Deck 12: Heart

Question 1

The blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart tissue itself are the

A) pulmonary veins.
B) coronary arteries.
C) coronary sinuses.
D) pulmonary trunks.
E) venae cavae.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The serous pericardium just internal to the fibrous pericardium is called

A) the visceral pericardium.
B) the epicardium.
C) the parietal pericardium.
D) the parietal pleura.
E) Either the visceral pericardium or the epicardium is equally correct for this structure.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The pulmonary semilunar valve

A) is the location of the pacemaker cells of a normal heart.
B) prevents blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
C) prevents blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
D) prevents blood flow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.
E) prevents blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of these valves is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A) tricuspid valve
B) bicuspid (mitral) valve
C) aortic semilunar valve
D) pulmonary semilunar valve
E) interventricular septum

Question 5

If a valve is classified as stenosed:

A) a swishing sound occurs immediately after it closes.
B) the opening is narrowed
C) the valve does not close completely
D) blood is leaking through the closed valve.
E) All of the items are true of a stenosed valve.

Question 6

The aortic semilunar valve

A) is the location of the pacemaker cells of a normal heart.
B) prevents blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
C) prevents blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
D) prevents blood flow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.
E) prevents blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle.

Question 7

The right atrium

A) is the location of the pacemaker cells of a normal heart.
B) prevents blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
C) prevents blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
D) prevents blood flow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.
E) prevents blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle.

Question 8

The pericardium, or pericardial sac

A) is a double-layered, closed structure.
B) anchors the heart in the mediastinum.
C) has a tough fibrous connective tissue outer layer.
D) has an inner layer of squamous epithelial cells.
E) has all of these characteristics.

Question 9

All of the following are functions of the heart EXCEPT:

A) generation of blood pressure
B) ensures one way flow of blood
C) generation of the formed elements of the blood
D) regulates rate and force of blood delivery
E) distributes oxygenated blood to tissues

Question 10

The bicuspid (mitral) valve

A) is the location of the pacemaker cells of a normal heart.
B) prevents blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
C) prevents blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
D) prevents blood flow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.
E) prevents blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle.

Question 11

In a normal heart, when the right ventricle contracts, it forces blood through the

A) tricuspid valve.
B) bicuspid valve.
C) aortic semilunar valve.
D) pulmonary semilunar valve.

Question 12

Which of these statements about the coronary arteries is true?

A) The left coronary artery supplies the anterior wall of the heart and most of the left ventricle.
B) The right coronary artery supplies most of the right ventricle.
C) Blood flow through the coronary arteries is greatest during ventricular diastole (relaxation).
D) A heart attack occurs if a coronary artery is blocked.
E) All of these are true.

Question 13

Melinda suffers from stenosis of the aortic semilunar valve. This will increase the rigidity of the valve making it hard to open. This increases the ________________ therefore ________________ the cardiac output.

A) afterload; decreasing
B) afterload; increasing
C) preload; decreasing
D) preload; increasing
E) venous return; decreasing

Question 14

A large groove that runs around the heart, and separates the atria from the ventricles is the

A) anterior interventricular septum.
B) posterior interventricular septum.
C) coronary sinus.
D) coronary sulcus.
E) cardiac fissure.

Question 15

Which of these statements concerning the normal pathway of blood flow is NOT correct?

A) from the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
B) from the pulmonary veins to the right atrium
C) from the aorta to all parts of body except lungs
D) from the coronary sinus to the right atrium
E) Neither from the pulmonary veins to the right atrium nor from the coronary sinus to the right atrium are correct.

Question 16

The atria of the heart

A) are separated from each other by the interventricular septum.
B) function primarily as reservoirs for blood collection.
C) function primarily as the pumps of the heart.
D) receive blood from the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
E) have all of these characteristics.

Question 17

Which of these statements concerning the form and location of the heart are correct?

A) The apex is the most superior part of the heart.
B) The apex is directed to the left, and deep to the fifth intercostal space.
C) The base of the heart is directed inferior and slightly posterior.
D) The most superior part of the heart is deep to the 12^th intercostal space.
E) Both the apex is the most superior part of the heart and the base of the heart is directed inferior and slightly posterior are correct.

Question 18

Coronary arteries may become blocked

A) by a thrombus, producing a coronary thrombosis.
B) and cause the formation of atherosclerotic lesions.
C) as the direct result of angina pectoris.
D) as the direct result of an infarct (area of tissue death) in the heart.
E) All of these can block coronary arteries.

Question 19

The tricuspid valve

A) is the location of the pacemaker cells of a normal heart.
B) prevents blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
C) prevents blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
D) prevents blood flow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.
E) prevents blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle.

Question 20

Which of these is NOT one of the large veins carrying blood to the heart?

