Deck 11: True Experiments, Part 2 Factorial Designs

Question 1

In the simplest case of factorial design, ____________ are tested

A) at least three levels of two independent variables
B) all combinations of two levels of two independent variables
C) three or more independent variables
D) three or more dependent variables

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In order to tell if there is a main effect of B, you need to consider the

A) row means
B) column means
C) cell means
D) printout of the statistics

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Factorial designs are used mainly to

A) control for statistical regression
B) collect data that can be entered into a factor analysis
C) test for the interaction of several variables in the same experiment
D) all of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If a 2 x 2 factorial design were used, what would the two independent variables be?

A) Guilty verdicts and attractiveness
B) Guilty verdicts and facial expression
C) Attractiveness and facial expression
D) Attractiveness and attitude

Question 5

The design can be described as a _____________ factorial design

A) 3 x 3
B) 2 x 3
C) 3 x 2
D) 2 x 2

Question 6

Is there an interaction?

A) yes
B) no
C) can't tell
D) It depends on whether you are talking about Variable A or Variable B

Question 7

This represents a ___________ design

A) multiple condition
B) Latin square
C) posttest- pretest
D) factorial

Question 8

The results of this study show

A) A main effect of music
B) An effect of grades
C) A main effect of classroom color
D) An interaction

Question 9

The dependent variable is

A) Attractiveness
B) Facial Expression
C) Guilty Verdict
D) The jurors

Question 10

Is there a main effect of A?

A) yes
B) no
C) can't tell
D) It depends on which level of B you consider

Question 11

A major advantage of a two-factor analysis of variance over a one-factor analysis of variance is that

A) power is often increased
B) the denominator of the F-test is increased
C) interaction between factors can be identified
D) both a and c

Question 12

The design can be described as a

A) 2 x 3
B) 3 x 3
C) 3 x 2
D) 2 x 2

Question 13

If a factorial design were used, what are the two independent variables?

A) music and classroom color
B) music and grade level
C) test scores and music
D) classroom color and test scores

Question 14

In order to tell if there is a main effect of A, you need to consider the

A) row means
B) column means
C) cell means
D) printout of the statistics

Question 15

Which one of the following is not a good reason to employ a factorial design? To

A) save time by investigating more than one variable
B) rule out more than one rival hypothesis
C) determine the correlation between two or more variables
D) investigate a possible interaction between two or more independent variables

Question 16

In a study of preference for four different clothing styles, each participant is asked to evaluate all four styles in a reverse counterbalanced order. What type of design does this study represent?

A) one-variable within-subjects design
B) one-variable between subjects design
C) between-subjects factorial design
D) mixed factori
E) al design

Question 17

Is there a main effect of B?

A) yes
B) no
C) can't tell
D) It depends on which level of A you consider

Question 18

A factorial design involves at least two

A) Independent variables
B) Dependent variables
C) Extraneous variables
D) Levels of an independent variable

Question 19

The dependent variable is

A) chemistry test scores
B) classroom color
C) music
D) attitude toward school

Question 20

Factorial designs involve

A) factor analysis
B) all combinations of at least two levels of at least two independent variables
C) three or more independent variables
D) three or more dependent variables

Question 21

I If babies play longer with both blue and red fuzzy toys as opposed to both blue and red smooth toys), then

A) You have a main effect of fuzziness
B) You have a main effect of color
C) You have an interaction between color and fuzziness
D) Fuzziness is a confounding variable and the results can't be believed

Question 22

With a synergistic interaction,

A) higher levels of one independent variable increases the effect of another independent variable
B) higher levels of one independent variable decrease another independent variable
C) there is a main effect of one independent variable but not the other
D) None of these are true. You can't interpret a synergistic interaction without knowing which independent variable you are talking about

Question 23

Which one of the following is not a type of interaction?

