Deck 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

Question 1

The cochlea is located within the

A) middle ear.
B) inner ear.
C) organ of Corti.
D) pinna.
E) outer ear.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The formal name for the eardrum is the

A) tectorial membrane.
B) basilar membrane.
C) outer membrane.
D) tympanic membrane.
E) pinna.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The ratio of inner hair cells to outer hair cells in the human cochlea is approximately

A) 1:1.
B) 4:1.
C) 1:3.
D) 8:2.
E) 2:7.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following pairs of terms do NOT belong together?

A) amplitude; pitch
B) complexity; timbre
C) frequency; pitch
D) amplitude; loudness
E) hue; wavelength

Question 5

Deafness caused by blockage of the ________ can be treated using ________.

A) oval window; cochlear implants
B) round window; the fenestration surgical procedure
C) pinna; the fenestration surgical procedure
D) middle ear; high doses of penicillin
E) scala media; cochlear implants

Question 6

The complexity of a sound wave determines the psychological dimension of

A) hue.
B) pitch.
C) loudness.
D) saturation.
E) timbre.

Question 7

Pitch is to frequency as

A) hue is to saturation.
B) frequency is to timbre.
C) loudness is to sound amplitude.
D) timbre is to complexity.
E) timbre is to sound amplitude.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a part of the organ of Corti?

A) hair cells
B) basilar membrane
C) tympanic membrane
D) tectorial membrane
E) Deiters's cells

Question 9

Sound can best be thought of as

A) compression of air molecules by an object.
B) changes in air pressure produced by the vibration of an object.
C) waves of acoustic energy that travel at fewer than 20 miles per hour.
D) packets of energy.
E) expansion of air molecules produced by a traveling object.

Question 10

The malleus,incus,and stapes

A) are tiny bones located within the outer ear.
B) are located within the middle ear.
C) provide a mechanical advantage for transferring sound energy to the inner ear.
D) are the formal names for the oval, round, and tympanic membranes, respectively.
E) are named for the bone that overlie the temporal lobe .

Question 11

The pitch of a sound stimulus is related to the physical characteristic of

A) the amplitude of the vibration.
B) the distance between the sound source and the detector.
C) the complexity of the sound waves.
D) frequency of vibration.
E) air temperature.

Question 12

The case of Melissa in the chapter prologue makes the point that

A) mind and body interact to determine pain reactivity.
B) pain hurts.
C) beliefs about pain do not alter pain reactivity.
D) drugs that block brain opiate receptors decrease pain.
E) opiate drugs are addictive.

Question 13

Sound waves induce movements of the hair cells of the organ of Corti via

A) movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial membrane.
B) movement of the scala tympani.
C) movement of the malleus against the round window.
D) movement of the stapes against the round window.
E) contraction of the muscle fibers within the middle ear.

Question 14

The ________ is a hollow region just beyond the tympanic membrane that contains the ossicles.

A) outer ear
B) inner ear
C) organ of Corti
D) pinna
E) middle ear

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a physical dimension of auditory perception?

A) wavelength
B) pitch
C) amplitude
D) complexity
E) frequency

Question 16

An example of the value of audition relative to vision is that only audition

A) is used to communicate with others of our species.
B) provides information from other animals.
C) can provide warning signals about the environment.
D) works both day and night.
E) works underwater better than it does on dry land..

Question 17

Humans can detect sound vibrations between ________ and ________ cycles per second.

A) 30; 700
B) 25; 4,000
C) 30; 20,000
D) 25; 9,000
E) 300; 45,000

Question 18

The ossicles are

A) auditory receptors.
B) positioned within the pinna of the ear.
C) receptive cells in the inner ear.
D) tiny bones located within the middle ear.
E) neurons that innervate the middle ear.

Question 19

The loudness of a sound is related to

A) the amplitude of the vibration.
B) the distance between the successive air vibrations.
C) the complexity of the sound waves.
D) its frequency of vibration.
E) the altitude of the observer.

Question 20

________ are hair-like appendages that protrude from the ends of the auditory receptors in the organ of Corti.

A) Cilia
B) Rods
C) Intrafusal fibers
D) Extrafusal fibers
E) Hair cells

Question 21

Which of the following is true of hair cells?

A) Afferent axons form connections with the outer hair cells.
B) Damage to the inner hair cells impairs hearing.
C) Outer hair cells are necessary for hearing.
D) Thin unmyelinated axons form connections with inner hair cells.
E) The outer hair cells provide 95 percent of the signals carried by the cochlear nerve.

Question 22

The perceived pitch of a steady note played by a clarinet corresponds to its

A) overtone.
B) decay phase.
C) attack phase.
D) characteristic frequency.
E) fundamental frequency.

Question 23

Auditory signals are carried to the brain via the

A) trigeminal nerve.
B) organ of Corti.
C) auditory lemniscus.
D) somatoacoustic nerve.
E) cochlear nerve.

Question 24

The human cochlea contains approximately ________ inner hair cells and ________ outer hair cells.

