Deck 4: Development

Question 1

Fusion of the neural folds produces the _____, which will eventually give rise to the brain and spinal cord.

A) neural plate
B) neural groove
C) primary vesicles
D) neural tube

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The normal site of fertilization is the:

A) uterine tube
B) peritoneal cavity
C) uterine cavity
D) cervical canal

Answer 2

A

Question 3

There is a three-day window during which a woman is most likely to become pregnant. It extends from two days before ovulation to one day after and occurs because

A) sperm are viable for up to three days in the female reproductive tract
B) a secondary oocyte is viable for about 24 hours after ovulation and sperm are viable for about 48 hours in the female reproductive tract
C) it takes three days for the sperm to reach the secondary oocyte
D) it takes three days for the secondary oocyte to reach the uterus

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The three primary germ layers develop from the _____ of the blastocyst.

A) syncytiotrophoblast
B) cytotrophoblast
C) blastocyst cavity (blastocele)
D) embryoblast (inner cell mass)

Question 5

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins result from

A) fertilization of two secondary oocytes by two different sperm
B) fertilization of one secondary oocyte by two sperm
C) early splitting of a zygote to produce two individuals
D) none of these choices

Question 6

On the diagram, 2 is pointing to the

A) maternal arteriole
B) fetal blood vessels
C) umbilical cord
D) intervillous space

Question 7

Cleavage

A) is completed in the first two hours following fertilization
B) increases the number of cells of the embryo
C) increases the size of the embryo
D) all of these choices

Question 8

The most common site for ectopic pregnancies is the:

A) ovaries
B) abdominal cavity
C) deciduas
D) uterine tube

Question 9

The structure(s) responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the embryo (and later the fetus) from the placenta is/are the:

A) umbilical arteries
B) umbilical vein
C) allantois
D) yolk sac

Question 10

The period of development called the embryonic period is _____ in length.

A) 2 weeks
B) 1 month
C) 2 months
D) 3 months

Question 11

Which of the following structures actually implants into the endometrium of the uterus?

A) blastocyst
B) morula
C) zygote
D) all of these choices

Question 12

Which of the following would be an expected change in the mother during pregnancy?

A) decreased blood volume
B) decrease in heart rate
C) decreased frequency of urination
D) decrease in motility of the gastrointestinal tract

Question 13

Place the following in the correct order:
1) aided by enzymes on their surface, sperm penetrate the cells of the corona radiata
2) acrosomal reactions are triggered when sperm bind to receptors in the zona pellucida
3) syngamy occurs when a sperm cell binds to receptors on the oocyte's plasma membrane
4) acrosomal enzymes from many sperm digest through the zona pellucida
5) zygote is formed

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 2, 4, 3, 5
C) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
D) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3

Question 14

On the diagram, 3 is pointing to

A) intervillous space
B) fetal blood vessels
C) umbilical cord
D) chorionic villi

Question 15

Which of the following is the most important event during the third week of development?

A) heart becomes four-chambered
B) gastrulation
C) blood cells form in liver
D) limb bud development

Question 16

The placenta allows which of the following to pass into fetal blood?
1) maternal blood cells
2) most microorganisms
3) many drugs
4) viruses that cause AIDS, German measles, and chickenpox
5) alcohol

A) 1, 3, 4, 5
B) 3, 4, 5
C) 1, 2, 4, 5
D) 1, 2

Question 17

On the diagram, 1 is pointing to

A) intervillous space containing maternal blood
B) fetal blood vessels
C) umbilical cord
D) chorionic villi

Question 18

All major body systems have begun to develop by the end of _____.

A) week 2
B) week 4
C) week 6
D) week 8

Question 19

About 8 days after fertilization, the trophoblast develops into two layers in the region of contact between the blastocyst and endometrium. The layer known as the syncytiotrophoblast secretes enzymes that assist the embryo in penetrating the endometrium.

A) both statements are true
B) both statements are false
C) the first statement is true; the second is false
D) the second statement is true; the first is false

Question 20

Which structure contains enzymes used to penetrate the protective layers of an ovulated oocyte?

A) flagellum
B) midpiece
C) acrosome
D) neck

Question 21

The embryonic disc appears first as a bilayered structure of ectoderm and endoderm next to the amniotic cavity.

Question 22

The ectoderm of the embryonic disc eventually gives rise to all nervous tissue, the epidermis of the skin, and epithelium of the oral and nasal cavities.

Question 23

Arrange the following in the correct order of heart development.

A) splanchnic mesoderm; endocardial tubes; primitive heart tube
B) endcardial tubes; primitive heart tube; splanchnic mesoderm
C) splanchnic mesoderm; primitive heart tube; endocardial tubes
D) primitive heart tube; splanchnic mesoderm; endocardial tubes

Question 24

In order for fertilization to occur, sperm must be present in the female sometime during the first 24 hours following ovulation.

