Deck 3: Ethics in Research

Question 1

In fairness to research participants, the researcher should

A) obtain consent to view research results
B) inform participants of the study's hypothesis and purpose prior to the study
C) clarify the obligations and responsibilities of the participant and researcher prior to the study
D) inform participants what will be done to them and for what reasons prior to the study p. 56

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The decision to conduct research often represents a conflict between

A) Commitment to research and the cost to subjects
B) The IRB and the researcher
C) The APA and the IRB
D) The costs to the subject and benefits to the subject

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The APA ethics code provides guidance to psychologists on

A) Teaching activities
B) Research activities
C) Therapeutic activities
D) All of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The APA ethics code represents

A) only activity associated with research
B) the consensus of the psychology profession about what is acceptable practice
C) activities that psychologists are prohibited from performing by law
D) the opinion of the IRB

Question 5

When there is a conflict between the potential benefit of research to society versus the possibility of harm to the participants

A) the individual comes first
B) society comes first
C) the researcher must rely on his or her personal judgment
D) the researcher must rely on the judgment of colleagues through the IRB

Question 6

A psychological researcher who has previously worked only with animals would like to perform a new experiment involving human participants. According to the APA Ethics Code,

A) The psychologist can perform the experiment
B) The psychologist can perform the experiment if it is conducted under the supervision of another psychologist who has previous experience with humans
C) The psychologist can perform the experiment if the experiment does not cause psychological harm to the participants
D) The psychologist cannot perform the experiment

Question 7

Concern about ethics in psychological research has accelerated in recent years in part because

A) Of increased government spending of research
B) Of increased military activity
C) Of the Internet
D) Of the increased use of therapists

Question 8

In deciding whether to conduct a particular research investigation, the researcher should do all of the following except:

A) evaluate the ethical acceptability of the research
B) consider whether any participant will be at risk
C) ensure that the researcher is in compliance with institutional procedures
D) consider how participants will be informed of the hypothesis and purpose of the research

Question 9

Ethical standards in psychological research are tentative because:

A) the APA cannot agree on what they should be
B) they are intended to be flexible
C) they change with the times
D) the APA knows that outsiders may not agree

Question 10

The APA Code of Ethics says that participants have a right to

A) Interact with Ph.D level researchers
B) Proceed with the experiment only after informed consent has been given
C) Find out the details of the experimental design
D) Large sums of money

Question 11

The membership of the IRB must contain a minimum of _________ members, at least ____ of which should be a nonscientist

A) 8,1
B) 8, 2
C) 5, 2
D) 5, 1

Question 12

The APA guidelines

A) requires written informed consent
B) requires informed consent
C) requires the participant to be informed of the hypothesis of the study
D) does not require that participant is told anything about the study

Question 13

The APA ethics code covers all

A) activities of psychologists
B) professional activities of psychologists
C) professional activities of psychologists and those under their supervision
D) research activities of psychologists and those under their supervision.

Question 14

When considering research that presents a risk to participants

A) never put a participant at any risk whatever
B) put most weight on the potential benefit to society
C) consider whether a person would willingly accept this risk in everyday life
D) consider the most vulnerable possible participant

Question 15

Psychologists conduct research in

A) any area of psychology
B) only in areas for which they are licensed
C) only in areas in which they have done an internship
D) only in areas for which they have the appropriate experience

Question 16

When beginning a project involving human participants, approval must be obtained from

A) the CHUA
B) the department chair
C) the NSF
D) the IRB

Question 17

When considering the degree of stress that is acceptable in an experiment, the researcher should avoid exposing participants

A) to stressful situations that are physical in nature
B) to stressful situations that are psychological in nature
C) to stressful situations that are beyond those of everyday life
D) who are members of special groups such as heart patients, epileptics, etc.) to stressful situations

Question 18

All experiments conducted on human participants at an institution

A) require a full review by the IRB
B) require an expedited review by the IRB
C) require that the IRB is informed of the experiment
D) require that the departmental chair is informed of the experiment

Question 19

The need for an ethics code became evident after the war trials associated with

A) The Korean War
B) The Vietnam War
C) World War I
D) World War II

Question 20

If a college student agrees to participate in an experiment and then, after completing part of the work, drops out:

A) the student should be penalized in some way, such as lowering his grade in a college class
B) the student should be required to provide another person to substitute for him
C) nothing should be done because the student has the right to withdraw
D) the student is legally committed to complete the project and should be informed of this fact

