Deck 11: Blood

Question 1

Red blood cell production

A) occurs from cells called proerythroblasts.
B) is stimulated by erythropoietin.
C) requires vitamin C and amino acids.
D) is stimulated when blood oxygen levels increase.
E) occurs from cells called proerythroblasts and is stimulated by erythropoietin.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The process of blood cell production is called

A) erythroblastosis.
B) hemocytosis.
C) hematopoiesis.
D) megakaryocytosis.
E) thrombocytosis.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following constituents of the blood plasma help to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood?

A) albumin
B) sodium chloride
C) dissolved waste products
D) both albumin and sodium chloride
E) nutrients and dissolved waste products

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Erythropoietin stimulates

A) the activity of the osteoblasts.
B) yellow bone marrow to produce more white blood cells.
C) red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
D) yellow bone marrow to produce more lipids.
E) red bone marrow to slow production of blood plasma.

Question 5

The major component of plasma is

A) ions.
B) proteins.
C) water.
D) gases.
E) nutrients.

Question 6

Defective red blood cells are broken down

A) and removed from the blood by antibodies.
B) into heme and globin molecules.
C) and have their heme groups converted into amino acids and recycled.
D) and have their globin groups converted to bilirubin.
E) and have their iron excreted into the small intestine as part of bile.

Question 7

Plasma proteins

A) include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
B) are a major factor in determining osmotic pressure of blood.
C) are responsible for clot formation.
D) include antibodies and many other chemicals that function in immunity.
E) have all of these properties.

Question 8

Following birth, a newborn's bilirubin levels can increase faster than their liver can break it down. Which of the following is frequently used to treat this condition in newborns?

A) phototherapy
B) transfusions of red blood cells
C) liver transplants
D) injections of erythropoietin
E) injections of calcitonin

Question 9

All of the formed elements of the blood are formed from a single population of cells called

A) lymphoblasts.
B) megakaryoblasts.
C) monoblasts.
D) hemocytoblasts.
E) proerythroblasts.

Question 10

Normally, the volume of the blood plasma

A) remains fairly constant with water intake through the digestive tract roughly equaling water loss through the kidneys, lungs, GI tract, and skin.
B) fluctuates wildly daily with water intake through the digestive tract exceeding water loss through the kidneys, lungs, GI tract, and skin.
C) fluctuates wildly between hours with water loss through the kidneys, lungs, GI tract, and skin exceeding water intake through the digestive tract.
D) is determined solely by the concentration of dissolved substances.
E) Both fluctuates wildly daily with water intake through the digestive tract exceeding water loss through the kidneys, lungs, GI tract, and skin and is determined solely by the concentration of dissolved substances are correct.

Question 11

An overproduction of red blood cells is known as

A) pernicious anemia.
B) thalassemia.
C) aplastic anemia.
D) polycythemia.
E) leukemia.

Question 12

Globulins in the plasma

A) act as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components.
B) maintain osmotic pressure.
C) are involved in aerobic respiration.
D) function as transport molecules and clotting factors.
E) serve as a source of energy.

Question 13

Each hemoglobin molecule

A) consists of 4 protein chains and 4 heme groups.
B) can carry 1 oxygen molecule.
C) contains red-pigmented globin molecules.
D) contains 1 iron atom.
E) is bluish in color when bound to oxygen.

Question 14

Blood

A) is a type of epithelial tissue.
B) consists of formed elements and cells.
C) transports waste products to cells.
D) makes up over 50% of the body's weight.
E) has a total volume of approximately 5 liters.

Question 15

The biconcave shape of red blood cells

A) increases the surface area of the red blood cell.
B) makes it easier for gases to move into and out of the cell.
C) allows for bending or folding of the cell.
D) enables it to pass through small blood vessels more easily.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 16

The loss of the nucleus and most organelles in red blood cells

A) prevents the cells from being able to divide.
B) prevents the cells from being able to repair themselves.
C) means that RBC will have a shorter lifespan than average body cells.
D) allows the cell to carry more hemoglobin and therefore more oxygen.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 17

Red blood cells

A) are biconvex disks.
B) have several nuclei in each cell.
C) divide frequently.
D) contain large quantities of hemoglobin.
E) have all of these properties.

Question 18

What is the function of water in the plasma?

A) acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components
B) maintains osmotic pressure
C) destroys foreign substances
D) forms clots
E) source of energy

Question 19

Which of these statements concerning gases in the blood is true?

A) Hemoglobin transports a small percentage of the oxygen transported by the blood.
B) Almost all of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported by hemoglobin.
C) Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin 210 times as fast as oxygen does.
D) Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that converts oxygen into a bicarbonate ion.
E) Most oxygen is transported dissolved in the plasma.

