Deck 16: Autistic, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders

Question 1

The estimated heritability of autism is ____%.

A) 1-5
B) 10-20
C) 30-40
D) 50-60
E)75-90

Answer 1

E

Question 2

A general finding is that the brains of young autistic children exhibit

A) reduced volume of the hippocampus.
B) enlarged brain size of around 10 percent.
C) fewer axons within the corpus callosum.
D) loss of cells within the cerebral cortex.
E) increased volume of the brain ventricles.

Answer 2

B
Explanation: A general finding is that the brains of young autistic children exhibit enlarged brain size of around 10 percent.

Question 3

________ involves the inability to develop normal social relations and a tendency to be self-absorbed.

A) Tourette's syndrome
B) Fragile X syndrome
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) Autism
E) Parkinson's disorder

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The primary concern about children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is that

A) ADHD interferes with learning in school.
B) their behavior is irritating to their teachers.
C) excessive fidgeting leads to extreme weight loss.
D) persons with ADHD are likely to abuse cocaine as adults.
E) ADHD in childhood becomes depression in adulthood.

Question 5

The relatively poor ability of an autistic person to interact socially with others is likely due to

A) a failure of activation of their fusiform face area by other faces.
B) damage to the ascending visual pathways.
C) visual acuity problems.
D) enhanced activity within their orbitofrontal cortex.
E) an infection involving the corpus callosum.

Question 6

The strongest support for a genetic influence on autism is that

A) autism is effectively treated using serotonin agonist drugs.
B) the concordance rate for autism is 5 percent in fraternal twins and 70 percent in identical twins.
C) siblings of autistic children are less likely to develop autism than the normal population.
D) parents of autistic children are usually autistic.
E) the concordance rate for autism is 70 percent in fraternal twins and 0 percent in identical twins.

Question 7

Which of the following is true of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) ADHD does not persist into adulthood.
B) Boys are 10 times more likely to be classified as ADHD than are girls.
C) ADHD is a rare childhood behavior disorder.
D) ADHD interferes with mood .
E) Persons with ADHD are likely to abuse cocaine as adults.

Question 8

A drug such as methylphenidate that blocks the dopamine transporter would be expected to

A) reduce the likelihood of activation of other neurons.
B) impair dopamine neurotransmission.
C) increase synaptic levels of dopamine.
D) decrease synaptic levels of dopamine.
E) aggravate the behavioral symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 9

A known biological cause of autism is

A) prenatal lithium.
B) prenatal depression. .
C) encephalitis caused by herpes virus.
D) multiple sclerosis.
E) being born in the winter months.

Question 10

The general process by which a physiological reaction produced in the body by the perception of aversive or threatening events is referred to as

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) a fight-or-flight response.
C) stressful.
D) an immune response.
E) stress.

Question 11

The symptoms of ADHD resemble those of persons with damage involving the

A) amygdala.
B) hippocampus.
C) cerebellum.
D) prefrontal cortex.
E) anterior cingulate cortex.

Question 12

Autistic disorder

A) can be induced by childhood immunization.
B) affects 1-2 percent of the population.
C) includes affective, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities.
D) typically wanes during the early adult years.
E) can be effectively treated with serotonin agonist drugs.

Question 13

The observation that ________ is an effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD)suggests that ADHD results from ________.

A) methylphenidate; understimulation of dopamine transmission
B) haloperidol; overstimulation of dopamine transmission
C) fluoxetine; a deficit in serotonin transmission
D) fenfluramine; overstimulation of serotonin transmission
E) methylphenidate; overstimulation of dopamine transmission

Question 14

Baron-Cohen suggests that autistic spectrum disorder involves an exaggeration of ______ interests such as ______.

A) female; rough and tumble play
B) male; drug addiction
C) male; rough and tumble play
D) female; drug addiction
E) male; inferring the thoughts and feelings of others.

Question 15

Difficulty in concentrating,remaining still,and working on a task that interfere with learning are the key characteristics of

A) tubercular sclerosis.
B) autism.
C) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
D) anxiety disorder.
E) psychostimulant abuse.

Question 16

The most common treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is

A) daily administration of Prozac.
B) daily administration of a benzodiazepine drug.
C) daily administration of methylphenidate.
D) ablation of the cingulum bundle.
E) drugs that are dopamine antagonists.