A) 6,000; 1,000
B) 3,500; 12,000
C) 1,750; 6,000
D) 6,000; 16,000
E) 12,000; 3,500

Question 25

Adjacent cilia on a hair cell are joined together by

A) tip links.
B) myosin filaments.
C) strands of actin.
D) insertional plaques.
E) the outer edges of the tectorial membrane.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of the neurons of the cochlear nerve?

A) Inner hair cells provide input to nearly 95 percent of the axons of the cochlear nerve.
B) The cell bodies of these neurons are located within the ventral medulla.
C) These neurons carry signals generated by the outer hair cells.
D) These nerve cells are hyperpolarized by release of transmitter from the hair cells.
E) The cochlear nerve projects directly to the primary auditory cortex..

Question 27

The opening and closing of ion channels within the hair cell cilia

A) are a function of the voltage of the cilia membrane.
B) reflect the action of a second messenger within the cilia.
C) are controlled by ionotropic membrane receptors.
D) reflect tension exerted by the tip links on the insertional plaques.
E) are the result of chloride entry into the hair cell..

Question 28

Cochlear implants restore the ability to understand speech by

A) changing the overall rate of firing of cochlear cells.
B) allowing pressure changes to occur within the cochlea.
C) opening a larger aperture within the round window.
D) electrically stimulating different regions of the basilar membrane.
E) electrically stimulating the 8th cranial nerve at greater than 500 pulses per second.

Question 29

A high-frequency tone would be expected to produce a maximal bending of the ________ nearest the ________.

A) tectorial membrane; round window
B) basilar membrane; oval window
C) basilar membrane; round window
D) tectorial membrane; oval window
E) tympanic membrane; round window

Question 30

Adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound ________; these differences can be displayed as a ________ map.

A) intensities; tonotopic
B) intensities; somatotopic
C) frequencies; retinotopic
D) frequencies; tonotopic
E) timbres; tonotopic

Question 31

Which of the following is true of rate coding along the basilar membrane?

A) Rate coding occurs for frequencies greater than 500 Hz.
B) The basal end of the basilar membrane shows the greatest movement to a frequency of less than 200 Hz.
C) Lower frequencies are coded by rate of firing that is cued to the movement of the apical end of the basilar membrane.
D) Cochlear implants can be used to signal frequencies up to 20,000 Hz.
E) Rate coding is due to volleys of neurons that fire in sequence.

Question 32

The precise tuning of vibration along the basilar membrane reflects

A) lateral inhibition of inner hair cells by outer hair cells.
B) the loss of outer hair cells due to the aging process.
C) the contractile capacity of inner hair cells.
D) the contractile capacity of outer hair cells.
E) longitudinal tension of the basilar membrane.

Question 33

A mutation that resulted in the loss of inner hair cells within the organ of Corti would be expected to result in

A) reduced ability to detect differences in sound intensity.
B) total impairment of hearing.
C) a difficulty in locating the source of a sound.
D) difficulty in detecting differences between different musical instruments.
E) changes in pain perception.

Question 34

Indicate which of the following is the correct pathway by which auditory information flows to the brain.

A) auditory nerve -> superior olivary nuclei -> medial geniculate -> superior colliculus -> auditory cortex
B) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
C) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nuclei -> inferior colliculus medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
D) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nuclei -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
E) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior colliculus -> lateral geniculate -> auditory cortex

Question 35

The perception of low pitch sounds involves ________ located at the ________ of the basilar membrane.

A) place coding; base
B) rate coding; apical end
C) phase coding; base
D) tonotopic codes; apical end
E) phase shifts; base

Question 36

The shearing force that bends the tips of the inner hair cells in response to movement of the basilar membrane arises from the

A) linkage between the hair cells and the tectorial membrane.
B) mechanical linkage between the hair cells and the tympanic membrane.
C) movement of the round window.
D) movement of the hair cells through the tectorial membrane.
E) movement of fluid past the tips of the hair cells.

Question 37

Low-frequency sounds produce maximal distortion of the basilar membrane

A) near the stapes.
B) at the apical end of the membrane.
C) farthest from the stapes.
D) farthest from the basal end of the membrane.
E) at the middle of the membrane.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of the central auditory system?

A) Each hemisphere receives information from one ear.
B) The most medial portion of the auditory cortex gets information from the apical end of the basilar membrane.
C) The auditory cortex has a tonotopic organization.
D) The auditory association cortex is located in the frontal lobe.
E) The primary auditory cortex is located within the occipital lobe.

Question 39

The posterior auditory stream terminates in the ________ and is involved in ________.

A) posterior parietal cortex; complex sound analysis
B) posterior occipital cortex; sound localization
C) parabelt region of the anterior temporal region; complex sound analysis
D) parabelt region of the anterior temporal region; sound localization
E) posterior parietal cortex; sound localization

Question 40

Which of the following strongly supports the notion that a place code is involved in detecting medium pitch to high pitch sounds?

