Deck 26: Stress, Coping, and Health Part 2

Question 1

Proteins that orchestrate a number of the immune activities that play a role in killing pathogens and repairing damaged tissues are called

A) cytokines
B) astrocysts
C) hematocytes
D) corticosteroids

Answer 1

cytokines

Question 2

Studies examining the effect of social support on immune functioning show that

A) social support can increase kevels of key antibodies against respiratory infections
B) social support typically has negative effects in the absence of stress
C) social support is only a buffer for people with stress-related illnesses
D) social support provides more benefits for the elderly

Answer 2

social support can increase kevels of key antibodies against respiratory infections

Question 3

Having someone to rely on, provide you with emotional support, and help you preserve your health constitutes

A) therapy
B) social support
C) optimism
D) locus of control

Answer 3

social support

Question 4

Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate? High levels of social support

A) are associated with action-oriented, problem-focused coping responses
B) are associated with increased immune function
C) moderate or reduce the effects of stress
D) are associated with increased mental health

Question 5

LuAnn exhibits effective problem-focused coping and seeks the help of others when necessary. Her behavior is consistent with someone who is

A) an optimist
B) a Type B personality
C) a Type A personality
D) a pessimist

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding the connection between social support and immune functioning is MOST accurate?

A) Social support can serve as a buffer in times of high stress.
B) Social support typically has negative effects in the absence of stress.
C) Social support is only a buffer for people with stress-related illnesses.
D) Social support provides more benefits for the elderly.

Question 7

Which of these characteristics has NOT been linked to having an optimistic explanatory style?

A) enhanced athletic performance
B) higher levels of marital satisfaction
C) higher levels of conscientiousness
D) higher academic achievement

Question 8

Which personality characteristic is most associated with superior physical health as well as higher academic achievement and increased productivity?

A) agreeableness
B) openness
C) optimism
D) extraversion

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding the connection between social support and wellness is MOST accurate?

A) Social support can serve as a buffer in times of high stress.
B) Social support typically has negative effects in the absence of stress.
C) Social support is only a buffer for people with stress-related illnesses.
D) Social support provides more benefits for the elderly.

Question 10

Persistent exposure to long-term stress can foster overproduction of cytokines, resulting in

A) an increase in positive emotions
B) an increase in negative emotions
C) decreased inflammation
D) chronic inflammation

Question 11

Which of the following has been shown to increase the risk of such chronic diseases as lung cancer, emphysema, and stroke?

A) smoking
B) poor nutrition
C) lack of exercise
D) obesity

Question 12

Compared to optimists, individuals with a pessimistic explanatory style are more likely to attribute bad events to

A) their own personal shortcomings
B) the actions of other people
C) situational factors that are beyond their control
D) bad luck or fate

Question 13

Reduced levels of immune activity are associated with

A) decreases in cholesterol
B) increases in cholesterol
C) decreases in stress
D) increases in stress

Question 14

One personality characteristic correlated with good physical health is

A) agreeableness
B) openness
C) conscientiousness
D) extraversion

Question 15

Having a general feeling that "things" will be okay and problems will eventually work out is known as

A) internal control
B) optimism
C) learned helplessness
D) hardiness

Question 16

Stress affects the immune system by

A) increasing its activity, thus providing more protection from illness
B) altering its activity to defend against specific illnesses
C) reducing its activity initially, but then increasing its activity after an adjustment period
D) reducing its activity, thus causing the body to become more vulnerable to illness

Question 17

College health clinics are MOST likely to experience an increase in students seeking treatment for colds and other minor illnesses

A) during the weekend
B) during the middle of the week
C) during finals' week
D) during the middle week of the semester

Question 18

Which one of the Big Five personality traits has been associated with greater longevity?

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) extraversion
D) openness to experience

Question 19

Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate?

