Deck 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States

Question 1

_______________, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, helps to keep the biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle.

A) Cortisol
B) Progesterone
C) Serotonin
D) Melatonin

Answer 1

Melatonin

Question 2

Which of the following is true about hypnosis?

A) The likelihood of being hypnotized depends mostly on the skill of the hypnotist.
B) Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do something against their will.
C) Hypnosis increases the accuracy of memory.
D) A hypnotized person can do things that they could not do otherwise.

Answer 2

Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do something against their will.

Question 3

Delta waves occur during:

A) REM sleep.
B) NREM sleep.
C) paradoxical sleep.
D) waking.

Answer 3

NREM sleep.

Question 4

During sleep, periods of rapid eye movement (REM) alternate with non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every:

A) 30 minutes.
B) 50 minutes.
C) 60 minutes.
D) 90 minutes.

Question 5

An example of a biological event that follows a circadian rhythm is:

A) the migration of birds.
B) the female menstrual cycle.
C) body temperature.
D) daydreaming.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?

A) Hypnotized people can be made to do things against their will.
B) Hypnosis increases the accuracy of memory.
C) Hypnosis can be used to produce age regression.
D) Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing women during childbirth.

Question 7

Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering several symptoms and claims they are due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Which of the following symptoms that she cites is the most questionably linked to the menstrual cycle?

A) breast tenderness
B) cramps
C) irritability and depression
D) water retention

Question 8

_______________ is the increased resistance to a drug's effects accompanying continued use.

A) Tolerance
B) Withdrawal
C) Intoxication
D) Reuptake

Question 9

In _______________, a person experiences sudden unpredictable and irresistible attacks of sleepiness during the day.

A) narcolepsy
B) REM behavior disorder
C) sleep apnea
D) internal desynchrony

Question 10

When scientists use the term "biological rhythm," they are referring to:

A) a periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in the physiological functioning of a living organism.
B) an awareness of oneself and the environment.
C) a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
D) a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Question 11

The _______________ theory of dreaming suggests that dreaming is simply a continuation of our daytime thinking.

A) psychoanalytic
B) cognitive
C) activation-synthesis
D) problem-solving

Question 12

The body's biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is located in the:

A) pituitary gland.
B) pineal gland.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 13

_______________ drugs can cause convulsions, heart failure, and death when taken in large doses.

A) Depressant
B) Stimulant
C) Opiate
D) Psychedelic

Question 14

The _______________ theory of dreaming has no convincing empirical support.

A) psychoanalytic
B) cognitive
C) activation-synthesis
D) problem-solving

Question 15

_______________ is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months.

A) SAD
B) SCN
C) PMS
D) REM

Question 16

_______________ is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night's sleep.

A) Narcolepsy
B) Insomnia
C) Sleep apnea
D) Internal desynchrony

Question 17

The deeper stages of NREM sleep are characterized by:

A) slow, rolling eye movements.
B) highly vivid, unrealistic dreams.
C) slow brain waves called delta waves.
D) muscle paralysis.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of opiates?

A) They are derived from the hemp plant.
B) They cause an intense emotional rush or euphoria.
C) No deaths have been reported due to opiate abuse.
D) Opiate abuse results in cirrhosis of the liver.

Question 19

Most psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on:

A) hormones.
B) the hypothalamus.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) the autonomic nervous system.Chapter 5 - Pop Quiz 1

Question 20

"Mental set" refers to:

A) the context in which a person takes a drug.
B) the personality traits of the person taking a drug.
C) a person's expectations about a drug's effects.
D) the genetic characteristics of a person taking a drug.

Question 21

When scientists use the term "biological rhythm," they are referring to:

A) a periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in the physiological functioning of a living organism.
B) an awareness of oneself and the environment.
C) a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
D) a biological fluctuation that lasts about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Question 22

Dennis just started working at a factory where he will be expected to work varying shifts. What recommendation should you make to him about shift choices?