Question 17

The term "stress" was coined by

A) Hans Selye.
B) James Olds.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Walter Cannon.
E) William James.

Question 18

In the chapter prologue on addiction,what factor induced John to restart his heroin addiction?

A) John smoked some marijuana and drank some alcohol, which led him back into heroin use.
B) The stress of losing his job led to drug relapse.
C) John saw a poster on drug paraphernalia and experienced a very strong drug craving.
D) John was reintroduced to heroin while in prison.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 19

Autism was once believed to be

A) a side effect of internment in prison camps.
B) acquired through interactions with hostile, withdrawn parents.
C) a less severe form of schizophrenia.
D) related to brain damage induced by shaking a child.
E) a purely genetic disorder.

Question 20

Which of the following is a characteristic of autistic disorder?

A) poorly developed social skills
B) high creativity.
C) normal interests and behaviors
D) mania.
E) extreme sadness and motor retardation.

Question 21

The primary means by which the immune system defends against invading organisms is to

A) suppress the release of CRH.
B) release corticosterone.
C) generate red blood cells from bone marrow.
D) generate antibodies that bind to and kill a foreign cell.
E) trigger apoptosis of brain cells.

Question 22

Elevated glucocorticoid levels during stress may explain

A) loss of cells in the amygdala.
B) development of memory problems in older persons.
C) poor performance of stressed rats in tasks of cocaine self-administration..
D) induction of Alzheimer's disease after stress.
E) the inhibition of growth noted during stress.

Question 23

Chronic stress may impair memory by

A) releasing acetylcholine in the hippocampus.
B) destroying cells within field CA1 of the hippocampus.
C) increasing the entry of glucose into neurons.
D) increasing the reuptake of glutamate into hippocampal neurons.
E) inducing apoptosis of glial cells.

Question 24

Injection of CRH into brain would be expected to result in

A) a profound state of relaxation.
B) increased beard growth in men.
C) impaired fear responses.
D) behavioral signs of anxiety.
E) activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 25

All of the following occur during a stress response EXCEPT

A) the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated.
B) norepinephrine is released as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
C) glucose is made available for energy, due to the effects of epinephrine.
D) an increased output of the heart increases blood flow to the muscles.
E) the adrenal gland releases steroid hormones.

Question 26

Prolonged stress can result in cardiovascular disease because

A) stress-related hormones are toxic for cardiac cells.
B) stress can increase blood pressure which leads to heart attacks and strokes.
C) prolonged activation of the parasympathetic nervous system damages heart tissue.
D) stress increases consumption of fatty foods that clog the arteries.
E) activation of the sympathetic nervous system produces more wear and tear on the cardiovascular system.

Question 27

Which of the following correctly depicts the control of secretion of glucocorticoids?

A) central nucleus of the amygdala -> activates ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary - > PVN activation -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal medulla
B) CRH secretion within the PVN -> activates ACTH release from anterior pituitary -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex
C) PVN activation -> CRH secretion in anterior pituitary -> ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary - > glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex
D) ACTH secretion from the PVN -> CRH release from the posterior pituitary -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex
E) activation of the central nucleus of the amygdala -> sympathetic activation -> adrenaline release -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex

Question 28

Which of the following strategies would be most likely to prevent the harmful effects of stress without producing harmful side effects?

A) a drug that damages the PVN
B) a drug that increases the release of CRH
C) a drug that partially antagonizes the release of glucocorticoids
D) a drug that inactivates the parasympathetic nervous system
E) a drug that is a potent antagonist of glucocorticoid receptors

Question 29

The immune system develops ________ through exposure to ________.

A) interferon; antibodies
B) antigens; antibodies
C) antibodies; B-lymphocytes
D) antibodies; antigens
E) infections; antibodies

Question 30

Hans Selye argued that ill health induced by chronic stress exposure reflects

A) the prolonged secretion of acetylcholine.
B) overstimulation of growth.
C) the prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids.
D) the activation of apoptosis in brain by stress exposure.
E) decreased blood pressure.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A) Women are more likely than men to develop PTSD.
B) PTSD is an environmental disorder with no genetic roots.
C) Women are more likely than men to experience severe trauma.
D) PTSD is a problem noted after middle age.
E) PTSD results in poor psychological functioning without problems in physical health.

