Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

What role are schemas believed to play in memory?

A) Schemas store complete memories of events that can be "played back" at will.
B) Schemas ensure that memories are highly accurate.
C) Schemas organize information so that memories are easier to encode, store, and recall.
D) Schemas act as a buffer while memories are being consolidated.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Terri participated in an experiment where she watched a video of a staged robbery. The research assistant told her a police officer had arrested a man wearing a red baseball cap who was found in the area. Although Terri's video did not include anyone with a red hat, she now recalls seeing it when she describes what she saw. This is an example of the:

A) levels of processing effect.
B) imagination inflation effect.
C) DRM effect.
D) misinformation effect.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to lead to the loss of:

A) long-term memories that have been consolidated.
B) recent short-term memories.
C) recent long-term memories that have not yet been consolidated.
D) procedural memories.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, human memory consists of ____________ memory stores.

A) two
B) three
C) seven plus or minus two
D) a potentially infinite number of

Question 5

Which of the following systems maintains information in memory by repeating words and sounds?

A) Episodic buffer
B) Central executive
C) Phonological loop
D) Visuospatial sketchpad

Question 6

Latasha remembers visiting Gettysburg on a cloudy day when she was a child. She recalls being bored at the time, but now wishes she had paid more attention. Latasha's memory is an example of a(n )_____ memory.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) sensory
D) nondeclarative

Question 7

If you are learning vocabulary for a psychology exam, you are better off using a(n) ______ technique.

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) serial processing
D) consolidation

Question 8

Which memory system provides us with a very brief image of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A) long-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) primary memory
D) short-term memory

Question 9

According to the LOP framework, how well we encode long-term information is most directly related to:

A) how often we encounter the information.
B) how deeply we process the information.
C) how long we are exposed to the information.
D) how motivated we are to learn the information.

Question 10

Which type of memory can hold information for only a few seconds?

A) Semantic memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Sensory memory
D) Long-term memory

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true about flashbulb memories?

A) They are far more accurate than standard memories.
B) They are typically no more accurate than standard memories.
C) They last for a much shorter period than standard memories.
D) They contain fewer details than standard memories.

Question 12

"About seven" is a famous estimate for:

A) the number of memory stores in the human brain.
B) the capacity of long-term memory.
C) the number of minutes information can stay in short-term memory without rehearsal.
D) the capacity of short-term memory span.

Question 13

Early research into forgetting by Hermann Ebbinghaus found that forgetting occurs:

A) slowly over a long period of time.
B) mostly between 12 and 24 hours after the learning event.
C) slowly at first, but the rate of forgetting increases over time.
D) quickly at first, but the rate of forgetting slows over time.

Question 14

Carlos finds a friend on Facebook that he has not talked to in years. As they reminisce about things that happened 10 years ago, the information from old memories is transferred from Carlos' long-term memory into his short-term memory. This process is known as

A) storage.
B) retrieval.
C) recovering memories
D) encoding

Question 15

Long-term potentiation refers to the ability of neurons to:

A) increase their size.
B) decrease their size.
C) strengthen their signaling with other neurons.
D) weaken their signaling with other neurons.

Question 16

Memories that can be verbalized, whether they are about your own experiences or your knowledge about the world, are called _____.

A) nondeclarative memories
B) procedural memories
C) conditioned memories
D) declarative memories

Question 17

Which of the following systems coordinates attention and the exchange of information among memory storage components?

A) Episodic buffer
B) Central executive
C) Phonological loop
D) Visuospatial sketchpad

Question 18

Using the terminology of computer science, _____________ is the input process to long-term memory and ____________ is the output.

A) encoding; storage
B) encoding; retrieval
C) storage; retrieval
D) chunking; storage

Question 19

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory consists of ____________, which retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose, and ____________, which shift information from one type of memory to another.