Question 20

Erythropoietin

A) requires vitamin B₁₂ as a cofactor.
B) is produced in the intestines.
C) stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
D) is produced when high blood oxygen levels occur.
E) has all of these properties.

Question 21

Which of these substances dissolves clots?

A) plasminogen
B) plasmin
C) tissue plasminogen activator
D) antithrombin
E) prothrombin

Question 22

An 8-year old boy has periodic trouble breathing. A complete blood count is performed on the boy to determine if he has stress-anxiety syndrome or asthma (an allergic reaction). With which type(s) of white blood cells should you be most concerned?

A) neutrophils
B) lymphocytes
C) eosinophils
D) both neutrophils and lymphocytes
E) both lymphocytes and eosinophils

Question 23

Platelet adhesion

A) results in platelets sticking to collagen exposed by blood vessel damage.
B) is mediated through von Willebrand's factor.
C) causes the activation of the platelets.
D) allows for the platelets to change shape and release chemicals.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 24

As platelets become "activated"

A) they express surface receptors called fibrinogen receptors.
B) they release endothelin.
C) they release von Willebrand's factor.
D) they release thrombocytes.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 25

In contrast to red blood cells, leukocytes

A) are smaller.
B) have no nucleus, while red blood cells may have many nuclei.
C) can leave the blood and move by amoeboid movement through tissues.
D) contain more iron in addition to the iron in the hemoglobin.
E) have all of these properties.

Question 26

Platelets

A) are also called lymphocytes.
B) have no cell membrane.
C) are produced in the spleen.
D) play an important role in hemostasis.
E) have all of these characteristics.

Question 27

Which of these does NOT help to prevent blood loss?

A) formation of a network of fibrin
B) formation of a platelet plug
C) synthesis of thromboxanes
D) release of heparin
E) blood vessel constriction

Question 28

___________ are the most common leukocytes and their dead cells are part of pus.

A) Neutrophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Eosinophils
D) Basophils
E) Monocytes

Question 29

Bilirubin

A) is normally excreted into the small intestine in the bile.
B) can produce jaundice if the excretion of bile is hindered.
C) is responsible for the brown color of feces.
D) is produced from the breakdown of heme groups.
E) has all of these characteristics.

Question 30

________________ are involved in the destruction of worm parasites.

A) Neutrophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Eosinophils
D) Basophils
E) Monocytes

Question 31

The healing process after clot formation involves

A) clot retraction.
B) repair of the damaged vessel by fibroblasts.
C) repair of the wound by division of epithelial cells.
D) conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.
E) All of these are true.

Question 32

Which of these leukocytes is NOT correctly matched with its function or description?

A) monocytes - become macrophages
B) lymphocytes - important in the immune response
C) basophils - synthesize or produce antibodies
D) eosinophils - participate in inflammatory responses
E) neutrophils - phagocytize microorganisms and other foreign substances

Question 33

__________________ are the largest of the leukocytes.

A) Neutrophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Eosinophils
D) Basophils
E) Monocytes

Question 34

Vitamin K

A) is important for the synthesis of clotting factors.
B) comes from your diet.
C) is produced by bacteria in the large intestine.
D) can be obtained from food such as milk.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 35

Which of these statements concerning white blood cells is correct?

A) There are normally 50,000 to 100,000 leukocytes per cubic millimeter of blood.
B) Leukopenia can result from a tumor of the red marrow, or bacterial infection.
C) Leukemia is a type of cancer that results in abnormal production of one or more leukocyte types.
D) Leukocytosis is an abnormally low WBC count.
E) Leukopenia can result from a tumor of the red marrow, or bacterial infection and leukemia is a type of cancer that results in abnormal production of one or more leukocyte types are correct.

Question 36

_____________ perform phagocytosis, especially when out of the blood and in tissues.

A) Neutrophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Eosinophils
D) Basophils
E) Monocytes

Question 37

Which of the following would inhibit the activation of platelets or the formation of the platelet plug?

A) increased amounts of thromboxanes
B) increased levels of von Willebrand's factor
C) increased levels of fibrinogen.
D) aspirin (which inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins)
E) All of these would inhibit platelet activation and clot formation.

Question 38

Clotting factor activation can start with

A) the formation of fibrin.
B) the activation of fibrinogen.
C) the contact of clotting factors with connective tissue.
D) clot retraction.
E) Either the contact of clotting factors with connective tissue or clot retraction can initiate clotting.

Question 39

Given these compounds: 1) fibrin
2) fibrinogen
3) prothrombin
4) thrombin
Which of these sequences represents the most correct order of normal clotting factor activation?