Question 32

Intense feelings of fear,helplessness,or horror are key signs of

A) psychosis.
B) posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) generalized anxiety.
D) "flashbacks."
E) neurotic depression.

Question 33

Glucocorticoid receptors

A) are found within almost every cell of the body.
B) are found in highest concentration in the adrenal glands.
C) disappear following adrenalectomy.
D) gradually deteriorate with age.
E) are primarily localized in the brain stem.

Question 34

Which of the following effects of stress would predispose an organism to develop an infectious illness?

A) inhibition of the immune response
B) inhibition of steroid sex hormones
C) inhibition of growth
D) inhibition of the inflammatory responses
E) high blood pressure

Question 35

Which of the following statements about glucocorticoids is correct?

A) An inability to secrete glucocorticoids results in greater reactivity/toxicity to stressors.
B) Secretion of glucocorticoids is controlled by the central nucleus of the amygdala.
C) Glucocorticoids increase levels of hormones that affect sexual function.
D) Cortisol is a glucocorticoid released by the anterior pituitary gland.
E) Glucocorticoid receptors are mostly found within limbic system neurons.

Question 36

Studies of air traffic controllers who work in a busy airport indicate that they

A) enjoy better health later in life.
B) show immediate effects, but recover quickly.
C) recover gradually, but exhibit no lasting effects of the stress.
D) may be more likely to have high blood pressure and ulcers.
E) are more likely to show avoidance of stress in the future.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight response?

A) Prolonged exposure to stress can lead to improved health .
B) The fight-or-flight response saves energy.
C) The fight-or-flight response is maladaptive in that it prepares an organism to either enter into battle or to flee a situation.
D) The term was coined by Walter Cannon.
E) Evoluation has eliminated the need for this response in humans.

Question 38

The secretion of glucocorticoids is controlled by neurons localized within the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) preoptic hypothalamus.
C) central nucleus of the amygdala.
D) reticular activating system.
E) PVN.

Question 39

Secretion of glucocorticoids results in

A) reduced plasma levels of sex steroid hormones.
B) increased conversion of protein to glucose.
C) greater availability of fatty acids as sources of energy.
D) increased blood flow.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 40

The tendency to develop PTSD is related to

A) being male.
B) having a history of repeated trauma .
C) possessing a short allele for the acetylcholine transporter.
D) exposure to mild stressors.
E) a history of bipolar disorder.

Question 41

Which of the following is a common explanation for tolerance in heroin addiction?

A) increased brain levels of the drug with repeated use
B) the body's attempt to compensate for the effects of the drug
C) the loss of homeostatic regulation after taking drugs
D) the drug is metabolized less efficiently with repeated use
E) heroin is more slowly cleared from the brain with repeated treatments

Question 42

The experience of stress has been found to

A) increase the amount of cocaine self-administered by rats.
B) reduce the high produced by cocaine.
C) render rats resistant to the reinforcing effects of cocaine.
D) block the craving for cocaine in abstinent addicts.
E) suppreses drug intake.

Question 43

An example of a recreational drug that is found in nature is

A) ketamine.
B) heroin.
C) LSD.
D) ethyl alcohol.
E) PCP.

Question 44

________ is thought to be the most universal recreational drug.

A) Ethyl alcohol
B) Cannabis
C) Morphine
D) Cocaine
E) Nicotine

Question 45

Which of the following is a principle derived from the observation that heroin is more addictive than morphine?

A) Food is a poor reinforcer for hungry rats.
B) Immediate reinforcement is more important than quantity of reinforcer.
C) Quantity of reinforcement is more important than immediacy of reinforcement.
D) Longer delays between response and food delivery results in faster learning.
E) Drugs that are rapidly cleared from the brain are more addictive.

Question 46

Which of the following is a correct match between a drug and its toxic effect?

A) synthetic opiate; acquired Parkinson's disease
B) cocaine; lung cancer
C) smoking; reduced urge to drink alcohol
D) alcohol; lung cancer
E) cocaine; Korsakoff's disease

Question 47

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of negative reinforcement?

A) A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache.
B) A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush."
C) A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of shock through the floor of the chamber.
D) A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet.
E) A child is sent to his room after screaming at the dinner table.

Question 48

Which substance below enhances dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens?