A) superior vena cava
B) inferior vena cava
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary vein
E) coronary sinus

Question 21

Cardiac muscle cells

A) twist when they contract
B) shorten when they contract
C) lengthen when they contract
D) contract by motor units
E) Both twist when they contract and shorten when they contract are correct.

Question 22

Papillary muscles:

A) contract when the ventricles relax
B) prevent the valves from closing during ventricular diastole
C) are attached to the semi lunar valves via the chordae tendineae
D) prevent the backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular systole
E) prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles from the aorta

Question 23

Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle:

A) relies on calcium and ATP to contract
B) is controlled by the stimulation of motor units
C) uses temporal summation to increase contractile force
D) has both fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fiber types
E) is multinucleate

Question 24

Papillary muscles are attached to the cusps of valves by thin, strong connective tissue strings called

A) the chordae tendineae.
B) the interventricular septa.
C) the auricles.
D) the interventricular sulcus.
E) the coronary sinus.

Question 25

Papillary muscles:

A) contract when the ventricles relax
B) prevent the valves from closing during ventricular diastole
C) are attached to the semi lunar valves via the chordae tendineae
D) prevent the backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular systole
E) prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles from the aorta

Question 26

Which of these statements concerning the functional characteristics of the heart chambers is NOT correct?

A) During ventricular diastole, blood collects in the right and left atria.
B) At the very beginning of ventricular diastole, blood flows directly from the atria into the relaxed ventricles.
C) 70% of ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract.
D) During ventricular systole, the atrioventricular valves close.
E) During ventricular diastole, the semilunar valves open.

Question 27

As a result of the long refractory period generated by __________, cardiac muscle can not exhibit __________.

A) the influx of calcium ions, tetanus (tetanic contractions)
B) the out flow of K⁺, tetanus (tetanic contractions)
C) the influx of Na⁺, tetanus (tetanic contractions)
D) the influx of Ca⁺⁺, recruitment
E) the out flow of K⁺, recruitment

Question 28

Action potentials in contractile cardiac muscle cells

A) are much faster than action potentials in skeletal muscle.
B) have no plateau phase.
C) involve voltage-gated calcium ion channels.
D) have sodium ion channels that open and cause repolarization.
E) have all of these characteristics.

Question 29

Letter C receives blood from the

A) superior vena cava.
B) pulmonary veins.
C) aorta.
D) left atrium.
E) right ventricle.

Question 30

The cardiac skeleton

A) forms fibrous rings around the atrioventricular and semilunar valves.
B) serves as electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles.
C) provides a rigid source of attachment for cardiac muscle.
D) provides solid support for the heart valves.
E) has all of these characteristics.

Question 31

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1) right atrium
2) left atrium
3) right ventricle
4) left ventricle
5) superior & inferior vena cava
6) aorta
7) pulmonary artery
8) pulmonary vein
9) mitrial/bicuspid valve
10) tricuspid valve
11) pulmonary semilunar valve
12) aorta semilunar valve
What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering the heart from the BODY and leaving for PULMONARY CIRCULATION?

A) 8, 1, 10, 3, 11, 7
B) 5, 1, 10, 3, 11, 7
C) 5, 2, 9, 4, 12, 6
D) 6, 12, 1, 2, 10, 4
E) 8, 2, 3, 7, 11, 6

Question 32

The thick middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle, is the

A) endocardium.
B) myocardium.
C) epicardium.
D) chordae tendineae.

Question 33

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1) right atrium
2) left atrium
3) right ventricle
4) left ventricle
5) superior & inferior vena cava
6) aorta
7) pulmonary artery
8) pulmonary vein
9) mitrial/bicuspid valve
10) tricuspid valve
11) pulmonary semilunar valve
12) aorta semilunar valve
What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering the heart from the LUNGS leaving for SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION (i.e. the body)?

A) 8, 2, 9, 4, 12, 6
B) 8, 1, 10, 3, 11, 7
C) 5, 1, 10, 3, 11, 7
D) 7, 2, 9, 4, 12, 6
E) 6, 12, 1, 2, 10, 4

Question 34

The layer of the heart wall that is the visceral pericardium is also called the

A) endocardium.
B) myocardium.
C) epicardium.
D) chordae tendineae.
E) mediastinum.

Question 35

Intercalated disks in cardiac muscle

A) are a type of gap junction.
B) allow all of the muscle fibers in an area to contract at the same time.
C) prevent the cells from pulling apart.
D) reduce the electrical resistance between cells allowing APs to pass more easily from cell to cell.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 36

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of cardiac muscle?

