Deck 10: Memory

Question 1

________ memory refers to the recollection of a personally experienced event and the context in which it occurred.

A) Semantic
B) Procedural
C) Flashbulb
D) Episodic

Answer 1

Episodic

Question 2

Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory?

A) procedural memory
B) semantic memory
C) episodic memory
D) declarative memory

Answer 2

procedural memory

Question 3

Irene swears that she was there the night her best friend got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend. It takes several of her friends to convince her that she was not. Which of the following likely made Irene's fake memory seem so real to her?

A) She had only heard the story of the fight a few times.
B) The fight occurred only a year ago.
C) Her memory contained only a few key details.
D) The fight was easy to imagine.

Answer 3

The fight was easy to imagine.

Question 4

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened, is called ________.

A) confabulation
B) priming
C) flashbulb memory
D) repression

Question 5

Most researchers agree that the memories people say they have of their first three years of life are based on:

A) unconscious memories that float to the surface.
B) family stories, photographs, and imagination.
C) actual recall of the events.
D) a special memory module for early childhood experiences.

Question 6

Given the current research on recovered memories, one should be skeptical if a person says that:

A) she cannot remember an event from when she was 2 years old.
B) she is frequently bothered by vivid memories of a traumatic event that she experienced.
C) she now has memories of his experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy.
D) her amnesia resulted from a blow to the head during a car accident.

Question 7

Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for about 30 seconds?

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) the sensory register
D) implicit memory

Question 8

________ is thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory.

A) Deep processing
B) Long-term potentiation
C) Priming
D) Temporary changes in the release of neurotransmitters

Question 9

In his work with rabbits, Richard Thompson showed that classical conditioning of the eyeblink response depends on activity in the ________.

A) frontal lobes
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum

Question 10

Which of the following is a test for recall?

A) matching questions
B) true-false questions
C) multiple-choice questions
D) essay questions

Question 11

The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere is called ________.

A) confabulation
B) source misattribution
C) priming
D) repression

Question 12

Although there is some debate, ________ is generally thought to have a capacity of seven plus or minus two units of information.

A) the sensory register
B) short-term memory
C) declarative memory
D) long-term memory

Question 13

The ________ theory of forgetting proposes that memory fades with time and lack of use.

A) replacement
B) decay
C) interference
D) cue-dependent

Question 14

Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect:

A) is of a different gender than the victim.
B) is significantly older than the victim.
C) is significantly younger than the victim.
D) is of a different ethnic background than the victim.

Question 15

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called:

A) explicit memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) autobiographical memory.
D) procedural memory.

Question 16

________ acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select items for attention.

A) The sensory register
B) Short-term memory
C) Working memory
D) Long-term memory

Question 17

________ is a memory system that includes short-term memory and executive processes that control attention and the retrieval.

A) Procedural memory
B) Declarative memory
C) Working memory
D) Semantic memory

Question 18

________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event.

A) Semantic
B) Declarative
C) Flashbulb
D) Episodic

Question 19

According to the decay theory, forgetting occurs because:

A) new information is "recorded over" old information.
B) similar items of information interfere with one another.
C) memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now and then.
D) the cues needed to recall the memory are not present.

Question 20

The ________ model represents the contents of memory as connections among a huge number of interacting processing units.

A) three-box
B) parallel distributed processing
C) serial processing
D) sequential processing

Question 21

Which of the following is a test for recall?

A) matching questions
B) true-false questions
C) multiple-choice questions
D) essay questions

Question 22

________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information.

A) Recall
B) Memory
C) Priming
D) Recognition

Question 23

In addressing the debate regarding children's memories of sexual abuse, it has become clear that:

A) children's memories cannot ever be trusted because children will always say whatever adults expect.
B) it is important to repeatedly question a child who denies sexual abuse, because there is a good chance they have repressed the event.
C) preschoolers are more vulnerable to suggestive questions than are school-aged children.
D) children do not lie about or misremember traumatic experiences, such as sexual abuse.

Question 24

________ is an especially vivid memory of an emotional event.

A) Reconstructive memory
B) A flashbulb memory
C) Semantic memory
D) Procedural memory

Question 25

Irene swears that she was there the night her best friend got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend. It takes several of her friends to convince her that she was not. Which of the following likely made Irene's fake memory seem so real to her?

A) She had only heard the story of the fight a few times.
B) The fight occurred only a year ago.
C) Her memory contained only a few key details.
D) The fight was easy to imagine.

Question 26

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later is called:

A) semantic memory.
B) priming.
C) explicit memory.
D) source misattribution.

Question 27

Casey was visiting a friend in New York City on September 11, 2001, the day of the attack on the World Trade Center. To her, that day seems frozen in time. She remembers exactly where she was, what she was doing, and what she felt as the morning transpired. This vivid recollection is known as:

A) source misattribution.
B) a flashbulb memory.
C) a serial-position effect.
D) a frozen memory.

Question 28

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened, is called ________.

A) confabulation
B) priming
C) flashbulb memory
D) repression

Question 29

Research suggests that the best way to encourage truthful testimony by children is to:

A) reassure them that their friends have had the same experiences.
B) reward them when they tell you that something happened.
C) scold them if you believe that they are lying.
D) try to avoid asking the child leading questions.

Question 30

When six-year-old Sven's parents overhear him describing his third birthday party, they look at each other in surprise. Sven appears to remember that the birthday cake his father was baking burned and his aunt had to run out and buy one from a bakery, even though Sven was not present when those events occurred. Sven's memory illustrates the concept of _________.

A) priming
B) implicit memory
C) confabulation
D) decay

Question 31

The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere is called ________.

A) consolidation
B) source misattribution
C) priming
D) repression

Question 32

In the 1930s, the research of the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett provided evidence to support the view that memory is:

A) like a wax tablet.
B) like reading a journal or diary written in indelible ink.
C) like a journalist trying to reconstruct an interview from incomplete notes.
D) like painful mementos in a locked vault.

Question 33

Chad remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with his new baby sister. He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head! His parents can't convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and that his memory never happened! Chad's memory is an example of:

A) anterograde amnesia.
B) confabulation.
C) psychogenic amnesia.
D) repression.

Question 34

According to Sir Frederic Bartlett:

A) memory is like a video camera recording an entire experience.
B) memory is largely a reconstructive process, like putting together a puzzle when you are missing some pieces.
C) memory for complex information is generally reproduced by rote.
D) emotional memories are especially vivid and detailed.

Question 35

Which of the following examples is a question that would most likely reduce the chance of false reporting by a child?

A) "Everyone else saw it happen. You did too, right?"
B) "Where were you when the teacher pushed him?"
C) "Can you tell me the reason you came to talk to me today?"
D) "Let's 'pretend' that he touched you. What would you say happened next?"

Question 36

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called:

A) explicit memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) autobiographical memory.
D) procedural memory.

Question 37

Retrieving a memory is most like:

A) replaying a videotape of an event.
B) reading a short story that describes the characters in detail, but does not include the dialogue.
C) hearing the soundtrack of a story without access to the visual and other sensory images.
D) watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like.

Question 38

Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect:

A) is of a different gender than the victim.
B) is significantly older than the victim.
C) is significantly younger than the victim.
D) is of a different ethnic background than the victim.

Question 39

Memory is critical to our lives because:

A) it confers a sense of personal identity, which enhances our sense of coherence.
B) without memory, we could not experience emotions.
C) it operates as a video camera would, automatically recording every moment of our lives.
D) each thing that happens to us, or impinges on our senses, is tucked away for later use.

Question 40

________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event.

A) Semantic
B) Declarative
C) Flashbulb
D) Episodic

Question 41

________ acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select items for attention.

A) The sensory register
B) Short-term memory
C) Working memory
D) Long-term memory

Question 42

Maria wrote a shopping list prior to going to the grocery store. Unfortunately, when she arrived at the store she realized she had left the list at home. If she is to purchase the items on her list, Maria must rely on which memory task?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) interpretation
D) relearning

Question 43

Visual images remain in the sensory register for a maximum of:

A) a half second.
B) two seconds.
C) thirty seconds.
D) one minute.

Question 44

In the "three-box model of memory," which memory system holds information for no more than a few seconds, until it can be processed further?

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) the sensory register
D) implicit memory

Question 45

Which of the following ways of measuring explicit memory are usually the easiest for the person being tested?

A) recognition
B) recall
C) relearning
D) referral

Question 46

Jannell solved a crossword puzzle on Thursday, and by Saturday she doesn't recall the words in the puzzle. But Saturday night, when she is playing Scrabble with her brother, she unconsciously tends to form words that were in the puzzle. Jannell has ________ memory for some of the words.

A) a flashbulb
B) recognition
C) explicit
D) implicit

Question 47

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) the sensory register
D) working memory

Question 48

Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts and actions, is called:

A) explicit memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) declarative memory.
D) procedural memory.

Question 49

What are the components of the information-processing model, in order of occurrence?

A) retrieval, encoding, storage
B) encoding, capturing, retrieval
C) capturing, encoding, retrieval
D) encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 50

Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for about 30 seconds?

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) the sensory register
D) implicit memory

Question 51

Another name for the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model of memory is the:

A) interaction model.
B) multiple process model.
C) connectionist model.
D) long-term potentiation model.

Question 52

One objection to the three-box model of memory is that:

A) short-term memory is not usually involved in the conscious processing of information.
B) the brain performs many independent operations simultaneously.
C) the sensory register is actually able to store information for 30 seconds.
D) there is a limit to the capacity of long-term memory.

Question 53

Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, ________ is an easier task than ________.

A) recognition; recall
B) recall; recognition
C) priming; the savings method
D) the savings method; priming

Question 54

Critics of the three-box model of memory are likely to agree that:

A) the human brain processes information only in a sequential manner.
B) the human brain does not operate like the average computer.
C) the capacity of long-term memory is actually much greater than the model assumes.
D) information flows from one memory system to the next.

Question 55

Auditory images remain in the sensory register for about:

A) a half second.
B) two seconds.
C) thirty seconds.
D) one minute.

Question 56

Which of the following activities involving memory would require recognition?

A) fill-in-the-blank exams
B) essay exams
C) true-false exams
D) playing Trivial Pursuit

Question 57

The multiple-choice question that you are reading at this moment requires ________ to answer correctly.

A) recognition
B) relearning
C) priming
D) recall

Question 58

The ________ model represents the contents of memory as connections among a huge number of interacting processing units.

A) three-box
B) parallel distributed processing
C) serial processing
D) sequential processing

Question 59

Ambassador McKenzie was about to ask a French diplomat to repeat his last comment, but then his ________ enabled him to "select" what had been said while ignoring all the extraneous sounds in the reception room.

A) working memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) sensory register

Question 60

Sarah enjoys playing games such as Jeopardy! and Trivial Pursuit, which require her to answer questions based on her ability to recall facts. These types of games test Sarah's:

A) explicit memory.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) reconstructive memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 61

On a TV game show, Janet is asked to name the state capital of Michigan. This information is most likely stored in:

A) procedural memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 62

Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred are called:

A) procedural memories.
B) semantic memories.
C) short-term memories.
D) episodic memories.

Question 63

For most Americans, which of the following would be considered a chunk?

A) IBF
B) FBI
C) 921
D) 196

Question 64

________ holds and operates on information that has been retrieved from long-term memory for temporary use.

A) Serial-position memory
B) Working memory
C) Tool-box memory
D) Episodic memory

Question 65

Sarah is doing an arithmetic problem. The numbers and instructions for doing the necessary operations for each step will be held in her ___________ memory as she solves the problem.

A) serial-position
B) sensory register
C) working
D) episodic

Question 66

Declarative memories include ________ memories and ________ memories.

A) procedural; semantic
B) semantic; episodic
C) episodic; procedural
D) procedural; serial-position

Question 67

Memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts and propositions, are called:

A) procedural memories.
B) semantic memories.
C) implicit memories.
D) episodic memories.

Question 68

The case study of Henry Molaison (H.M.) is discussed throughout Chapter 10 in your textbook. Careful study of H.M.'s memory after his surgery revealed that:

A) H.M. could not retain implicit memories, but explicit memories could be recalled normally.
B) H.M.'s memory problems were primarily the result of impaired LTM recall.
C) H.M. did not have the ability to transfer most explicit memories from STM into LTM.
D) H.M.'s memory problems were primarily the result of an unusually small STM capacity.

Question 69

Steffi remembers going to the zoo with her parents and her best friend on her 10^th birthday. She can even recall the look on her friend's face when she dropped her ice cream cone into the grizzly bear enclosure. Steffi's recollection is an example of:

A) implicit memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) procedural memory.

Question 70

When researchers investigated the organization of long-term memory, they found that:

A) it must be linked to sound, since users of sign language don't have "tip-of-the-tongue" states.
B) verbal information is indexed semantically, and not by sound or form.
C) semantic categories help organize memories involving words and concepts.
D) the organization is based on human physiology, and so culture has few effects on retrieval.

Question 71

Telo convinces a woman he finds attractive to give him her telephone number. Unfortunately, the number is ten digits long with the area code, and Telo cannot find a place to write it down. As he looks for a pen and paper, what can Telo do to help himself remember the number?

A) Nothing will help because 10 digits are beyond the capacity of short-term memory.
B) Thinking of something else will help Telo.
C) "Chunking" the numbers into smaller units will help Telo.
D) Telo should try to process the memory in parallel.

Question 72

In accordance with the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the prolonged storage of information is known as ________.

A) short-term memory
B) the sensory register
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Question 73

Although there is some debate, ________ is generally thought to have a capacity of seven plus or minus two units of information.

A) the sensory register
B) short-term memory
C) declarative memory
D) long-term memory

Question 74

Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory?

A) procedural memory
B) semantic memory
C) episodic memory
D) declarative memory

Question 75

Memories for the performance of actions or skills are called:

A) procedural memories.
B) semantic memories.
C) declarative memories.
D) episodic memories.

Question 76

________ is a memory system that includes short-term memory and executive processes that control attention and retrieval.

A) Procedural memory
B) Declarative memory
C) Working memory
D) Semantic memory

Question 77

Which component of memory has been referred to as a "leaky bucket"?

A) the sensory register
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Question 78

________ memory refers to recollection of a personally experienced event and the context in which it occurred.

A) Semantic
B) Procedural
C) Flashbulb
D) Episodic

Question 79

In general, information in short-term memory is retained for about ________ if it is not rehearsed.

A) 2-3 seconds or less
B) 30 seconds
C) 5-20 minutes
D) 30 minutes

Question 80

In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be the magical number:

A) 5 plus or minus 4.
B) 7 plus or minus 2.
C) 9 plus or minus 3.
D) 11 plus or minus 1.