A) caffeine
B)sugar
C) cocaine
D) saccharin
E) Clozapine

Question 49

The key property of addictive drugs relates to

A) their ability to inhibit dopamine in brain.
B) the withdrawal that follows termination of the drug.
C) their reinforcing effects.
D) their capacity to produce tolerance.
E) their ability to rapidly produce physical dependence.

Question 50

The inhibitory action of stress on immune function is mostly due to

A) inactivation of the pituitary.
B) impaired secretion of CRH.
C) increased secretion of glucocorticoids.
D) inactivation of the PVN.
E) increased formation of immunoglobulins.

Question 51

The term addiction is derived from the Latin word "addicere," which means to

A) require.
B) relieve.
C) sentence.
D) alleviate.
E) please.

Question 52

Which of the following best illustrates the process of positive reinforcement?

A) A child is sent to her room after screaming while at the dinner table.
B) A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet.
C) A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of shock through the floor of the chamber.
D) A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush."
E) A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache.

Question 53

An example of an adverse stress effect on immune function is

A) a person who cares for a relative with Alzheimer's disease produces fewer antibodies to a bacterial agent.
B) fighter pilots show higher immune responses over successive missions.
C) husbands whose wives died from breast cancer show improved immune response.
D) seen when antibody production is stimulated by the release of glucocorticoids.
E) when high glucocorticoid levels increase blood pressure.

Question 54

Craving is associated with level of activation of the ______ in response to _______.

A) amygdala; pain
B) medial prefrontal cortex; cocaine
C) ventral tegmental area; stress
D) ventral tegmental area; water intake
E) anterior cingulate; pain

Question 55

The common aspect of all natural reinforcers relates to

A) the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens.
B) the release of norepinephrine within the locus coeruleus.
C) the release of dopamine within the lateral hypothalamus.
D) inactivation of the frontal cortex.
E) activation of the medulla.

Question 56

Natural and drug reinforcement results from _____ release within the _____.

A) GABA; amygdala
B)dopamine; nucleus accumbens
C) ACh; hippocampus
D) glycine; cerebellum
E) serotonin; cingulated cortex

Question 57

Which of the following is true of the neural substrates of reinforcement?

A) Aversive stimuli do not increase dopamine levels within the accumbens.
B) Release of dopamine within the accumbens is a necessary condition for reinforcement.
C) Damage to brain dopamine systems enhances the reinforcing properties of addictive drugs.
D) Release of dopamine within the accumbens is a sufficient condition for reinforcement.
E) Drugs that increase dopamine by blocking reuptake are not addictive.

Question 58

____ refers to a compulsion to take a drug.

A) Craving
B) Allostasis
C) Drug tolerance
D) Homeostasis
E) Withdrawal

Question 59

Which of the following is true of withdrawal symptoms?

A) Withdrawal symptoms are usually the opposite of the effects of the drug.
B) Withdrawal can be seen in the absence of tolerance.
C) Withdrawal symptoms are not an indicator of physical tolerance.
D) Withdrawal symptoms are less intense versions of the normal effects of a drug.
E) Most addictive drugs produce similar withdrawal symptoms.

Question 60

Decreased sensitivity to a drug after repeated use is termed

A) euphoria.
B) drug depression.
C) tolerance.
D) inverse mania.
E) addiction.

Question 61

The case of Patient N.suggests that the urge to smoke comes from activity of the

A) lateral hypothalamus.
B) nucleus accumbens.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.
E) insula.

Question 62

Which of the following statements about opiates is NOT true?

A) The most commonly abused opiate is codeine.
B) AIDS is a significant risk factor for many heroin users.
C) The opiate habit is expensive.
D) Opiates are often combined with adulterants that can have toxic effects.
E) Opiate use in a pregnant woman can produce a drug dependency in the child she is carrying.

Question 63

The effect of nicotine to indirectly inhibit ________ may explain the weight gain associated with ________.

A) leptin receptors; smoking marijuana
B) CB? receptors; smokers who quit
C) MCH activity; smokers who quit
D) orexin receptors; smoking marijuana
E) ghrelin receptors; anorexia nervosa

Question 64

Nicotine reinforcement is due to the release of ________ within the ________.

A) glutamate; VTA
B) norepinephrine; nucleus accumbens
C) dopamine; nucleus accumbens
D) GABA; hypothalamus
E) acetylcholine; lateral hypothalamus

Question 65

Opiate receptors in the ___________ are responsible for the analgesia caused by opiate drugs.