A) He should change shifts as seldom as possible once he makes his choice.
B) He should try to get a set routine of morning, afternoon, and night shifts.
C) He should alternate between the night and morning shifts but avoid the afternoon.
D) He should rotate shifts every few weeks to make sure he never settles into one.

Question 23

The body's biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is located in the:

A) pituitary gland.
B) pineal gland.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 24

____________ rhythms reflect the adaptation of organisms to the many changes associated with the rotation of the earth on its axis.

A) Seasonal
B) Circadian
C) Infradian
D) External

Question 25

_______________, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, helps to keep the biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle.

A) Cortisol
B) Progesterone
C) Serotonin
D) Melatonin

Question 26

Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock, located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the _______________.

A) thalamus
B) corpus callosum
C) occipital lobe
D) hypothalamus

Question 27

Which of the following provides the best definition of consciousness?

A) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
B) awareness of ourselves and the environment
C) memory of personally experienced events
D) the intentional recollection of an item of information

Question 28

_______________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.

A) Norepinephrine
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Melatonin

Question 29

An example of a biological event that follows a circadian rhythm is:

A) the migration of birds.
B) the female menstrual cycle.
C) body temperature.
D) daydreaming.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is accurate according to studies of internal desynchronization?

A) When people fly across several time zones, sleep and wake patterns take several days to return to normal.
B) When people fly across several time zones, temperature and hormone cycles can take several days to return to normal.
C) Melatonin pills have been shown to be effective in treating desynchronization.
D) When an occupation requires a rotating work schedule, then workers should be switched as frequently as possible.

Question 31

The experience of "jet lag" is the result of a phenomenon called:

A) internal desynchronization.
B) time-zone desynchronization.
C) hormonal rhythm.
D) external desynchronization.

Question 32

Controlled studies indicate that _______________ reduces symptoms in people with SAD.

A) phototherapy
B) low levels of negative ions
C) chemotherapy
D) hypnosis

Question 33

Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that _______________ of women have PMS symptoms, such as irritability and depression, predictably over their cycles.

A) fewer than 5 percent
B) about 25 percent
C) about 50 percent
D) about 75 percent

Question 34

When we say that biological rhythms are endogenous, we mean that:

A) they are generated by an internal biological clock.
B) they are influenced by our environment.
C) they are produced by our heart's rhythm.
D) they are determined by an individual's experience.

Question 35

Melatonin treatments have been useful in the treatment of:

A) adolescents showing extreme delays in the onset of puberty.
B) survivors of trauma that experience persistent flashbacks of the terror.
C) depressed individuals who are in need of increased blood sugar levels.
D) disturbed sleep-wake cycles in blind people who lack light perception.

Question 36

_______________ is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

A) Entrainment
B) Internal desynchronization
C) Seasonal affective disorder
D) Dissociation

Question 37

_______________ is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months.

A) SAD
B) SCN
C) PMS
D) REM

Question 38

Melatonin is a hormone that:

A) fluctuates on about a 90-minute cycle.
B) is secreted largely during hours of darkness.
C) is secreted largely during hours of daylight.
D) increases alertness and wakefulness.

Question 39

The structure that serves as our biological clock and controls our circadian rhythms is _______________.

A) the heart with its pacemaker cells
B) the pituitary gland
C) the pineal gland
D) the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 40

The word "circadian" indicates that a circadian rhythm:

A) is generated from within.
B) occurs more frequently than once a day.
C) occurs less frequently than once a day.
D) is about 24 hours in length.

Question 41

REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because:

A) the brain is very active, yet the body is entirely inactive.
B) the body is very active and restless, but the brain is very inactive.
C) the eyes are open, though the person remains asleep.
D) colorful dreams occur, in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep.

Question 42

What can sleep scientists say about people who do not get enough sleep?

A) Their cortisol levels increase.
B) Contrary to popular belief, they do not suffer from hallucinations.
C) They become prone to narcolepsy.
D) Their creativity often increases.

Question 43

James has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid, irregular waves. His blood pressure rises, his heart rate increases, and his skeletal muscles go limp. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion?