A) central executives; episodic buffers
B) episodic buffers; central executives
C) stores; control processes
D) control processes; stores

Question 20

Dual coding seems to help memory by:

A) allowing for maintenance rehearsal.
B) ensuring that the information is encoded in multiple ways.
C) ensuring that the information is encoded on two separate occasions.
D) duplicating the rehearsal effect.

Question 21

_______________ is defined as forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently stored material.

A) Recency effect
B) Proactive interference
C) Decay
D) Retroactive interference

Question 22

According to the serial-position effect, if you are shown a list of items and then asked to immediately recall them

A) you will most easily recall items from the beginning and the middle of the list.
B) you will most easily recall items from the beginning and the end of the list.
C) you will most easily recall items from the middle and the end of the list.
D) retention of any particular item is based on emotional valence, not its position in the list.

Question 23

__________ occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember older information.

A) Replacement
B) Retroactive interference
C) The primacy effect
D) Proactive interference

Question 24

Adrianna is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand. She had gone through a list of them when her phone rang. After she gets off the phone, she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names because of the

A) elaboration effect.
B) recency effect.
C) primacy effect.
D) maintenance effect.

Question 25

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory could hold

A) about four or five letters.
B) about nine or ten letters.
C) all the letters present.
D) about one to two letters.

Question 26

Echoic memory is to hearing, as ______________ memory is to vision.

A) sensory
B) long-term
C) short-term
D) iconic

Question 27

Alice was distracted when her friend asked her a question. She started to ask her friend to repeat the question, when she suddenly realized what her friend had been asking her. This is likely because the question was still stored in her

A) working memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) sensory memory.

Question 28

Margeaux is introduced to the following people when she arrives at the party: Derek, Kayla, Calvin, Debbie, Rose, Melanie, Garrett, Tom, Francis, Jane, and Vincent. According to the serial-position effect, it will be most DIFFICULT to remember the names of

A) Derek, Kayla, Jane, and Vincent.
B) Tom, Francis, Jane, and Vincent.
C) Derek, Kayla, Melanie, and Garrett.
D) Debbie, Rose, Melanie, and Garrett.

Question 29

According to the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items

A) from early in the list.
B) in the middle of the list.
C) from the end of the list.
D) that are most distinctive.

Question 30

Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when

A) older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information.
B) newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information.
C) information is not attended to and fails to be encoded.
D) information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time.

Question 31

Auditory images remain in the sensory register for about

A) one-half second.
B) five seconds.
C) thirty seconds.
D) one minute.

Question 32

What system of memory has the longest duration?

A) iconic memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) short-term memory

Question 33

Without sensory memory, which of the following would be likely?

A) Moving objects would appear to be a series of isolated still images.
B) We would have trouble remembering the smell of our grandmother's old house.
C) We could not be conditioned to fear a tone.
D) We could not perform mental arithmetic.

Question 34

Steve just joined a fraternity. He was introduced to 55 new "brothers." If asked to recall all of their names, which ones would he be most likely to struggle with?

A) the names of brothers in the middle of the group
B) the names of brothers at the beginning of the group
C) the names of brothers at the end of the group
D) any names that were strange or peculiar

Question 35

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants were to report

A) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared.
B) only one or two of the letters in the cued line.
C) the first letter of each line only.
D) the middle letter of each line.

Question 36

Why is studying sensory memory so difficult?

A) Sensory memory has no effect on the way individuals perceive the world.
B) Sensory memory cannot be distinguished from long-term memory.
C) Sensory memory is not very accurate.
D) Sensory memory disappears faster than an individual can report everything that it can hold.

Question 37

The tendency to recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the ___________ effect, and the tendency to recall of items at the end of a list is known as the ___________ effect.

A) recency; primacy
B) primacy; recency
C) serial-position; primacy
D) serial-position; recency

Question 38

Visual images remain in sensory memory for about

A) one-half to one second.
B) two to three seconds.
C) thirty seconds.
D) one minute.

