Deck 10: Life Span Development

Question 1

Martial satisfaction in couples with children tends to increase

A) when the child reaches two years of age.
B) after children have left the nest.
C) when the child reaches adolescence.
D) when the child has reached the formal operational stage of development.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is not a likely factor that would create a cohort effect for a study on lifetime cognitive development in healthy people?

A) Differences in genes between individuals
B) Differences in educational practices over time
C) Changes in the nutritional availability
D) Changes in prescription drug use

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The effects of language deprivation during infancy and childhood can be irreversible. This fact is best explained by which concept?

A) Cohort effects
B) Sensorimotor function
C) Sensitive period
D) Stage theories

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise into the ways in which people experience physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes over the course of their lives. The type of program that Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology.

A) developmental
B) child
C) social
D) ecological

Question 5

Xiao is gathering research on the number of daily calories people typically consume at various ages. He gathers data about the number of calories eaten by 25 people at each of the following ages: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years. What type of research design is Xiao using?

A) continuous
B) cross-sectional
C) sequential
D) longitudinal

Question 6

Which of the following has not been recommended for helping preterm infants survive and thrive?

A) reduce Reduce stimulation
B) massageMassage
C) engage Engage in ongoing physical contact
D) increase Increase stimulation

Question 7

Which of the following is true about the connection between the MMR vaccine and autism?

A) There is no scientific evidence that the MMR vaccine causes autism.
B) The connection between MMR and autism remains unclear.
C) There is strong scientific evidence that the MMR vaccine causes autism.
D) The MMR vaccine causes autism if administered more than once.

Question 8

A healthy adult with no signs of dementia in his or her 80s is likely to have the most difficulty doing which of the following tasks?

A) Remembering how many feet are in a mile
B) Recalling the definition of the word "antepenultimate"
C) knowing the names of his or her grandchildren
D) Solving a logic problem

Question 9

Parents who attend to their children's psychological abilities and guide them through the learning process are using _______.

A) scaffolding
B) tutoring
C) core knowledge
D) the zone of proximal development

Question 10

To study the effect of daycare programs on academic performance, a researcher follows the same 30 children who did or did not attend daycare programs as they go through kindergarten to sixth grade. Which type of design is the researcher using?

A) Cross-sectional
B) Cohort
C) Latitudinal
D) Longitudinal

Question 11

Rachel believes that it is wrong to steal because doing so works against the greater good of society, regardless of whether it is legal or illegal. Which level of Kohlberg's moral development scheme is Rachel applying in this scenario?

A) postconventionalPostconventional
B) preconventionalPreconventional
C) preoperationalPreoperational
D) conventionalConventional

Question 12

__________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time.

A) Longitudinal
B) Cross-longitudinal
C) Sequential
D) Cross-sectional

Question 13

You remember that your parents were warm and responsive but set reasonable rules and expectations for your behavior. They would most likely be characterized as having an _______ parenting style.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent-permissive
D) indifferent-uninvolved

Question 14

A child in the sensorimotor stage may quit looking or reaching for a toy if you move it out of sight. This behavior reflects the fact that the child has not developed _______.

A) core knowledge
B) object permanence
C) conservation
D) preoperations

Question 15

Two-year-old Irina talks to her brother, who is wearing headphones and looking away, and becomes frustrated that he is (or seems to be) ignoring her. Irina's misunderstanding is likely to do the fact that she is in a(n) _______ stage of development.

A) theory of mind
B) self-awareness
C) egocentric
D) stranger anxiety

Question 16

Temperament refers to:

A) whether a child is likely to get angry
B) body temperature at birth
C) a child's ability to recognize himself or herself in a mirror.
D) general emotional reactivity.

Question 17

Which of the following types of changes are of interest to a developmental psychologist?

A) biological changes
B) biological and cognitive changes
C) cognitive and psychosocial changes
D) biological, cognitive, and psychosocial changes

Question 18

Harry Harlow's research with infant monkeys demonstrated the importance of:

A) good nutrition for cognitive development.
B) physical contact and the bond infants form with their mothers.
C) punishment in shaping behavior.
D) self-esteem in socialization.

Question 19

__________ psychologists study how humans change over the course of the lifespan.

A) Evolutionary
B) Cognitive
C) Social
D) Developmental

Question 20

An enduring emotional bond characterized by a strong motivation for physical and psychological comfort is referred to as _______.

A) empathy
B) attachment
C) object permanence
D) theory of mind

Question 21

One advantage to using a longitudinal design over a cross-sectional design is that longitudinal designs:

A) are typically cheaper to perform.
B) are less likely to be affected by attrition.
C) avoid the problems associated with cohort effects.
D) require less time to perform.

Question 22

__________ studies collect data from the same individuals over a period of time to track age-related changes.

A) Cross-sectional
B) Continual
C) Contiguous
D) Longitudinal

Question 23

In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

A) cohort
B) longitudinal
C) behavior genetics
D) cross-sectional

Question 24

Suppose a child was raised by abusive parents that kept her locked in a basement, completely separated from human contact, for the first 7 years of her life. When she was finally rescued, case workers find that it is very difficult to teach her how to communicate. This would be because the child was not exposed to language during the _____________.