Question 25

The _____ is the clear glycoprotein layer between the corona radiata and the oocyte's plasma membrane.

Question 26

Syngamy is the fusion of the haploid male and female pronuclei to produce a diploid nucleus.

Question 27

What is the correct order of the events of true labor?

A) stage of expulsion, placental stage, stage of dilation
B) embryonic period, fetal period, labor
C) stage of dilation, stage of expulsion, placental stage
D) fertilization, cleavage, implantation

Question 28

The time from fertilization to birth is the gestation period-the first two months of which is the embryonic period.

Question 29

On the diagram, 4 is pointing to

A) intervillous space
B) fetal blood vessels
C) umbilical cord
D) chorionic villi

Question 30

Discuss the formation of both dizygotic (fraternal) and monozygotic (identical) twins.

Question 31

List the stages of labor and briefly describe the events that occur in each stage.

Question 32

The three main parts of the blastocyst are the trophoblast, inner cell mass (embryoblast), and blastocyst cavity (blastocele).

Question 33

Place the following events in the correct order and briefly define each: embryonic development, implantation, fetal period, fertilization, labor, cleavage, placental development.

Question 34

The syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast are two layers of the endometrium that are involved in placenta formation.

Question 35

Each somite differentiates into three regions: a myotome, a dermatome, and a sclerotome. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) Myotomes develop into the cardiac muscle of the heart.
B) Sclerotomes give rise to the vertebrae and ribs.
C) Dermatomes form connective tissue, including the dermis of the skin.
D) Myotomes develop into the skeletal muscles of the neck, trunk, and limbs.

Question 36

The number of somites that develop over a given period can be correlated to the approximate age of the embryo.

Question 37

Beginning with the deposition of sperm into the female reproductive tract, describe the events leading up to and including fertilization.

Question 38

The umbilical cord contains three blood vessels: two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.

Question 39

The morula enters the uterine cavity on day 4 or 5.

Question 40

Describe the production and functions of the amniotic fluid.

Question 41

The _____ forms all skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue and most smooth muscle tissue.

Question 42

The maternal part of the placenta is formed from the decidua _____.

Question 43

Sperm must undergo _____ in the female reproductive tract in order to be attracted by and respond to chemical factors produced by the surrounding cells of the ovulated oocyte.

Question 44

The name for a fertilized ovum that contains one nucleus is a _____.

Question 45

In a pregnant woman, a general _____ in gastrointestinal tract movement can cause constipation and produce nausea, vomiting, and heartburn.

Question 46

The three stages of labor are the stage of _____, stage of _____, and the _____ stage.

Question 47

_____ are the individual cells produced during cleavage.

Question 48

In the placenta, nutrients, gases, and wastes are exchanged between blood vessels of the chorionic villi and _____ of the maternal portion of the placenta.

Question 49

Within the umbilical cord, _____ carry deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta.

Question 50

The _____ is the portion of the blastocyst that develops into the embryo.

Question 51

Differentiation of the tissue of the embryo into the three primary germ layers begins _____ (before or after) implantation.

Question 52

The _____ forms the epithelial lining of the GI tract (excluding the oral cavity and anal canal).

Question 53

The heart forms and begins to beat during the _____ month of embryonic development.

Question 54

Implantation usually occurs on the _____ wall of the fundus or body of the uterus.

Question 55

The _____ forms the outer covering of the blastocyst.

Question 56

A hollowed out ball of cells that implants into the endometrial lining is the _____.

Question 57

After the _____ month of development, the embryo is referred to as a fetus.

Question 58

The cells of the embryo produced by cleavage are called _____.

Question 59

The _____ is a solid ball of cells resulting from cleavage.

Question 60

The portion of the endometrium that will cover the embryo after implantation is called the _____.

Question 61

Over the course of pregnancy, the uterus increases from its pre-pregnancy mass primarily due to growth of the _____ layer.

Question 62

Which structure enters the uterine cavity approximately 4-5 days after fertilization?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 63

During the _____ month of pregnancy, hair appears on the fetal head and articulations begin to form.

Question 64

Which structure undergoes implantation into the uterine endometrium?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 65

The letter C is pointing to the layer called the _____.

Question 66

What process is occurring between structure A and structure B; and structure B and structure C?

Question 67

The region indicated by the letter E is the _____.

Question 68

The letter D is pointing to the layer in which the _____ implants.

Question 69

The space indicated by the letter B is called the _____.

Question 70

The placenta has two distinct parts: the fetal portion formed by the _____ and the maternal portion formed by the _____.

Question 71

Letter _____ is pointing to the structure where the secondary oocyte is typically fertilized by the sperm.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 72

The heartbeat of a developing embryo can be detected during the _____ week of pregnancy.

Question 73

Bone formation begins during the _____ month of embryonic development.

Question 74

Name the structure indicated by the pointer on structure E. Into what does this develop?

Question 75

At the beginning of the fetal period, the fetal head is about _____ the length of the fetal body.