A) rich in mitochondria
B) striated
C) has special cell-to-cell contacts called intercalated disks
D) can develop a significant oxygen debt
E) elongated, branching cells usually with one nucleus

Question 37

The right side of the heart forces blood to flow

A) to the body.
B) to the lungs.
C) through the systemic circulation.
D) both to the body and through the systemic circulation.
E) both to the lungs and through the systemic circulation.

Question 38

Letter B delivers blood

A) from the left ventricle to the body.
B) from the left ventricle to the lungs.
C) from the right ventricle to the lungs.
D) from the right atrium to the vena cava.
E) from the right atrium to the body.

Question 39

Which of the following is true of cardiac muscle?

A) Cardiac muscle tissue has both an intracellular and extracellular source of Ca⁺⁺.
B) Cardiac muscle tissue has slow Ca⁺⁺ voltage gates in the membrane that make cardiac muscle incapable of tetanus.
C) In cardiac muscle tissue, excitation spreads from cell to cell via intercalated disks.
D) Cardiac muscle tissue does not require nerve activity to stimulate a contraction.
E) All of these are true of cardiac muscle.

Question 40

The specialized __________ in the intercalated disks allow cytoplasm to flow freely between adjacent cells.

A) valves
B) hemidesmosomes
C) desmosomes
D) gap junctions
E) tight junctions

Question 41

Depolarization of the atria is shown as the ______________ on an EKG.

A) P wave
B) P-Q (or P-R) interval
C) QRS complex
D) Q-T interval
E) T wave

Question 42

Which of the following structures are able to spontaneous generate an action potential?

A) the sinoatrial node (SA Node)
B) the atrioventricular node (AV Node)
C) the atrioventricular bundle
D) the right and left bundle branches
E) All of the items can spontaneously generate an action potential.

Question 43

Given these structures: 1) AV node
2) atrioventricular bundle
3) bundle branches
4) Purkinje fibers
Arrange these parts of the conduction system of the heart in the correct order, as an action potential would pass through them.

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 3, 2, 4
C) 1, 4, 2, 3
D) 2, 1, 3, 4
E) 3, 1, 2, 4

Question 44

Repolarization of the ventricles is shown as the ___________ on an EKG.

A) P wave
B) P-Q (or P-R) interval
C) QRS complex
D) Q-T interval
E) T wave

Question 45

Cardiac output is equal to

A) the volume of blood pumped by either ventricle during one second.
B) the stroke volume times the number of beats per hour.
C) the volume of blood in the body times the number of beats per minute.
D) the stroke volume times the beats per minute.
E) the volume of blood in the body divided by the stroke volume.

Question 46

All of ventricular cells depolarizing and then repolarizing are shown as the ___________ on an EKG.

A) P wave
B) P-Q (or P-R) interval
C) QRS complex
D) Q-T interval
E) T wave

Question 47

Which of these statements concerning the conduction system of the heart are true?

A) The sinoatrial (SA) node of the heart acts as the pacemaker.
B) The SA node is located on the upper wall of the left atrium.
C) The AV node conducts action potentials rapidly through it.
D) Action potentials are carried slowly through the atrioventricular bundle.
E) Both the sinoatrial (SA) node of the heart acts as the pacemaker and the SA node is located on the upper wall of the left atrium are true.

Question 48

Tachycardia occurs when

A) the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute.
B) the heart rate is more than 100 beats per minute.
C) ventricular fibrillation occurs.
D) ectopic beats occur in the atria.
E) Either the heart rate is more than 100 beats per minute or ectopic beats occur in the atria happen when tachycardia occurs.

Question 49

If the SA node is unable to function

A) an ectopic beat may be initiated by another part of the heart.
B) the heart rate will be slower.
C) the AV node will become the pacemaker for the heart.
D) All of these are possible.
E) None of these would occur.

Question 50

On an ECG, a long P-R interval might indicate

A) tachycardia.
B) an AV node block.
C) atrial fibrillation.
D) sinus arrhythmia.
E) an SA node block.

Question 51

The contraction of the atria and beginning relaxation of the atria is shown as the ________ on an EKG.

A) P wave
B) P-Q (or P-R) interval
C) QRS complex
D) Q-T interval
E) T wave

Question 52

In a normal electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG),

A) the P wave results from repolarization of the atria.
B) the QRS complex results from depolarization of the ventricles.
C) the T wave represents repolarization of the ventricles.
D) during the P-R interval, the ventricles contract.
E) Both the QRS complex results from depolarization of the ventricles and the T wave represents repolarization of the ventricles are correct relationships.

Question 53

Repolarization of the atria occurs during the __________ on an EKG.

A) P wave
B) P-Q (or P-R) interval
C) QRS complex
D) Q-T interval
E) T wave

Question 54

Depolarization of the ventricles is shown as the _________________ on an EKG.

A) P wave
B) P-Q (or P-R) interval
C) QRS complex
D) Q-T interval
E) T wave

Question 55

Which of these factors would cause a decrease in cardiac output?