A) optimism is associated with relatively good physical health
B) optimism is associated with action-oriented, problem-focused coping responses
C) optimism is associated with self-sufficiency and an unwillingness to seek social support
D) optimism is associated with more effective immune function

Question 20

Increased levels of immune activity are associated with

A) increases in stress
B) the Type A personality
C) low levels of social support and pessimism
D) high levels of social support and optimism

Question 21

Exposure to second-hand or environmental tobacco smoke has NOT been linked to an increased risk for

A) lung cancer
B) breast cancer in women
C) heart disease
D) depression

Question 22

Studies have shown that if people can give up smoking,

A) their risk of cardiovascular disease declines, but their risk of pulmonary disease increases
B) their overall health risks decline reasonably quickly
C) their risk of pulmonary disease declines, but their risk of cardiovascular disease increases
D) their health risks never decline to the level of those who never smoked

Question 23

Neurogenisis can be promoted by

A) stress
B) an optimistic attitude
C) obesity
D) exercise

Question 24

Alice maintains a diet high in serum cholesterol, eating an abundance of eggs, cheese, butter, and shellfish. Alice may well be increasing her risk of

A) heart disease
B) emphysema
C) arthritis
D) hypertension

Question 25

Which one of the following is NOT an effect associated with recreational drug use?

A) increased risk for cardiovascular disease
B) increased risk for sexual impotence
C) increased gastrointestinal problems
D) increased risk for neurological disorders

Question 26

Which of the following dietary factors has NOT been associated with increased cardiovascular risk?

A) omega-3 fatty acids
B) red meats, potatoes, and refined grains
C) high cholesterol foods
D) low-fiber diets

Question 27

The finding that neurogenisis can be caused by exercise is

A) important because neurogenisis is an important function of the immune system
B) important because neurogenisis is the production of new brain cells
C) disturbing because neurogenisis inhibits the functioning of the immune system
D) disturbing because neurogenisis inhibits the development of brain cells

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT among the advantages of regular exercise?

A) reduced cancer risk
B) enhanced cardiovascular fitness
C) lowered physiological reactivity to stress
D) reduced risk of HIV infection

Question 29

Which of the known health benefits of regular exercise can be BEST described as a "pleasant surprise" for researchers?

A) decreased risk of respiratory difficulties
B) decreased risk of migraine headaches
C) decreased risk of some types of cancer
D) decreased risk of heart disease

Question 30

The serious consequences of ____ are best described as resulting from the illness's negative effect on the body's immune system.

A) cancer
B) AIDS
C) diabetes
D) heart disease

Question 31

Belinda loves to eat cheese omelets or quiche, and she often eats rich, buttery desserts. When she consumes these high-fat, high-cholesterol foods, Belinda is increasing her risk for

A) high blood pressure and strokes
B) emphysema and other respiratory diseases
C) heart disease and some forms of cancer
D) gallstones and peptic ulcers

Question 32

Neurogenisis can be suppressed by

A) stress
B) an optimistic attitude
C) obesity
D) exercise

Question 33

Prior to 1996-97, the average length of survival for people after the onset of the AIDS syndrome was

A) 18 to 24 months
B) less than 6 months
C) just over 60 months
D) 36 to 48 months

Question 34

The average smoker has an estimated life expectancy ____ shorter than that of a similar nonsmoker.

A) 4-5 years
B) 8-9 years
C) 13-14 years
D) 19-20 years

Question 35

Contracting the AIDS virus involves exchange of infected body fluids. Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a means for reducing such risk?

A) use of condoms
B) anal intercourse
C) reducing the number of partners
D) abstinence

Question 36

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

A) Due to recent efforts to educate the public, misconceptions about AIDS have all but disappeared.
B) Many people naively underestimate the risk of contracting the HIV virus through casual contact with infected individuals.
C) Many highly sexually active heterosexuals underestimate their risk for HIV infection.
D) Taking high doses of immunosuppressants can successfully treat HIV infections and prevent full-blown AIDS from developing.

Question 37

Which of the following health-impairing habits can, under certain circumstances, kill you directly and immediately?