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 3, 4, 2
C) 2, 1, 4, 3
D) 2, 1, 3, 4
E) 3, 4, 2, 1

Question 40

________________ release histamine and heparin.

A) Neutrophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Eosinophils
D) Basophils
E) Monocytes

Question 41

Platelets

A) are also known as thrombocytes.
B) are actually fragments of cells.
C) play a role in preventing blood loss.
D) can become sticky when exposed to connective tissue
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 42

__________ is the spread of microorganisms and their toxins by the blood.

A) Anemia
B) Thalassemia
C) Ischemia
D) DIC
E) Septicemia

Question 43

Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____.

A) a blood gas; blood clots
B) the liquid portion of blood; the cells
C) lacking in protein; regulators of blood osmolality
D) the cellular portion of blood; acellular components
E) mostly protein; the matrix

Question 44

Cross matching of blood

A) is done after a transfusion.
B) is done to help ensure that there are no new antigens formed in the recipient.
C) involves mixing a donor's blood cells with the recipient's serum.
D) involves mixing a recipient's blood cells with the donor's serum.
E) Involves mixing a donor's blood cells with the recipient's serum and involves mixing a recipient's blood cells with the donor's serum.

Question 45

Damage to red marrow by chemicals or radiation can cause

A) hemolytic anemia.
B) pernicious anemia.
C) aplastic anemia.
D) hemorrhagic anemia.
E) sickle-cell anemia.

Question 46

A red blood cell (RBC) count on an adult male showed 5 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. We should consider this to be

A) normal.
B) an example of anemia.
C) an example of polycythemia.
D) an example of agglutination.
E) a transfusion reaction.

Question 47

___________ is a hereditary disease that produces abnormal hemoglobin.

A) Hemolytic anemia
B) Pernicious anemia
C) Aplastic anemia
D) Hemorrhagic anemia
E) Sickle-cell anemia

Question 48

Inadequate vitamin B₁₂ can be the cause for

A) hemolytic anemia.
B) pernicious anemia.
C) aplastic anemia.
D) hemorrhagic anemia.
E) sickle-cell anemia.

Question 49

Which of the following could cause an abnormal prothrombin time?

A) vitamin K deficiency
B) liver disease
C) drug therapy
D) decreased levels of von Willebrand's factor.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 50

Long ago, one cure for anemia was to feed a patient beef jerky soaked in the gastric juices of a pig. In cases in which this cure worked, the type of anemia was most likely

A) hemorrhagic anemia.
B) aplastic anemia.
C) pernicious anemia.
D) iron-deficiency anemia.
E) sickle-cell anemia.

Question 51

Hemophilia is an inherited abnormality in

A) one or more of the clotting factors.
B) platelet membrane receptors.
C) the globin portions of the hemoglobin.
D) antibody production.
E) intrinsic factor production.

Question 52

Which of these statements concerning ABO blood types is correct?

A) Persons with type O blood have been called universal donors.
B) Persons with type B blood who receive type A blood would have a transfusion reaction.
C) To reduce the likelihood of a transfusion reaction, all possible blood groups should be correctly typed.
D) Antibodies in the blood of the donor can react with the antigens in the blood of the recipient.
E) All of these are correct statements.

Question 53

_______________ may present with an excessive loss of blood from trauma.

A) Hemolytic anemia
B) Pernicious anemia
C) Aplastic anemia
D) Hemorrhagic anemia
E) Sickle-cell anemia

Question 54

In ____________ red blood cells rupture or are destroyed at an excessive rate.

A) hemolytic anemia
B) pernicious anemia
C) aplastic anemia
D) hemorrhagic anemia
E) sickle-cell anemia

Question 55

Which of these statements about antigen-antibody interactions is correct?

A) The surface of red blood cells is covered with molecules called antigens.
B) The surface of platelets are covered with molecules called antibodies.
C) When antibodies bind to antigens, the result can be agglutination (clumping together) of cells.
D) Blood groups are named for the antibodies normally present in that blood.
E) Both the surface of red blood cells is covered with molecules called antigens and when antibodies bind to antigens, the result can be agglutination (clumping together) of cells are correct statements.

Question 56

Blood is a type of __________tissue.

A) epithelial
B) glandular
C) connective
D) areolar

Question 57

Which of these statements concerning the differential white blood cell count is NOT correct?

A) In normal counts, the largest percentage are neutrophils.
B) In normal counts, the second largest percentage are basophils.
C) In bacterial infections, the neutrophil count is often greatly increased.
D) In allergic reactions, the eosinophil and basophil counts are elevated.
E) All of these are true.