A) sensitive period
B) sensorimotor stage
C) preconventional stage
D) concrete operational stage

Question 25

The heart and nervous system begin to form when the developing child is categorized as a(n) ________.

A) fetus
B) zygote
C) embryo
D) blastocyst

Question 26

Developmental changes during childhood tend to occur:

A) in cross-sections.
B) in stages.
C) gradually or continuously.
D) longitudinally.

Question 27

Which of the following is true about longitudinal studies?

A) The potential for cohort effects makes them difficult to interpret.
B) They are generally cheaper than cross-sectional studies.
C) They typically only take a few weeks to perform.
D) They are more likely to suffer from attrition than cross-sectional studies.

Question 28

In a cross-sectional study, subjects from the same generation are referred to as:

A) an age cohort.
B) an experimental subject group.
C) a control group.
D) a clique.

Question 29

A researcher performs a cross-sectional study comparing the video game playing ability of 20-year-olds to 60-year-olds. The results indicate that the 20-year-olds learned to play a new game much faster than the 60-year-olds, however the researchers are uncertain whether this indicates that the 20-year-olds' ability will decrease over time, or whether the 60-year-olds had more difficulty because they grew up before there were video games. What issue is this an example of?

A) cohort effects
B) attrition
C) sampling bias
D) scaffolding effects

Question 30

A__________ period refers to the optimal time period when the normal development of a particular skill must take place.

A) maturation
B) initiation
C) sensitive
D) fast-mapping

Question 31

Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the blastocyst is moving down to her uterus, and the placenta begins to form. Which stage of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) placental
D) germinal

Question 32

Daniel is interested in studying how children's behavior changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research, and observes these children once a year for 20 years. Despite the fact that this research is very time consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a __________ study.

A) sequential
B) cross-sectional
C) longitudinal
D) continuous

Question 33

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) placental
D) germinal

Question 34

Which of the following is true of developmental changes during adulthood?

A) Changes during adulthood tend to occur in stages.
B) They are very similar to the changes experienced during childhood.
C) Once individuals become adults they stop experiencing developmental changes.
D) Changes during adulthood tend to be continuous.

Question 35

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

A) the period during which the blastocyst moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C) the period during which the zygote is formed
D) the period during which the skeletal, organ, and nervous systems become more developed and specialized

Question 36

The placenta is:

A) the tube through which a developing baby receives nourishment.
B) the technical name for the "belly button."
C) a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby.
D) the name for the developing organism until it is 8 weeks old.

Question 37

Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called _______________.

A) fetal periods
B) sensitive periods
C) germinal periods
D) latency periods

Question 38

A(n) __________ refers to a group of people who lived during the same time period.

A) cohort
B) constituency
C) peer group
D) age cluster

Question 39

The germinal stage:

A) occurs during the first two weeks after fertilization.
B) occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization.
C) occurs from approximately 8 weeks after fertilization to birth.
D) occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization.

Question 40

Psychologists refer or abrupt developmental changes as occurring ______________. In contrast, they refer to slower, more gradual changes as being _________________.

A) continuously; in stages.
B) in stages; continuous
C) normal; abnormal
D) abnormal; normal

Question 41

Newborns prefer sweet and ______ flavors.

A) sour
B) tart
C) savory
D) blended

Question 42

Elizabeth is nursing her newborn daughter, and holds the baby up to her breast. When she strokes her baby's cheek, the child turns her head toward the breast and finds her mother's nipple. This is a demonstration of the __________ reflex.

A) rooting
B) suckling
C) Moro
D) grasping

Question 43

The involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation seen in newborns are referred to as ___________.

A) tremors
B) reflexes
C) ticks
D) spasms

Question 44

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?

A) increased birth weight and lethargy
B) lower birth weight and premature birth
C) severe hearing loss and heart defects
D) severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

Question 45

The Moro reflex is most likely to be produced when:

A) someone lightly stokes the baby's cheek.
B) the baby loses support of his or her head.
C) the baby smells his mother's breast milk.
D) the baby's palm is pressed.

Question 46

Which of the following is a key component to the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) for preterm infants?

A) exposing the infants to specific patterns of visual and auditory stimuli to promote brain development
B) placing infants into a simulated womb, complete with placenta and amniotic fluid
C) recreating the birthing experience at what would have been 37 weeks of gestation if the infant had been carried to full term
D) minimizing exposure to light and sounds that can over-stimulate the developing brain

Question 47

One important advantage of the kangaroo care intervention for preterm infants is that it:

A) has a 95% success rate for infants born between 20 and 25 weeks.
B) can easily be used in developing countries.
C) limits physical contact with the infant.
D) makes use of the most technologically advanced treatments available.

Question 48

Which ability may take up to 2 months after birth to develop?

A) discriminating odors
B) seeing objects less than a foot away
C) voluntary motor movements
D) discriminating between different colors

Question 49

The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to:

A) stand up and attempt to walk when placed on its knees.
B) open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek.
C) cry when approached by unfamiliar people.
D) close the eyes when startled by loud noises.