A) James is chronically sleep-deprived and his sleep, like his daytime activities, is abnormal.
B) James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal for the third stage of sleep.
C) James is experiencing unusual sleep because during the day he engaged in strenuous physical activities.
D) James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during REM sleep.

Question 44

The deeper stages of NREM sleep are characterized by:

A) slow, rolling eye movements.
B) highly vivid, unrealistic dreams.
C) slow brain waves called delta waves.
D) muscle paralysis.

Question 45

_______________ are occasionally emitted by the brain in the third stage of non-REM sleep.

A) Alpha waves
B) Beta waves
C) Gamma waves
D) Delta waves

Question 46

The reason that REM sleep occurs is:

A) to allow the mind to solve the day's problems during sleep.
B) to allow memories to form.
C) to release tensions from the previous day.
D) unknown.

Question 47

During the night, which two types of sleep alternate with each other in cycles that take approximately 90 minutes?

A) alpha sleep and delta sleep
B) Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep
C) REM and NREM sleep
D) relaxed sleep and alert sleep

Question 48

Chronic insomnia affects about _______________ of all adults.

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 35 percent

Question 49

Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering several symptoms and claims they are due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Which of the following symptoms that she cites is the most questionably linked to the menstrual cycle?

A) breast tenderness
B) cramps
C) irritability and depression
D) water retention

Question 50

Traditionally, there are _______________ stages of NREM sleep.

A) two
B) four
C) five
D) six

Question 51

REM sleep normally occurs for the first time:

A) within 10 minutes of falling asleep.
B) after about an hour of sleep.
C) about 70 to 90 minutes after sleep onset.
D) after about 3-4 hours of sleep.

Question 52

When researchers studied whether or not dreaming occurs in non-REM sleep, they found that:

A) it does, but the dreams are shorter and less vivid than in REM sleep.
B) it does, but the dreams are longer and more fantastical than in REM sleep.
C) it does not, unless the person has been chronically sleep deprived.
D) it does not, unless the person is a patient with a severed corpus callosum.

Question 53

On an average, REM sleep periods last about _______________.

A) 5 minutes
B) 20 minutes
C) 30 minutes
D) 90 minutes

Question 54

During the night:

A) REM sleep periods become longer.
B) delta waves increase.
C) dreaming decreases in frequency.
D) NREM sleep periods involve a more and more active EEG.

Question 55

_______________ are the short bursts of rapid, high-peaking waves that the brain emits in the second stage of non-REM sleep.

A) Alpha waves
B) Delta waves
C) Sleep spindles
D) Neuro spindles

Question 56

Delta waves occur during:

A) REM sleep.
B) NREM sleep.
C) paradoxical sleep.
D) waking.

Question 57

In _______________, a person experiences sudden unpredictable and irresistible attacks of sleepiness during the day.

A) narcolepsy
B) REM behavior disorder
C) sleep apnea
D) internal desynchrony

Question 58

Judith is startled when her six-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the _______________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A) REM
B) first
C) third
D) fourth

Question 59

During sleep, periods of rapid eye movement (REM) alternate with non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every:

A) 30 minutes.
B) 50 minutes.
C) 60 minutes.
D) 90 minutes.

Question 60

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every _______________ minutes.

A) 30
B) 90
C) 150
D) 210

Question 61

People are aware that they are dreaming and feel as though they are conscious during _______________.

A) REM sleep
B) slow-wave sleep
C) lucid dreams
D) latent dreams

Question 62

The _______________ theory of dreaming has no convincing empirical support.

A) psychoanalytic
B) cognitive
C) activation-synthesis
D) problem-solving

Question 63

Who said that dreams are "the royal road to the unconscious"?

A) Allan Hobson
B) William Shakespeare
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Rosalind Cartwright

Question 64

The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that:

A) the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts.
B) there is no purpose to dreaming; dreams occur because of random brainstem signals.
C) the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems that we are conscious of.
D) dreaming is a byproduct of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections.

Question 65

The _______________ dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts and conflicts.