A) poor eating habits
B) smoking
C) taking drugs
D) lack of exercise

Question 38

Research suggests that high-fat diets may be associated with

A) some forms of cancer
B) osteoporosis
C) hypertension
D) reduced risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 39

Long-term success rates for those who quit smoking are about

A) 15 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 40

In heterosexual relationships

A) neither partner is at risk for being infected by the AIDS virus
B) the AIDS virus will only be transmitted if one of the partners shows telltale signs of HIV infection
C) female-to-male transmission of the AIDS virus is most prevalent
D) male-to-female transmission of the AIDS virus is most prevalent

Question 41

Martin knows that excessive exposure to the sun can increase a person's risk of skin cancer and cataracts. However, he can't resist getting out and enjoying a sunny day, and putting on sun block seems to him to be a major inconvenience. Martin's current pattern of behavior illustrates the idea that

A) many health-impairing habits creep up on us
B) the risks associated with health-impairing habits tend to lie in the distant future
C) people tend to rationalize high-risk behaviors by pointing out healthy habits that offset their unhealthy habits
D) people often overestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviors

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary reasons people procrastinate seeking medical attention when faced with a medical emergency such as a heart attack?

A) people worry about looking silly if the problem is not serious
B) people are reluctant to disrupt their plans
C) people tend to be immobilized by anxiety and fear associated with their symptoms
D) people misinterpret or downplay the significance of their symptoms

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a major factor in people exhibiting health-impairing behavior?

A) chronic diseases associated with many health-impairing habits often develop many years in the future
B) people tend to overestimate the risks of their own health-impairing habits
C) many health-impairing habits develop gradually
D) many health-impairing habits are quite pleasant at the time

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT offered by psychologists as an explanation for why people delay seeking needed medical treatment?

A) Misinterpretation of the significance of symptoms
B) Fear of looking silly if the problem turns out to be nothing
C) Worry about bothering their physician
D) Fear of possible medical treatments

Question 45

One of the largest problems associated with illness confronted by the medical profession is

A) the delay in receiving treatment by persons who need it
B) the increase in the use of homeopathic intervention
C) the lack of adequate training in areas of specialties
D) the overuse of emergency room facilities by persons who do not need it

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT an important factor in patient nonadherence or noncompliance to medical advice?

A) patients believe the instructions are inappropriate
B) patients find the instructions unpleasant to follow
C) patients simply forget the instructions
D) patients misunderstand the instructions

Question 47

Beryl has dated ten different men in the past two years, and with each of them she often had unprotected sex. Even though she has read numerous articles about the dangers of unprotected sexual intercourse, Beryl is not concerned because she has convinced herself that she won't contract the AIDS virus. Beryl's behavior illustrates the idea that

A) many people underestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviors
B) many people compensate for health-impairing behaviors by engaging in offsetting low-risk behaviors
C) the risks associated with many health-impairing behaviors tend to be overstated by the media
D) women are more likely than men to engage in health-impairing habits

Question 48

Roommates Ann and Margaret both woke up yesterday with a headache, upset stomach, and muscle stiffness. While Ann was showering for her 9:00 art history class, Margaret rushed off to the college health clinic. MOST likely Margaret exhibits a ____ than Ann.

A) lower level of anxiety and lower lever of neuroticism
B) lower level of anxiety and higher level of neuroticism
C) higher level of anxiety and lower level of neuroticism
D) higher level of anxiety and higher level of neuroticism

Question 49

The biggest problem in regard to treatment-seeking behavior is

A) the overuse of emergency room facilities by persons who do not need them
B) the tendency of people to delay in receiving treatment
C) the increase in the use of homeopathic intervention
D) the lack of adequate training in areas of specialties

Question 50

Sylvester used to keep track of his calorie consumption and fat grams on a daily basis when he was in his early twenties. When he was in his thirties he still counted calories during the week, but he tended to pay less attention to what he ate on weekends. Now that he is in his forties, Sylvester no longer keeps track of the number of calories or fat grams in the foods that he eats. Sylvester's pattern of behavior illustrates

A) the way in which many health-impairing habits creep up on people
B) the fact that the risks associated with health-impairing behaviors tend to lie in the distant future
C) the fact that the risks associated with health-impairing behaviors are often overstated in the media
D) that men are more likely than women to develop health-impairing habits

Question 51

People who are ____ tend to report more symptoms of illness.