A) ventral segmental area
B) preoptic area
C) periaqueductal gray matter
D) mesencephalic reticular formation
E) nucleus accumbens

Question 66

At low doses,alcohol

A) decreases GABA activity.
B) has an anxiolytic effect.
C) acts as a potent sedative.
D) inhibits cerebellar function.
E) inhibits the spinal cord, thereby blocking incoming pain messages.

Question 67

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of craving?

A) A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache.
B) A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet.
C) A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of shock through the floor of the chamber.
D) A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush."
E) A "free" injection of cocaine reinstates responding for intravenous cocaine in a rat that previously underwent extinction of cocaine responding.

Question 68

Chronic abuse of methamphetamine reduces the number of dopamine transporters in the caudate nucleus and putamen,which may explain why these addicts

A) are rarely overweight.
B) develop depression while abusing this drug.
C) are more likely to develop Parkinson's disease as they age.
D) move on to "harder" drugs as they get older.
E) are less likely to develop Parkinson's disease as they age.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of opiate addiction?

A) Opiate use leads to bipolar disorder.
B) The opiate habit is expensive.
C) Heroin use leads to using other addictive drugs.
D) Needle-using opiate addicts are at risk for contracting measles.
E) It is difficult to induce opiate self-administration in rats

Question 70

Which of the following is consistent with the proposition that nicotine has adverse consequences?

A) Nearly two-thirds of the world's population smoke.
B) Nearly 90 percent of long-term smokers will die from smoking-related causes.
C) It is estimated that smoking will soon be the largest single health problem in the world.
D) Fetuses exposed to nicotine after birth show malformed facial features..
E) Nicotine is a habit not an addiction.

Question 71

Opiate receptors in the ___________ are responsible for the sedation caused by opiate drugs.

A) nucleus accumbens
B) preoptic area
C) periaqueductal gray matter
D) mesencephalic reticular formation
E) ventral segmental area

Question 72

Which of the following is true of stimulant drugs?

A) Cocaine and methamphetamine may be the most effective reinforcers of all available drugs.
B) Cocaine produces the same physical and behavioral effects as heroin.
C) Cocaine abuse causes strong physical dependence.
D) Cocaine is the least addictive of the psychostimulant drugs.
E) Methamphetamine is less potent than is amphetamine.

Question 73

The poor judgment shown by drug addicts involves

A) inactivation of the caudate nucleus.
B) the reorganization of the motor cortex.
C) inactivation of the cingulate cortex.
D) abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex.
E) inactivation of the amygdala.

Question 74

Studies indicate that cocaine craving is associated with

A) increased activation of the parietal cortex.
B) activation of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex.
C) increased blood flow in the anterior cingulate cortex.
D) decreased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex.
E) decreased dopamine production in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 75

Which of the following statements about cocaine is correct?

A) Cocaine administration decreases dopamine within the nucleus accumbens.
B) Damage to the nucleus accumbens enhances cocaine reinforcement in rats.
C) Cocaine is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
D) Drugs that block dopamine receptors within the nucleus accumbens impair cocaine reinforcement.
E) Cocaine is more addictive via the oral route of administration.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT true of nicotine addiction?

A) Animals self-administer nicotine.
B) Nicotine use is a habit, not an addiction.
C) Most smokers smoke every day.
D) Smokers continue to smoke after lung cancer or heart attacks.
E) Humans smoke regularly or not at all.

Question 77

A serious consequence of alcohol addiction is

A) cirrhosis of the liver.
B) acne.
C) Alzheimer's disease.
D) bipolar disorder.
E) Adevelopment of mania.

Question 78

Use of ________ by pregnant women is one of the leading causes of mental retardation.

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) nicotine
D) cocaine
E) caffeine

Question 79

The reinforcing effects of alcohol may be due to

A) decreased activity within the ventral tegmental area.
B) indirect antagonism of NMDA receptors.
C) inhibition of the limbic system.
D) release of glycine from cells within the spinal cord.
E) increased activation of GABAA receptors.

Question 80

Which drug below is most likely to be overused by schizophrenics?

A) heroin
B) methamphetamine
C) caffeine
D) alcohol
E) nicotine (smoking)