Deck 3: Learning and Environment Psychology of Criminal Behaviour

Question 1

In terms of using punishment as an effective strategy for either increasing or decreasing the likelihood of a behaviour,the three factors that are important to consider are:

A)immediacy,random feedback,and intensity
B)immediacy,consistency and intensity
C)reinforcement,feedback and intensity
D)location,consistency and immediacy

Answer 1

immediacy,consistency and intensity

Question 2

Cross-sectional research methodology is employed when researchers follow groups of individuals over time to examine how their behaviour changes.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In Eysenck's biosocial theory of crime,the degree to which people learn from environmental stimuli,such as parental discipline,is determined differences in:

A)parenting style
B)functioning of the nervous system
C)their ability to learn from siblings
D)intellectual capacity

Answer 3

functioning of the nervous system

Question 4

Which part of the personality structure represents the internalization of group standards and acts as a moral regulator?

A)Superego
B)Ego
C)Id
D)Reality structure

Question 5

According to Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation,children will not develop the means to control their conduct and will be more likely to exhibit antisocial patterns of behavior if:

A)they experienced too much maternal care in childhood
B)there was a disruption to the primary mother-child relationship
C)they developed too strong an attachment to their siblings
D)they experienced multiple mother figures

Question 6

If we describe a criminal as having a "harsh superego" which includes often high levels of unconscious guilt we would categorize him/her as what kind of criminal?

A)Neurotic
B)Deviant
C)Common
D)Primitive

Question 7

Which of the following statements summarizes the "general theory of crime" according to Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)?

A)low self-control in the presence of criminal opportunities explains an individual's propensity to commit crimes
B)low self-control,regardless of opportunities,explains an individual's propensity to commit crimes
C)the presence of criminal opportunities,regardless of parenting style,explains an individual's propensity to commit crimes
D)socio-economic status explains an individual's propensity to commit crimes

Question 8

Sutherland's differential association theory postulates that four factors of association strongly impact the likelihood of being involved in antisocial behaviour.The four factors are:

A)frequency,duration,previous violations,and age of subject
B)frequency,attitude,timing and intensity of contact
C)frequency,duration,priority and intensity of contact
D)age of subject,age of contact,status of group members,duration of contact

Question 9

Glueck and Glueck's (1950) cross-sectional research attributed the differences between delinquents and non-delinquents to:

A)peer-power,the primary source for superego development
B)parenting factors,the primary source for id development
C)peer-power,the primary source for id development
D)parenting factors,the primary source for superego development

Question 10

The idea that humans are thought to be inherently antisocial,driven by pleasure-seeking and destructive impulses,is what kind of approach to human nature?

A)Person-centered
B)Behaviourism
C)Biosocial
D)Psychodynamic

Question 11

Which of the following accurately reflects the findings of research on violent video games and aggression?

A)Boys are more aggressive after playing violent video games than girls
B)Violent video games only have short term effects on aggressive behaviour
C)There has been very little research on this topic
D)The association is consistent across cultures,roles played in the games,and duration of time spent playing

Question 12

If we reason that more people don't violate the law because of social controls or the bonds that individuals have to society,we are ascribing to which theory?

A)Hirschi's psycho-dynamism theory
B)Commitment theory
C)Hirschi's social control theory
D)Attachment theory

Question 13

The main premise of Akers' social learning theory is that:

A)offenders are typically introduced to crime by the friends they hang out with most
B)offenders learn how to commit crime both personally as well as by imitating those who are rewarded for crime
C)interventions for criminal activity are most effective if they are delivered in a group setting rather than one-on-one
D)those who grow up commit crimes have difficulty associating punishments with behaviour in childhood

Question 14

Psychoanalysts have proposed three main sources of criminal behavior all relating to inadequate:

A)id development
B)oral development
C)superego development
D)conflict development

Question 15

Jeffrey's (1965) differential reinforcement theory states that whether someone commits crime depends on whether:

A)the individual has been reinforced for similar behaviour in the past
B)the individual has observed similar behaviour in the past
C)the individual has been punished for similar behaviour in the past
D)the individual belongs to a family of criminals

Question 16

Freud and other psychoanalysts believe that pleasure-seeking and destructive impulses originate in what part of an individual's personality?

A)Ego
B)Superego
C)Id
D)Repressed memories

Question 17

Andrews and Bonta's Personal,Interpersonal and Community Reinforcement Theory of crime (PIC-R) emphasizes that criminal behaviour is determined by:

A)family reinforcement primarily
B)the status of the member's group
C)what a person is paid for the behaviour
D)both antecedents and consequences of behaviour

Question 18

In operant conditioning,which occurs when a behaviour is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus,thereby increasing that behaviour?

A)negative punishment
B)positive punishment
C)positive reinforcement
D)negative reinforcement

Question 19

In the treatment of sex offenders,a common approach is to expose the person to an unpleasant stimulus while experiencing sexual arousal,the goal being to create an aversion to the source of the arousal.This treatment is called:

A)operant conditioning
B)aversive conditioning
C)goal conditioning
D)exposure therapy

Question 20

Theories of learning and environment used to explain antisocial behaviour are of value because:

A)they are the only valid theories of crime
B)other theories do not take into account the effects of learning and environments on antisocial behaviour
C)they focus on causes of crime that are more amenable to change than biological or evolutionary causes
D)they focus on causes of crime that are less amenable to change than biological or evolutionary causes

Question 21

Problems with "conditionability",as described in Eysenck's learning theory of crime,are generally more pronounced in people with antisocial inclinations.

Question 22

Briefly outline the three general perspectives on crime within theories of learning and environment-psychodynamic,learning,and social learning perspectives.

Question 23

What is the basic premise of Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?

Question 24

According to the psychodynamic perspective,crime generally occurs when these (often unconscious) impulses are not adequately controlled.Explain.

Question 25

Bowlby's Theory of Maternal deprivation has strong support and has not been challenged.

Question 26

How does Sutherland propose that criminal behaviour develops?

Question 27

Aker's social learning theory emphasizes classical conditioning models of learned behaviour.

Question 28

Learning theories of crime assume that there is no natural,or inherent,impulse to act antisocially.

Question 29

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's "general theory of crime",crime is an inevitable consequence for those who lack self-control.

Question 30

Research on the effects of video game violence on antisocial behaviour reveals that the more a person is exposed to such games,the most likely that person will exhibit aggression.

Question 31

Briefly explain Eysenck's biosocial theory of crime.

Question 32

It can be said that family discord in general (e.g.lack of parental supervision) is associated with delinquent behavior.

Question 33

What does Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime argue about the determinants of crime?

Question 34

In terms of punishment,the stronger the consequence,the more effective it will be.

Question 35

The ego attempts to mediate between one's primal needs and society's demands.

Question 36

Operant conditioning posits that criminal behaviour emerges and is maintained by its environmental consequences.

Question 37

Behaviour that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus and increases the frequency of that behaviour is positive reinforcement.

Question 38

According to psychoanalytic theory,the id is governed by the reality principle.

Question 39

Summarize the methodology and findings of the Gluecks' research on juvenile delinquency.

Question 40

In Hirschi's social control theory,the explanation that one does not commit crime because one doesn't want to jeopardize valued relationships is called the "attachment bond".

Question 41

Psychoanalysts have proposed three main sources of criminal behaviour: harsh,weak,and deviant superegos.Describe each of these superegos,as well as the characteristics of an offender who possesses each superego.

Question 42

Explain how the personal,interpersonal,and community-reinforcement theory of crime (PIC-R) integrates various components of the psychodynamic,learning,and social learning perspectives of criminal behaviour.