Question 39

Conrad is a participant in a memory experiment. He is shown a grid of letters for a fraction of a second, and then quickly asked to report the letters he saw in the top, middle, or bottom row. The researchers conducting this experiment are most likely measuring Conrad's _____________ memory.

A) short-term
B) long-term
C) sensory
D) echoic

Question 40

Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when

A) older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information.
B) newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information.
C) information is not attended to and fails to be encoded.
D) information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time.

Question 41

One way to store more information in short-term memory is called ____________, which involves organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units.

A) rehearsal
B) consolidation
C) chunking
D) dual coding

Question 42

The system of memory that can hold approximately 7 "chunks" of information is called

A) long-term memory.
B) permastore memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 43

Gillian is assembling a bookcase. She studies one of the diagrams in the instructions and then looks for the parts she needs and begins to put them together. According to the working memory model discussed in your textbook, which part of Gillian's memory remembers what the parts in the diagram looked like while she works?

A) the phonological loop
B) the central executive
C) the episodic buffer
D) the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 44

Recent research suggests that working memory includes a(n) _______________, which acts as a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes.

A) phonological loop
B) central executive
C) episodic buffer
D) visuospatial sketchpad

Question 45

The Magical Number of short-term memory is

A) fifteen plus or minus two.
B) nine plus or minus two.
C) seven plus or minus three.
D) seven plus or minus two.

Question 46

The _______________is a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and stores information as sounds, or an auditory code.

A) phonological loop
B) central executive
C) episodic buffer
D) visuospatial sketchpad

Question 47

Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory. G O T O Y O U R B E D R O O M
However, if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words, they fit short-term's memory span: Go to your bedroom. This illustrates

A) chunking.
B) backward masking.
C) verbal coding.
D) selective attention.

Question 48

Which part of working memory does not actually store information, but instead guides attention and ensures that the other components are working on the appropriate task?

A) the phonological loop
B) the central executive
C) the episodic buffer
D) the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 49

Which fact does NOT support the idea that the amount of information that can be stored in short-term memory (STM) is determined by the number of chunks?

A) Organizing digits into larger numbers allows people to remember more digits at one time.
B) There is a limit to the number of units of information that can be stored in STM at one time.
C) Chunking can increase the amount of information people can place in STM.
D) Individuals can remember more words from a list of single-syllable words than they can from a list of four- or five-syllable words.

Question 50

Which memory system can be divided into four interrelated systems: central executive, visual sketchpad, episodic buffer, and the phonological loop?

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) procedural memory

Question 51

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of

A) chunking.
B) decoding.
C) rote rehearsal.
D) data compression.

Question 52

After you finish reading this sentence, the information will remain in your ________ as you consider each of the answers below.

A) long-term memory
B) photographic memory
C) sensory memory
D) working memory

Question 53

When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult would probably start to encounter difficulty once they got past ________ digits.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 7

Question 54

Chunking is a means of

A) immediately forgetting irrelevant details.
B) combining information into meaningful units.
C) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important.
D) storing long-term memories.

Question 55

Maria finds that it is easier to remember her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments, such as the first three digits, then the next two, and then the final four. Each of these short segments of the number are called

A) codes.
B) cues.
C) chunks.
D) stores.

Question 56

When an individual repeats a piece of information to themselves so they don't forget it, which part of working memory are they making use of?

A) the phonological loop
B) the central executive
C) the episodic buffer
D) the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 57

All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of

A) chunking.
B) the power of suggestion.
C) rehearsal.
D) transference of memory.

Question 58

Telo convinces a woman he finds attractive to give him her telephone number. Unfortunately, the number is ten digits long with the area code, and Telo cannot find a place to write it down. As he looks for a pen and paper, what can Telo do to help him remember the number?

A) Nothing will help because 10 digits is beyond short-term memory capability.
B) Thinking of something else will help Telo.
C) "Chunking" the numbers into fewer units will help Telo.
D) Using his sensory memory will help Telo

Question 59

Sarah is doing an arithmetic problem, and this component of her memory contains the numbers and the instructions for doing the necessary operations for each step as she goes through the problem.