A) main effect
B) ceiling effect
C) antagonistic
D) synergistic

Question 24

If neither Variable A nor Variable B has a main effect you can have

A) no interaction
B) a ceiling effect interaction
C) an antagonistic interaction
D) a synergistic interaction

Question 25

If one variable has a smaller effect when paired with higher levels of a second variable, you have an)

A) synergistic interaction
B) antagonistic interaction
C) ceiling effect interaction
D) main effect

Question 26

In a two-by-two factorial design, you find that the high level of caffeine paired with high level of sugar produces the most memory improvement. Your results show

A) no interaction
B) a ceiling effect interaction
C) an antagonistic interaction
D) a synergistic interaction

Question 27

In order to tell if there is an interaction, you need to consider the

A) row means
B) column means
C) cell means
D) printout of the statistics

Question 28

If babies play longer with green fuzzy toys than yellow fuzzy toys, green smooth toys, or yellow smooth toys, then

A) You have a main effect of fuzziness
B) You have a main effect of color
C) You have an interaction between color and fuzziness
D) Fuzziness is a confounding variable and the results can't be believed

Question 29

The effect of one variable averaged over the effect of another variable in a factorial design is called

A) An interaction
B) A cell mean
C) A main effect
D) A statistical anomaly

Question 30

f the results of an experiment show that the judge's decisions are affected when smiling occurs in a defendant who is attractive as opposed to when the defendant is unattractive or frowning), the results indicate

A) An interaction
B) A main effect of smiling
C) A main effect of attractiveness
D) That the judge is unethical

Question 31

If babies play longer with both red smooth and red fuzzy toys as opposed to both blue smooth and blue fuzzy toys), then

A) You have a main effect of fuzziness
B) You have a main effect of color
C) You have an interaction between color and fuzziness
D) Fuzziness is a confounding variable and the results can't be believed

Question 32

An advertiser is interested in the effects of color and size of containers on people's tendency to buy a certain brand of cereal. He prepares containers consisting of all combinations of color with size and asks each of a group of subjects which of the containers they would be most and least likely to buy. What type of design does this study represent?

A) one-variable within-subjects
B) between-subjects factorial
C) within-subjects factorial
D) mixed factorial

Question 33

Is it possible to have an interaction when there are no main effects in a factorial design?

A) Yes
B) No
C) Can't tell
D) Only if the factorial design does not contain a quasi-experimental variable.

Question 34

The results of a 2 x 2 experiment will fit one of _______ possible patterns

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 35

There is an interaction if

A) there is no main effect of either Variable A or Variable B
B) the effect of Variable A depends on whether there is a main effect of Variable B
C) there is a main effect of both Variable A and Variable B
D) the effect of Variable A depends on the level of B

Question 36

Dr. Caster decides to perform an experiment investigating the effects of caffeine and sugar on motor skill performance. He randomly assigns his subjects to one of four groups: high caffeine/high sugar, high caffeine/no sugar, no caffeine/high sugar, no caffeine/no sugar. People in each group are given a soft drink containing the appropriate levels of sugar and caffeine, and then tested on a mirror tracing task. Dr. Caster finds that the people in two of the groups the high caffeine/high sugar and the no caffeine/no sugar) perform at about the same high level, while the other two groups the no caffeine/high sugar and high caffeine/no sugar) perform at about the same poor level. Dr. Caster's results show

A) a main effect of caffeine
B) a main effect of sugar
C) a synergistic interaction
D) an antagonistic interaction

Question 37

When two variables interact

A) the effect of one variable depends on the level of the other
B) the main effect cannot be interpreted without discussing the interaction
C) the effect of one variable does not depend on the level of the other
D) both a and b

Question 38

Suppose a researcher investigated the judgments of guilt made by jurors in response to attractiveness attractive vs unattractive) and facial expression neutral vs smiling). The results indicated a main effect for attractiveness as your only significant finding. This would mean that

A) Attractiveness alone was responsible for juror guilt decisions
B) Facial expression alone was responsible for juror guilt decisions
C) Both attractiveness and facial expression was responsible for juror guilt decisions
D) Nothing; You can never believe main effects in a factorial experiment

Question 39

Which one of the following statements is always true when an interaction exists between the variables in a factorial design?

A) the effect of one independent variable depends, to some extent, on which level of the second variable is considered
B) One independent variable has an effect regardless of the level of a second variable
C) there is as least one significant main effect
D) all of these

Question 40

An interaction in which two independent variables tend to reverse each other's effects is referred to as an)

A) synergistic interaction
B) antagonistic interaction
C) ceiling effect interaction
D) both a and c

Question 41

Barnes, Ickes, and Kidd 1979) studied whether or not students would lend their notes to a classmate by varying the intentionality of the needy student unintentional vs attentional) and the stability of their request always vs sometimes). Participants received one request from one needy student. What was the design of the experiment?

A) between-subjects factorial design
B) within-subjects factorial design
C) one variable within-subjects
D) one variable between-subjects

Question 42

Graph the interaction of factor B, visual and audio presentation via video) versus audio only presentation of course content, and Factor A, sex, from the following cell means on a standardized mid-term examination. Does there appear to be an interaction? Discuss your conclusions.
Presentation Method
-------------------------------------------
Gender B₁V&A) B₂AD)
----------------------------------------------------------
A₁ Boys ) 47 46
A₂ Girls) 50 49
----------------------------------------------------------

Question 43

In a two-by-two mixed factorial design,

A) Each subject experiences only one level of one independent variable and all levels of the other independent variable
B) Reliability is diminished
C) Each subject experiences all levels of both independent variables
D) Each subject experiences one level of each of the independent variables

Question 44

The integration of oral burn spicy vs bland) and smell fish vs orange) was investigated in college freshmen. Each student tasted each combination of smell and burn. Then, they were given a preference test. The design of this experiment is:

A) Between subjects
B) Within subjects
C) Mixed
D) Quasi-experimental

Question 45

What is the advantage of a factorial design over a single-factor design?

Question 46

How many conditions are in a 3 x 3 factorial experiment?

A) 3
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12

Question 47

Factorial designs can be conducted

A) between subjects
B) within subjects
C) mixed
D) all of these

Question 48

In a single experiment, amount of reward and type of reward are simultaneously varied. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of three amount-of-reward conditions. Each subject is tested once with one type of reward and once with a second type of reward. What type of design does this study represent?

A) one variable within-subjects
B) one variable between-subjects
C) mixed factorial
D) within-subjects factorial design

Question 49

In a certain study, black and white teachers from a large inner city school were asked to rate the same black and white students for "adaptive behavior" on a behavior rating scale. The two factors in the experiment, then, were teacher ethnicity and pupil ethnicity. On average, white teachers rated black pupils 32, and white pupils 50. On average, black teachers rated black pupils 47, and white pupils 30. Both null hypotheses for the main effects were tenable, but there was significant interaction between the teacher ethnicity and pupil ethnicity factors. Graph the means and discuss the nature of the interaction and your conclusions. What type of interaction is present?

Question 50

A factorial design that has at least one within-subject variable and one between-group variable is called a:

A) Quasi-experimental design
B) Mixed design
C) Single subject design
D) Interrupted time series design

Question 51

The integration of taste sweet vs salty) and smell fish vs orange) was investigated in cats. Each cat received one taste-smell combination and was then given a preference test. The design of this experiment is:

A) Between subjects
B) Within subjects
C) Mixed
D) Quasi-experimental

Question 52

Single-factor experiments cannot use a _______________ design

A) Pre-test/post-test
B) between-subjects
C) within-subjects
D) mixed-model

Question 53

If a factorial design is conducted in which each subject experiences each condition at least once, then it is a

A) between subjects design
B) within subjects design
C) mixed design
D) all of these

Question 54

The minimum number of subjects required to obtain 8 responses in each of four conditions in a within-subjects experiment is

A) 1
B) 4
C) 8
D) 32

Question 55

An advertiser is interested in the effects of color and size of containers on people's tendency to buy a certain brand of cereal. He prepares containers consisting of all combinations of all 4 colors with all 3 sizes and asks each of a group of subjects to rate each of the containers for how likely they would be to buy it on a 1-9 Likert scale.
a. What is the dependent variable?
b. What type of design does this study represent? Be sure to give its full name.
c. How many conditions would be possible?
d. How many main effects would be possible?
e. Are interactions possible?

Question 56

Strayer, Drews, and Johnston 2003) had participants in a study follow a pace car in front of them in a driving simulator. Half of the participants found themselves driving in heavy stop-and-go traffic in the simulator, while the other half were in the same situation in lighter traffic. Strayer and his colleagues measured how quickly each participant was able to apply the brakes when the car in front of them stopped under two different conditions that formed the within-subjects variable: When they were involved in a cell phone conversation on an interesting topic and when they were not on the telephone. The design of this experiment was

A) one variable within-subjects
B) one variable between-subjects
C) within-subjects factorial design
D) mixed factorial design

Question 57

Bower, Gilligan, and Monterio 1981) hypothesized that people would notice and remember events in stories that were consistent with their mood. Participants were put into either a happy or a sad mood. All participants then read two stories, one of which was happy and one of which was sad. What was the design of the experiment?

A) one variable within-subjects
B) one variable between-subjects
C) mixed factorial design
D) within-subjects factorial design