Question 21

A researcher plans a study in which it is inappropriate to explain the reason for the research to the participants before data collection. In this situation, the researcher should:

A) provide the participants with reasons other than the true reasons for the research
B) tell the participants they will be informed at the conclusion of the study
C) inform the participants anyway since their cooperation is vital
D) not reveal any information about the nature of the research

Question 22

If students are compelled to take part in a study as part of a course requirement

A) the students can file a lawsuit over the experimental activity
B) you cannot trust the experimental results
C) the experiment is definitely in violation of the APA's Ethical Principles on Coercion
D) the experiment could be in violation of the APA's Ethical Principles on Coercion if no alternative arrangements are available

Question 23

What typically leads a scientist to commit fraud?

A) Early successes followed by failure
B) They generally start out as dishonest
C) Peer pressure
D) The lure of easy money

Question 24

Plagiarism is

A) Giving instructions to the participant
B) Informing participants after the session of the experiment's true purpose
C) Filing all the papers associated with the experiment
D) Presenting a portion of someone else's work as your own

Question 25

Most psychologists view the research participant as

A) doing a favor by cooperating in the study, but without a direct say in it
B) contributing behavior much as a participant in medical research contributes a urine specimen
C) an equal partner in the research
D) a part owner of the data

Question 26

In an experiment in which participants have been deceived, the researcher has the ethical responsibility to inform them:

A) of the deception at the end of the study
B) in writing at the beginning of the study of the specific nature of the deception
C) that all psychological research involves deception
D) only if they ask

Question 27

If people are induced to participate in an experiment by paying them large sums of money

A) the experiment will be completed more quickly
B) the experiment could be in violation of the APA's Ethical Principles on Coercion
C) the experiment could be in violation of the APA's Ethical Principles on Informed Consent
D) the participants would be less likely to file a lawsuit over the experimental activity

Question 28

The protection of individual privacy in psychological research involves two factors: consent of the individual as to what shall be disclosed to the researcher, and

A) the length of time during which data collected are to remain confidential
B) the need for all data to be collected anonymously
C) confidential use of research data collected on individuals
D) disclosure based only on significance of findings of study

Question 29

APA guidelines for being listed as an author on a paper include

A) only the person who actually wrote the paper
B) the department chair
C) only the student, if the paper is a thesis or dissertation
D) only those who contributed to the work

Question 30

Concerning confidentiality of research data, the researcher should:

A) make sure only responsible individuals have access to the data
B) inform the participants that only responsible individuals will have access to the data
C) ask the proper authorities for permission to publish data
D) remove names from data sheets and replace with a code

Question 31

One of the safeguards against the fabrication of data is

A) the APA's mandate that data be shared
B) the fact that all department chairs check experimental work
C) the coding of participant sheets
D) data recording

Question 32

Which of the below represent plagiarism?

A) Submitting a paper created simply by cutting and pasting large sections from various websites
B) Submitting a paper that is based on another scientist's work without giving them credit
C) Submitting a paper written by another student as your work
D) All of the above

Question 33

The fraud case against Cyril Burt shows

A) Strongly that he is guilty of fraud
B) Strongly that he is innocent of fraud
C) That his work after WWII is fraudulent
D) That he is unlikely to be totally innocent

Question 34

In order for an average 12 year old student to take part in a study,

A) He or she must give consent
B) He or she can give assent, but their parents must give consent
C) He or she can give assent, but the school must give consent
D) Consent must come from the student, the parents, and the school

Question 35

A psychology graduate student is employed as a research assistant in a psychological experiment involving deception. In studying the research plan, she notices that no debriefing is planned. What should she do?

A) She has a responsibility to raise the question with the principal investigator and see that it is resolved.
B) Because she is not in charge of the project, she has no ethical responsibility and should do nothing.
C) Although she has no ethical responsibility, she should suggest that the investigator look into the ethical question but should not pursue the matter any further.
D) She should resign her assistantship in order to protect her ethical position.

