far away when it happened"
C) "I don't know first aid"
D) "I thought someone else would go help"

Question 72

In his Stanford Prison study Zimbardo found that

A) situational factors have a powerful impact on social behavior.
B) group size is an important factor in conformity.
C) collectivistic cultures tend to encourage more conformity than individualistic cultures.
D) Subjects that are exposed to severe stress develop emotional scars.

Question 73

According to research conducted by Darley and Latane a person who collapsed on the street would be least likely to be helped if

A) the number of witnesses is high.
B) there is a single witness.
C) the people that witness the event are strangers.
D) the situation is judged to be seriousness by the witness.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of a group?

A) It consists of two or more people.
B) The members must meet face-to-face.
C) Group members must interact with each other.
D) The group members are interdependent

Question 75

You are a member of a collection of six people. You impact and have mutual influence on one another. Your collection is known as a

A) couple.
B) cohort.
C) group.
D) clan.

Question 76

The bystander effect is the finding that

A) the probability that a witness to an emergency will help increases as the number of bystanders increases.
B) a group of witnesses to an emergency will all tend to cooperate to provide help.
C) the probability that a witness to an emergency will help decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
D) bystanders' willingness to help depends on the seriousness of the emergency.

Question 77

Individuals' productivity typically ____ in larger groups, partly due to ____.

A) declines; reduced efficiency due to the loss of coordination among group members' efforts
B) declines; positive reinforcement from other group members for reduced productivity
C) increases; concern about being observed and evaluated by other group members
D) increases; commitment to the group's goals

Question 78

Frasier felt his life was hopeless and climbed out onto a bridge deck, planning to commit suicide. Initially, about 40 people stood and pointed at him as he clung to the railing on the bridge, but after 30 minutes most of the crowd had dispersed. When only three people remained, one of the onlookers decided to call for help. The best explanation for why Frasier received help when the crowd was small, rather than when it was large, is that

A) diffusion of responsibility is less likely to occur in a small group.
B) group polarization is less likely to occur in small groups.
C) small groups tend to be less cohesive than larger groups.
D) cognitive dissonance decreases as the size of a group is decreased.

Question 79

Research on the bystander effect indicates that the probability of receiving needed help

A) decreases as group size decreases.
B) decreases as group size increases.
C) increases as group size increases.
D) is not related to group size.

Question 80

Phoebe saw the passenger in the seat across the aisle suddenly slump forward in her seat. While the other passengers looked around for a flight attendant, Phoebe immediately started to administer CPR. In this case, Phoebe's actions are the opposite of what would be expected based on

A) the actor-observer effect.
B) social loafing.
C) group polarization.
D) the bystander effect.