A) increased body temperature
B) increased venous return
C) clinical depression
D) increased epinephrine secretion
E) decreased blood pH

Question 56

If an ECG indicated no P wave, a possible explanation would be

A) damage to the SA node.
B) damage to the AV node.
C) damage to ventricular muscle.
D) excessive vagus nerve stimulation.
E) ectopic beats in the ventricles.

Question 57

When listening to her heart, the doctor notices that Maria has a swishing sound immediately after the first heart sound is heard. Which of the following is correct?

A) She has a heart murmur.
B) The sound occurs immediately after the AV valves close.
C) Maria may have an incompetent valve.
D) The sound is generated by the leakage of blood through a poorly closed valve.
E) All of the items are possible.

Question 58

As the impulse from the SA node spreads across the atria, it is prevented from stimulating the ventricles

A) SA node.
B) AV node.
C) tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
D) semilunar valves.
E) by the fibrous cardiac skeleton.

Question 59

Ventricular systole:

A) occurs between the first and second heart sounds.
B) occurs just prior to the first heart sound.
C) lasts longer than ventricular diastole
D) is the relaxation phase of the ventricles.
E) All of the items are true of ventricular systole.

Question 60

The cardioregulatory center of the brain is located in the

A) hypothalamus.
B) medulla oblongata.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.
E) thalamus.

Question 61

All of the following occur as the cardiovascular system ages EXCEPT:

A) decrease in cardiac output
B) hypertrophy of the left ventricle
C) increased afterload
D) decreased elasticity of heart and aorta
E) increase in the overall resting heart rate

Question 62

The heart medication that is frequently given to people who suffer from heart failure because it slows and strengthens contractions of the heart muscle is (are)

A) digitalis.
B) nitroglycerine.
C) beta-blockers.
D) calcium channel blockers.
E) anticoagulants.

Question 63

Which of these conditions might an antibiotic be effective in treating?

A) angina pectoris
B) patent ductus arteriosus
C) septal defect
D) coronary heart disease
E) rheumatic heart disease

Question 64

Which of these factors would cause an increase in heart rate?

A) increased parasympathetic stimulation
B) stimulation of baroreceptors in the aorta
C) a decrease in blood pH
D) a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood
E) excess potassium ions

Question 65

Pulmonary edema normally follows soon after

A) right heart failure.
B) left heart failure.
C) complete heart failure.
D) left ventricular hypertrophy.
E) primary hypertension.

Question 66

When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, the

A) ejection occurs.
B) atria pump blood into the ventricles.
C) ventricle is in diastole.
D) blood is pumped into the atrium.
E) AV valves close.

Question 67

The heart medication that causes a reduction in heart rate and strength of cardiac muscle contraction is (are)

A) digitalis.
B) nitroglycerine.
C) beta-adrenergic blocking agents.
D) calcium channel blockers.
E) anticoagulants.

Question 68

Obstruction of the ___________ will cause a more severe myocardial infarction (MI) than the obstruction of any of the others.

A) left marginal vein
B) left coronary artery (LCA)
C) posterior interventricular vein
D) anterior interventricular branch
E) circumflex branch

Question 69

Which of these is NOT a factor that increases the risk for cardiovascular disease?

A) smoking
B) hypertension
C) daily aspirin use
D) chronic stress
E) lack of physical exercise

Question 70

When blood pressure increases, a number of events occur that return blood pressure to normal. Which of the following is NOT one of the events that occurs after an increase in blood pressure?

A) Baroreceptors in the aorta and internal carotid arteries are stimulated.
B) Increased action potential frequency to the cardioregulatory center of the brain occurs.
C) Increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart occurs.
D) Heart rate and stroke volume decrease.
E) Blood pressure decreases.

Question 71

Cutting the vagus nerve to the heart would be expected to cause

A) the heart to quit beating.
B) the heart rate to decrease.
C) no change in heart rate.
D) the heart rate to increase.
E) an AV block.

Question 72

Which of these is NOT part of an extrinsic regulatory mechanism of the heart?

A) baroreceptor reflex
B) sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation of the SA node
C) epinephrine secreted from the adrenal medulla
D) chemoreceptors for oxygen in the medulla oblongata
E) change in venous return

Question 73

The injection of a calcium channel blocker will cause an increase in which of the following?

A) stroke volume
B) contractile strength
C) cardiac output
D) coronary blood flow
E) blood pressure

Question 74

Which of the following occurs when the chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata detect a low blood pH?

A) Parasympathetic stimulation increases.
B) The heart rate and stroke volume decrease.
C) The adrenal medulla increases the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
D) Blood flow to the lungs decreases.
E) The cardioregulatory center decreases sympathetic stimulation.