Question 36

Fraud in research is highly disruptive because of the _____________ nature of science

A) Tentative
B) Progressive
C) Empirical
D) Objective

Question 37

In order for an average 21 year old college student to take part in a study,

A) He or she must give consent
B) He or she can give assent, but their parents must give consent
C) He or she can give assent, but the college must give consent
D) Consent must come from the student, the parents, and the college

Question 38

APA charges psychologists with the responsibility of publishing

A) any idea, so long as it's interesting
B) only data that has been legitimately collected
C) data that has been collected, as well as creative data that has been made up
D) as often as possible

Question 39

The concept of informed consent under the APA guidelines

A) is stricter than the medical concept of informed consent
B) is the same as the medical concept
C) requires the participant to be informed of the hypothesis of the study
D) requires the participant to be informed of the nature of the study and duties of the participant

Question 40

Debriefing is

A) Giving instructions to the participant
B) Informing participants after the session of the experiment's true purpose
C) Filing all the papers associated with the experiment
D) Presenting a portion of someone else's work as your own

Question 41

The animal care and use committee usually include

A) A minimum of 5 members
B) A veterinarian
C) One non-scientist
D) A member of PETA

Question 42

The animal care and use committee generally asks animal researchers to remember to ________ in their proposals

A) Reduce the number of animals
B) Refine the experiment
C) Replace animals as subjects, if possible
D) All of the above

Question 43

Define the concepts of animal rights and animal welfare. How do they differ, and what difference does it make for the use of animals in research?

Question 44

Psychologists working with animals should take care to

A) Make certain that the experiment has been refined
B) Minimize the number of animals involved in the research
C) Consider animal replacements
D) All of the above

Question 45

_____________ hold that animals should have the same moral and legal rights as people.

A) Animal rights activists
B) Animal welfare activists
C) Activists for the humane treatment of animals
D) Most members of the scientific community

Question 46

The text suggests that animals be considered as __________ in research

A) created for human benefit
B) slaves
C) draftees
D) coequals

Question 47

The term speciesism refers to:

A) the regulation on housing of research animals
B) the notion that animals should not be subjected to pain
C) the notion that animals should be granted the same moral status as that of humans
D) none of these

Question 48

The Georgie Project investigates

A) Genetics
B) The ethics of animal research
C) Arthritis
D) Hippocampal size in rodents

Question 49

Ninety-six percent of all animals killed by humans are

A) used for food
B) used for research
C) rats and mice
D) first anesthetized

Question 50

Suppose you have conducted a study in which you have given participants college students) incorrect scores on a test of problem-solving aptitude that they have taken some scores higher and some lower than the correct scores) to see if this information would affect their responses on an occupational interest test to vocations such as engineering, physics, and chemistry, all of which require mathematics. Describe the procedures you would follow to debrief the students at the completion of the study.

Question 51

One way that researchers can avoid accusations of fraud is to:

A) keep good records
B) conduct research with well-known scientists
C) conduct research that does not require empirical evidence
D) conduct research in a controlled laboratory setting

Question 52

Results from the Georgie Project have provided information about

A) Arthritis
B) Addison's Disease
C) Alzheimer's Disease
D) Arteriosclerotic heart disease

Question 53

Suppose you are writing an informed consent document for your experiment on memory for faces of various races. What information should be included in that document? Why?

Question 54

Most psychologists believe that

A) animals have certain legal rights
B) animals are part of a moral community
C) animals should not be used in research
D) humans are responsible for treating research animals humanely

Question 55

Consider the following hypothetical situation: You are planning a study in which you will administer IQ tests and attitude questionnaires to a representative sample of college students and professors in the U.S. You are meeting with members of the institutional review board of each college to explain the purpose of the study. Two of the committee members ask you the following question, "You plan to use students and professors as participants in an experiment. What steps are you taking to protect their rights as individuals?" What are two desirable steps that you could mention?

Question 56

All of the following should be considered when justifying research using animals except

A) The research should increase understanding of the species under study.
B) The research must involve no pain or distress to the animal.
C) The research should provide results that benefit the health or welfare of humans or other animals.
D) The research should increase knowledge of the process underlying the evolution, development, or control of behavior of the species.

Question 57

When beginning a project involving animal subjects, approval must be obtained from

A) the Institutional Animal Care Committee IACC)
B) the department chair
C) the National Science Foundation NSF)
D) the Institutional Review Board IRB)

Question 58

A compelling reason to use animals in research is

A) Animals are easier to use as subjects in an experiment
B) The improvement in health care that has resulted from it
C) Animals are cheaper than using human participants
D) Animals are more readily available

Question 59

The knowledge that _____ seems to be the best deterrent to fraud in research.

A) research committees review all research using human participants
B) department chairs may check research data
C) other researchers may attempt to replicate an experiment
D) statistical methods permit others to check for internal consistency