A) serial-position memory
B) tool-box memory
C) working memory
D) episodic memory

Question 60

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called

A) cueing.
B) shadowing.
C) rote rehearsal.
D) chunking.

Question 61

Your memories of personal information such as what you wore to work yesterday or what you ate for breakfast this morning are stored in

A) procedural memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) nondeclarative memory.

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

A) words
B) concepts
C) symbols
D) events

Question 63

Which of the following would be a nondeclarative memory?

A) your father's first name
B) how to pitch a curveball
C) the time you broke your leg
D) how it felt to break up with a boyfriend of girlfriend for the first time

Question 64

Visuospatial memory can accurately retain approximately ________ whole objects.

A) four
B) seven
C) ten
D) fifteen

Question 65

If research participants are not allowed to rehearse the information, about how long can they keep a meaningless trigram in phonological memory?

A) 2 seconds
B) 15 seconds
C) 1 minute
D) 20 minutes

Question 66

Jesse still has very vivid memories of his first romantic kiss. This example illustrates a specific form of __________ memory known as a(n) ___________ memory.

A) declarative; episodic
B) nondeclarative; episodic
C) declarative; semantic
D) nondeclarative; semantic

Question 67

The state psychology association has invited teams from all the colleges in the state to compete in a Psych Bowl. The teams will answer questions such as "Who founded the first psychology laboratory?" Where is this information stored?

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) conceptual memory
D) primary memory

Question 68

Because classical conditioning can occur without a person's knowledge, it can be considered one type of ____________ memory.

A) sensory
B) semantic
C) declarative
D) nondeclarative

Question 69

Memories that we are consciously aware of and can be verbalized, including facts about the world and one's own personal experiences, are called ______________ memories.

A) phonological
B) procedural
C) nondeclarative
D) declarative

Question 70

Steve was recalling his first day in college, including walking into the wrong class, dropping his books as he left, and the long line at the registrar's office he encountered when he had to switch classes. These memories are examples of

A) semantic memory.
B) nondeclarative memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 71

___________ memories could be called "knowing that" memories, while ____________ memories could be called "knowing how" memories.

A) Procedural; declarative
B) Nondeclarative; procedural
C) Declarative; nondeclarative
D) Nondeclarative; declarative

Question 72

Similar to chunking, the visuospatial process of combining visual features into a single unit is called

A) feature binding.
B) visual buffering.
C) voxel smoothing.
D) sketchpadding.

Question 73

The term "motor memory" is synonymous with which type of memory?

A) procedural memory
B) episodic memory
C) classically conditioned memory
D) sensory memory

Question 74

Our memories of general knowledge items such as the meanings of words or the dates of famous historical events are stored in

A) procedural memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) nondeclarative memory.

Question 75

____________ memories include actions or behaviors that can be remembered and performed without awareness.

A) Declarative
B) Nondeclarative
C) Semantic
D) Episodic

Question 76

Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred are called

A) procedural memories.
B) semantic memories.
C) short-term memories.
D) episodic memories.

Question 77

Which two types of memories are both considered to be types of declarative memory?

A) semantic and episodic
B) semantic and procedural
C) episodic and conditioning
D) procedural and conditioning

Question 78

Which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car?

A) nondeclarative memory
B) semantic memory
C) episodic memory
D) procedural memory

Question 79

After Tanya has practiced a dance for her ballet class for a while, she feels as if her muscles know exactly what to do at each point in the piece. This is an example of a _____________ memory

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) declarative
D) nondeclarative

Question 80

In the Brown-Peterson test, subjects read a trigram (an unpronounceable series of three letters), and are then asked to count backwards by threes from a given number. What is the purpose of having the subjects count backward?

A) To test if the subject can multitask.
B) To test if they can remember how to subtract.
C) To interfere with the subject's ability to rehearse the trigram.
D) To determine if numerical and phonetic memories are stored in different areas of the brain.