A) problem-focused
B) cognitive
C) psychoanalytic
D) activation-synthesis

Question 66

The problem-focused explanation of dreaming suggests that:

A) the symbols and metaphors in a dream disguise a person's true unresolved problems.
B) dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems.
C) although dreams often represent our problems, they do not help us solve them.
D) we are more likely to dream about good things that happen to us than about our problems.

Question 67

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which:

A) a person suddenly falls asleep without warning during the day.
B) a person has difficulty waking from sleep in the morning.
C) a person periodically stops breathing during sleep.
D) a person experiences bursts of aggressive behavior during sleep.

Question 68

_______________ is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime sleepiness or attacks of the paralysis commonly associated with REM sleep.

A) Sleep apnea
B) Insomnia
C) Narcolepsy
D) REM behavior disorder

Question 69

Many researchers believe that sleep is necessary for _______________, a process by which recently stored memories become durable and stable.

A) consolidation
B) reinforcement
C) encoding
D) preservation

Question 70

Why might studying all night for an exam the next day be a bad approach?

A) Memories are weaker if they are formed during the night.
B) New information requires at least 24 hours to be processed by the brain.
C) Staying awake for 24 hours is likely to cause hallucinations during the exam.
D) Studies indicate that a good night's sleep after learning can improve memory performance.

Question 71

Kyle and Yoko spent the same amount of time studying for a big exam. Kyle slept between studying and taking the exam, whereas Yoko did not. All other things being equal, which of the following is most likely to be true?

A) Kyle has an advantage, because sleeping after learning is believed to strengthen the memories.
B) Yoko has an advantage, because sleeping after learning leads to an increased risk of forgetting.
C) Neither has an advantage, as long as they both got a decent night of sleep at some point.
D) Neither has an advantage, because sleep is only related to memory for motor and perceptual skills.

Question 72

During his lecture on dream theories, Professor Hundt points out that a weakness of the __________ approach to dreaming is that there are no reliable rules that exist for interpreting the supposedly latent content of dreams and no objective way of determining whether an interpretation is correct.

A) psychoanalytic
B) problem-focused
C) cognitive
D) activation-synthesis

Question 73

The ______________ dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express ongoing concerns of waking life.

A) problem-focused
B) cognitive
C) psychoanalytic
D) activation-synthesis

Question 74

When Larry was a teenager, he began experiencing periods when he had a lot of trouble staying awake during the day, even though he was getting enough sleep each night. He also would experience sudden "attacks" where he would collapse to the floor in the middle of an activity. Larry suffers from:

A) sleep apnea.
B) insomnia.
C) narcolepsy.
D) REM behavior disorder.

Question 75

According to Sigmund Freud:

A) dreams are "the royal road into the unconscious."
B) dreams are "children of an idle brain."
C) getting through a crisis or a rough period in life takes "time, good friends, good genes, good luck, and a good dream system."
D) everything in a dream is symbolic.

Question 76

Ernie's muscles are not paralyzed when he is dreaming. As a result, he literally acts out his dreams, sometimes injuring himself in the process. Ernie appears to suffer from:

A) severe sleepwalking.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) REM behavior disorder.

Question 77

Who said that sometimes "a cigar is only a cigar"?

A) Allan Hobson
B) William Shakespeare
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Rosalind Cartwright

Question 78

Narcolepsy sometimes involves:

A) unpredictable attacks of muscle paralysis.
B) an inability to breathe while sleeping.
C) a need for 12 to 14 hours of sleep each night.
D) a need for only 5 to 6 hours of sleep each night.

Question 79

Jennifer has been studying day and night for so many weeks that she is chronically sleep deprived. Which of the following symptoms is Jennifer at the greatest risk of developing?

A) anxiety and despair
B) loss of appetite
C) reduced levels of the hormone cortisol
D) the loss of mental flexibility and creativity

Question 80

_______________ is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night's sleep.

A) Narcolepsy
B) Insomnia
C) Sleep apnea
D) Internal desynchrony