Question 50

Accommodation occurs when children _____ their belief structures based on ____.

A) develop; genetics
B) generate; environment
C) change; experience
D) solidify; reinforcement

Question 51

Which of the following is true of the original research that suggested a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism?

A) It has been retracted by the journal that published it.
B) In won Andrew Wake the 1999 Nobel Prize for Medicine.
C) It has been successfully replicated several times.
D) While the original study has problems, the scientific community still supports the connection between vaccines and autism.

Question 52

Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of prenatal development?

A) germinal $\rightarrow$ embryonic $\rightarrow$ fetal
B) germinal $\rightarrow$ fetal $\rightarrow$ embryonic
C) fetal $\rightarrow$ germinal $\rightarrow$ embryonic
D) fetal $\rightarrow$ embryonic $\rightarrow$ germinal

Question 53

Greta's child has facial deformities, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing?

A) nicotine
B) cocaine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol

Question 54

Changes that occur at the individual cell level include are best described as:

A) myelination, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning.
B) pruning and connecting.
C) acceleration, decreasing activation, and connecting.
D) sensory, motor, and speech activation.

Question 55

The loss of weak nerve cell connections in the brain is known as ____________.

A) synaptogenesis
B) neuronal loss
C) conservation
D) synaptic pruning

Question 56

According to your textbook, which of the following is true of children who survive a preterm birth before 29 weeks' gestational age?

A) Over 95% experience severe cognitive impairments into adulthood.
B) Over 95% experience some lasting impairment, but it is typically mild.
C) Over 50% show no cognitive impairments at all.
D) Preterm birth affects physical, but not cognitive development.

Question 57

While the chance of survival for infants born at 25 weeks is about 50%, the probability for survival is 95% by ________ weeks of gestation.

A) 26
B) 30
C) 37
D) 40

Question 58

The creation of new synaptic connections between neurons is called ___________________, whereas the removal of weak connections is called _______________.

A) myelination; conservation
B) conservation; myelination
C) synaptogenesis; synaptic pruning
D) synaptic pruning; synaptogenesis

Question 59

Which of the following is not a known symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) facial malformations
B) respiratory difficulties
C) deficits in mental functioning
D) growth problems

Question 60

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus that can bring about a birth defect?

A) teratogen
B) critical period
C) carcinogen
D) biohazard

Question 61

According to Piaget, the most significant developmental milestone of the sensorimotor stage is ________________.

A) assimilation
B) conservation
C) object permanence
D) accommodation

Question 62

According to Piaget, knowledge accumulates and is modified by which two processes?

A) sensation and motion
B) egocentrism and theory of mind
C) conservation and object permanence
D) assimilation and accommodation

Question 63

The major developmental milestone of the _______________ stage is the achievement of object permanence.

A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 64

When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmella looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmella has developed ______________.

A) object permanence
B) equilibration
C) conservation
D) assimilation

Question 65

According to Piaget, a child in the _____________ stage of cognitive development should be able to understand many mathematical concepts such as transitivity, but is likely to have difficulty understanding the more abstract ideas found in algebra.

A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) sensorimotor

Question 66

Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Mark's behavior represents:

A) an inability to accommodate.
B) an inability to conserve.
C) difficulty with formal operational tasks.
D) an inability to assimilate.

Question 67

Object __________ is a cognitive skill that refers to the fact that an object continues to exist when it is no longer perceived (seen, heard, etc).

A) solidity
B) stability
C) continuity
D) permanence

Question 68

In Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information is called _______________.

A) operations
B) accommodation
C) conservation
D) assimilation

Question 69

In Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures is called __________.

A) operations
B) assimilation
C) conservation
D) accommodation

Question 70

During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability to reason about abstract ideas?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 71

Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by understanding of symbols, pretend play, and mastery of the concept of conservation?

A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) sensorimotor,

Question 72

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development do people begin to think logically about abstract concepts?

A) the sensorimotor stage
B) the formal operational stage
C) the concrete operational stage
D) the preoperational stage

Question 73

Kisha understands her world by grasping, sucking, and physically handling objects in her path. Kisha is in Piaget's ________ stage of development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 74

Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk, and pours exactly half of it into a shorter wider glass. Then she says "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass. Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of _____________.

A) centration
B) egocentrism
C) object permanence
D) conservation

Question 75

Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development.

A) social
B) cognitive
C) psychosocial
D) identity

Question 76

Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says, "Birdie"! Her mother says, "That flies like a bird, Janis, but that is a bat." Janis begins pointing saying, "Bat! Bat! Bat!" Piaget would say that this is an example of ____________.

A) accommodation
B) preoperational thought
C) assimilation
D) egocentric thinking

Question 77

Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A) formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensory motor
B) preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 78

The study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the life span is called _____________.

A) mind development
B) biodevelopment
C) child psychology
D) cognitive development

Question 79

Which of the following increases the ability of an infant's brain to function?

A) the creation of new synaptic connections
B) the removal of synaptic connections
C) both the creation and the removal of synaptic connections
D) neither the creation nor removal of synaptic connections

Question 80

Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piaget's stages to answer thoroughly?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational