Deck 8: Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Significance

Question 1

A ___________________ hypothesis is set the opposite of your research hypothesis.

A) type I
B) type II
C) null
D) alternative

Answer 1

C

Question 2

If a p-value of .04 is reported and you have decided on a .05 level of significance, then your result is said to be ___________________.

A) not statistically significant
B) statistically significant
C) nondirectional
D) directional

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The ____________________ is the degree of difference between the sample statistics and the population parameter

A) level of significance
B) standard error
C) sampling error
D) p-value

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In Jim's case, he finds that the mean response time was 4.55 minutes in 2011. What kind of statistic is this?

A) Longitudinal
B) Inferential
C) Descriptive
D) Significance

Question 5

If a researcher obtains a p-value of .08, that result is typically considered ___________________ and the researcher should ____________ the research hypothesis.

A) significant; reject
B) significant; accept
C) not significant; reject
D) not significant; accept

Question 6

A hypothesis includes information about the ___________________ of interest and the relationship between them.

A) variables
B) cases
C) alpha level
D) beta level

Question 7

The point at which the researcher determines what will qualify as significant is known as the ___________________.

A) p-value
B) confidence level
C) level of hypothesis
D) level of significance

Question 8

A(n) ______________________ can aid in developing the hypothesis by informing you about which variables have been used in other research and how those variables were measured.

A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) level of measurement
D) literature review

Question 9

The ______________________ represents the probability of a chance result.

A) alpha level
B) beta level
C) null hypothesis
D) confidence level

Question 10

In Emily's case, her null hypothesis is ______________________.

A) there is a relationship between diversity training attendance and level of cultural competence
B) there is a negative relationship between diversity training attendance and level of cultural competence
C) there is a positive relationship between diversity training attendance and level of cultural competence
D) there is no relationship between diversity training attendance and level of cultural competence

Question 11

A _____________________ is a tentative statement about the plausible relationship between two or more variables that is subject to empirical verification.

A) sampling distribution of means
B) hypothesis
C) sampling error
D) significance test

Question 12

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution is known as the _____________________.

A) standard error
B) standard distribution
C) sampling error
D) central limit theorem

Question 13

A(n) _____________________ variable is one that is not part of the hypothesized relationship but may have an impact on the dependent variable?

A) extraneous
B) independent
C) outcome
D) criterion

Question 14

The use of a null hypothesis is based on the logic of _________________.

A) falsifiability
B) control
C) hypothesis
D) variables

Question 15

Rejecting the null hypothesis when you should not is known as a __________________.

A) standard error
B) sampling error
C) type II error
D) type I error

Question 16

In a normal distribution, _________________ percent of the cases fall within -1 and 1 standard deviations of the mean.

A) 100
B) 99
C) 34.13
D) 95

Question 17

A researcher is interested in the difference in salaries between men and women. However, she is concerned that the sector in which people work will impact the analysis. So, she accounts for this variable when she performs the analysis. What type of variable is work sector in this study?

A) control
B) alternative
C) independent
D) dependent

Question 18

In Jim's case, he would like to compare the effectiveness of two service delivery models, the existing service model and the alternative service model. The level of effectiveness is what type of variable in the hypothesized relationship?

A) dependent
B) independent
C) extraneous
D) control

Question 19

A hypothesis which states that there is a relationship between two variables but does not specify direction of the relationship is known as a(n) ____________________.

A) nondirectional hypothesis
B) directional hypothesis
C) alternative hypothesis
D) null hypothesis

Question 20

A researcher is interested in examining the impact of parenting style on childhood development. In this example what is the independent variable?

A) the parents
B) the children
C) parenting style
D) childhood development

Question 21

The first step in hypothesis testing is typically to state the null hypothesis.

Question 22

The central limit theorem refers to the phenomenon that the mean of a large number of samples will have the same mean as the population.

Question 23

Explain how inferential statistics are used to make generalizations from the sample to the population.

Question 24

The level of significance is always .05.

Question 25

When the sampling error is higher, the sample data is less representative of the population.

Question 26

If you have a set a significance level of .05; then your confidence level is what?

A) cannot determine the confidence level
B) 90%
C) 95%
D) 99.95%

Question 27

The independent variable is also known as a control variable.

Question 28

As the number of the samples gets larger, the mean of the sampling distribution will be the same as the population mean.

Question 29

A _____________________ is used to determine if the null hypothesis should be rejected.

A) directional hypothesis
B) research hypothesis
C) statistical significance test
D) level of magnitude

Question 30

The steps to confirm the hypothesis are called hypothesis testing.

Question 31

Emily posits that, "people who attend the diversity training will have a higher cultural competency than people who do not attend the training." This is an example of a ____________________.

A) sampling hypothesis
B) nondirectional hypothesis
C) null hypothesis
D) research hypothesis
True/False

Question 32

All research has a research hypothesis.

Question 33

Explain the logic behind hypothesis testing. Why is this an important part of the research process?

Question 34

Jim hypothesizes that the alternative service delivery model will be more effective than the traditional service delivery model. This is an example of a ___________________.

A) null hypothesis
B) directional hypothesis
C) nondirectional hypothesis
D) theory

Question 35

The standard error establishes a theoretical relationship between sample values and the population parameter.

Question 36

Choose one of the cases of Jim, Mary or Emily and write a direction, non-directional and null hypothesis for the case of your choice.

Question 37

When the null hypothesis should be rejected but it is not, this is known as a __________________.

A) sampling error
B) standard error
C) type I error
D) type II error

Question 38

The independent variable is also known as the outcome variable.