A) high in anxiety
B) high in self-esteem
C) relatively inattentive to bodily sensations
D) high in hardiness

Question 52

Sonja used to work out five days a week when she was in her late teens. In her twenties, she worked out three days a week. Now she is in her forties, and she only seems to work out when she has the time. Sonja's pattern of behavior illustrates the idea that

A) many health-impairing habits creep up on us
B) many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite pleasant at the time
C) the risks associated with health-impairing habits tend to lie in the distant future
D) people often underestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviors

Question 53

Alexander's physician has patients double and triple booked. He spends less then 5 minutes examining and talking with Alexander during his latest doctor's appointment. Alexander's experience illustrates which of the common barrier to effective provider-patient communication?

A) the health care provider's use of technical terminology
B) patient evasiveness about real health concerns
C) time constraints on the length of the provider-patient interaction
D) consulting a health care provider who is not the same-sex as the patient

Question 54

A critical factor in decreasing nonadherence or noncompliance to medical advice involves enhancing

A) patients' communication skills
B) patients' knowledge of medicine
C) healthcare professionals' communication skills
D) healthcare professionals' knowledge of medicine

Question 55

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a barrier to effective provider-patient communication?

A) the health care provider's use of technical terminology
B) patient evasiveness about real health concerns
C) time constraints on the length of the provider-patient interaction
D) consulting a health care provider who is not the same-sex as the patient

Question 56

Steve has a headache and some muscle stiffness, but he shrugs these symptoms off as a minor inconvenience; Micah has a headache and some muscle stiffness and is so concerned he rushes himself to the urgent care center of the local medical center. If both these individuals had their anxiety and neurotiscism levels assessed it is likely that, compared to Micah, Steve would score

A) higher in anxiety and neuroticism
B) lower in anxiety and neuroticism
C) lower in anxiety and higher in neuroticism
D) higher in anxiety and lower in neuroticism

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a reason given to explain why people engage in unhealthy behaviors?

A) many health-impairing habits creep up on us
B) many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite pleasant at the time
C) the risks associated with health-impairing habits tend to lie in the distant future
D) people are often unaware of the of the dangers associated with their health-impairing behaviors

Question 58

Luigi knows that the surgeon general has determined that smoking increases the risk of various types of cancers, however he is sure he won't develop cancer. Luigi's pattern of behavior illustrates the idea that

A) many health-impairing habits creep up on us
B) people tend to rationalize high-risk behaviors by pointing out healthy habits that offset their unhealthy habits
C) people often underestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviors
D) people believe the risks associated with health-impairing habits are overstated by media sources

Question 59

Your friend asks you for advice as to how he can improve his communication with his health care provider. Which of the following would you NOT offer him?

A) Arrive at your scheduled visit on time
B) Prepare your questions and concerns in advance
C) Ask the doctor questions if you do not understand what is said
D) Consult a health care provider who is not of your same-sex

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT one of the barriers to effective healthcare provider-patient communication discussed in the text?

A) many providers overestimate their patients understanding of technical terms
B) many providers resent patients who ask questions
C) patients may forget to report some symptoms
D) medical visits are generally quiet brief and allow little time for provider-patient discussion

Question 61

According to Albert Ellis, the key to reducing unrealistic appraisals of stress is to

A) ignore your feelings
B) focus on what you should be doing
C) avoid examining your self-talk too closely
D) dispute irrational assumptions

Question 62

According to Albert Ellis, thinking that involves unrealistically pessimistic appraisal of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one's problems defines

A) emotional thinking
B) optimistic thinking
C) pessimistic thinking
D) catastrophic thinking

Question 63

Albert Ellis believes people can alter their ____ stress by altering their ____ stressful events.

A) cognitive appraisal of; physiological reaction to
B) emotional response to; cognitive appraisal of
C) cognitive appraisal of; emotional response to
D) physiological reaction to; emotional response to

Question 64

The unifying theme in psychology, our experience of the world is highly subjective, is BEST illustrated by the part of the definition of stress that states

A) circumstances that are perceived as threatening are stressful
B) circumstances that are threatening are stressful
C) circumstances that are stressful tax one's coping abilities
D) circumstances that are traumatic are stressful

Question 65

Unrealistically pessimistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one's problems are referred to as

A) neuroticism
B) catastrophic thinking
C) personality dysfunction
D) irrational perception

Question 66

The therapeutic technique that focuses on altering a client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behavior is

A) self-monitoring therapy
B) constructive coping therapy
C) rational-emotive therapy
D) behavioral therapy

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT typically a reason for noncompliance with medical advice?

A) having a negative attitude for physicians
B) failing to understand advice or instructions
C) the degree of difficulty associated with following advice or instructions
D) the cost of the medical treatment program

Question 68

According to Albert Ellis, the key to making realistic appraisals of stress is to

A) ignore your feelings
B) focus on what you should be doing
C) avoid examining your self-talk too closely
D) dispute irrational assumptions

Question 69

Mary and John are teaming up to make an important sales presentation to 15 executives from a Fortune 500 company. Mary finds the challenge exhilarating, but John is a nervous wreck over the presentation. Their differing reactions illustrate which of your text's unifying themes?

A) Psychology is empirical.
B) Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
C) Psychology is theoretically diverse.
D) Behavior is determined by multiple causes.

Question 70

Finding humor in a stressful situation

A) is a counterproductive way of reducing stress
B) ignores the reality of the situation and makes it difficult to combat stress
C) can help to reduce stress by promoting social support
D) is an irrational reaction to a serious situation that requires a rational response

Question 71

Catastrophic thinking is characterized as involving

A) personality disordered type of thinking
B) thinking associated with neuroticism
C) exaggeration of the magnitude of one's problems
D) focusing on major stressors and ignoring the impact of minor frustrations

Question 72

Valerie is doing homework for her statistics class. When she checks the answer she has just calculated for the problem she has been working on, she finds it is incorrect. She is frustrated, and tells her roommate: "I don't know why I'm even trying, I'll never catch on in this course. I should just give up now." According to Albert Ellis, Valerie's statements reflect

A) defensive coping
B) mental disengagement
C) catastrophic thinking
D) reality-based coping

Question 73

When you tell yourself that you will never be happy again now that your significant other has ended the relationship, you are engaging in what Albert Ellis calls

A) catharsis
B) catastrophic thinking
C) calamitous thinking
D) primary appraisal

Question 74

The fact that stress lies in the eye of the beholder illustrates the theme of

A) multifactorial causation
B) empiricism
C) psychology in a sociohistorical context
D) the subjectivity of experience

Question 75

Noncompliance with medical advice occurs approximately

A) 5 to 10 percent of the time
B) 30 to 50 percent of the time
C) 75 percent of the time
D) 80 to 90 percent of the time

Question 76

One's risk of developing heart disease is related to the amount of stress in his life, whether he has Type A personality, is depressed, obese or smokes. This partial list of risk factors BEST reflects the unifying theme in psychology that

A) psychology is empirical
B) behavior is determined by multiple causes
C) heredity and environment jointly influence behavior
D) our experience of the world is highly subjective

Question 77

When John was rejected for a summer internship he really wanted, he thought that all his plans were ruined and he would no longer be able to get into a good graduate school. John is angry and upset. Albert Ellis believes that, if John is like most people, he will ____ attribute his anger to being caused by ____.

A) incorrectly; his irrational appraisal of the situation
B) incorrectly; the rejection
C) correctly; irrational appraisal of the situation
D) correctly; the rejection

Question 78

In which of the following situations are people MOST likely to follow the instructions they receive from health care professionals?

A) when the instructions are complex and include technical medical terms
B) when they do not fully understand the instructions but still feel the need to do something
C) when they like, respect, and understand the health care professional
D) when the medication or treatment program is expensive

Question 79

The number of variables that are involved in the experience of stress illustrates the theme of

A) multifactorial causation
B) empiricism
C) psychology in a sociohistorical context
D) the subjectivity of experience

Question 80

The key to ____ is to detect catastrophic thinking and dispute the irrational assumptions that cause it.

A) psychoanalytic therapy
B) relaxation therapy
C) rational emotive therapy
D) irrational belief therapy