A) Cochlear implants can restore the understanding of speech sounds.
B) Mutant mice that lack inner hair cells are unable to hear.
C) Damage to the posterior temporal cortex impairs hearing.
D) Overgrowth of bone over the round window impairs hearing of high-but not low-pitch sounds.
E) Antibiotics can degenerate hair cells in an apical to basal direction and produce corresponding deficits in intensity perception.

Question 41

The hair cells of the cochlea and those of the vestibular sacs are similar in that

A) hair cells in each system are activated by a shearing force exerted on the cilia.
B) each hair cell in each system contains one cilium.
C) hair cell activation is accompanied by the closing of membrane ion channels.
D) each ciliary membrane is hyperpolarized by movement of the cilia.
E) Hair cells in each system are replaced weekly..

Question 42

The activation of hair cells within the semicircular canals is based on _____ relative to the hair cells.

A) movement of the basilar membrane
B) distortion of the tympanic membrane
C) distortion of the ampulla
D) movement of the cupula.
E) movement of the otoconia

Question 43

A blindfolded person can locate the source of a continuous tone of 1000 Hz that is to the left of the person because the tone

A) timbre is different in the right ear relative to the left ear.
B) will generate maximal firing rates in the left auditory nerve.
C) will generate stimulation of the eardrums that is 180 degrees out of phase.
D) generates a sonic shadow such that the right ear detects a different sound intensity than the left ear.
E) B and D are correct.

Question 44

The somatosenses include all but the

A) receptors positioned within the skin.
B) stretch receptors in skeletal muscle.
C) receptors located within limb joints.
D) hair cells within the cochlea.
E) free nerve endings in the skin.

Question 45

Sudden angular rotation of the head through a plane is sensed by ________ within ________.

A) hair cells; a semicircular canal
B) hair cells; the cochlea
C) dendrites; the saccule
D) dendrites; the utricle
E) hair cells; the utricle

Question 46

Low-frequency stimulation of the vestibular sacs would be expected to produce

A) dizziness.
B) a state of panic.
C) no definable sensation.
D) nystagmus.
E) nausea.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of Patient I.R.?

A) She sustained brain damagefrom a bleeding stroke..
B) She cannot hear .
C) She does not enjoy music.
D) She cannot perceive musical melodies.
E) She cannot comprehend speech. .

Question 48

The cutaneous senses signal information about stimuli that interact with

A) the external surface of the skin.
B) the hair cells of the vestibular sacs.
C) receptors of the muscles.
D) the hair cells of the semicircular canals.
E) the wall of the gut.

Question 49

The activation of hair cells within the vestibular sacs is the product of

A) movement of the otoconia and gelatinous mass.
B) movement of the cupula.
C) distortion of the ampulla.
D) distortion of the tympanic membrane.
E) movement of the basilar membrane.

Question 50

Neurons that use binaural differences in loudness as a cue to the source of a clicks are located within the

A) superior olivary complex.
B) 11th cranial nerve.
C) parabelt region.
D) medial geniculate.
E) organ of Corti.

Question 51

The connection of the vestibular system with brain stem nuclei functions to

A) adjust eye movements to compensate for sudden head movements.
B) control movement of the lower legs.
C) provide inhibitory feedback onto the auditory system during exposure to loud stimuli.
D) generate a cue that promotes the sensation of depth in a visual scene.
E) suppress nausea and vomiting induced by body movement.

Question 52

The second component of the labyrinths of the inner ear is the

A) vestibular sacs.
B) semicircular canals.
C) organ of Corti.
D) cochlea.
E) ampulla.

Question 53

The function of kinesthesia is to provide information about

A) the overall state of muscle tone.
B) head orientation.
C) body movement and position.
D) environmental temperature.
E) gravity. Rationale: The function of kinesthesia is to provide information about body movement and position.

Question 54

The utricle and saccule are components of the

A) middle ear.
B) cochlea.
C) vestibular sacs.
D) semicircular canals.
E) outer ear..

Question 55

In the human auditory system,the analysis of "what" corresponds to ________ ,whereas the analysis of "where" corresponds to ________.

A) complex sounds ; location of a sound
B) loudness; pitch
C) location of a sound; loudness
D) object form; object location
E) loudness; timbre

Question 56

Our capacity to detect whether a high-frequency sound comes from our left or right reflects an analysis of

A) the fundamental overtones.
B) a sonic shadow that reflects differences in loudness (loudness is greater in the ear closest to the sound_.
C) differences in arrival times at the eardrums.
D) differences in sound phase.
E) differences in frequency overtones reaching the ears.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT true of music perception?

A) Melody recognition depends on the absolute value of the notes of the melody.
B) Melodies in the major mode are perceived as happy.
C) Melodies in the minor mode are perceived as sad.
D) Melody recognition depends on the interval between the notes.
E) Melody recognition does not depend on the key of the melody.

Question 58

The organic senses signal information about stimuli that interact with

A) the external surface of the skin.
B) he hair cells of the vestibular sacs.
C) receptors of the muscles.
D) receptors that line the surfaces of internal organs.
E) the wall of the gut.

Question 59

Sudden changes in the rotation of the head are sensed by the

A) cochlea.
B) semicircular canals.
C) organ of Corti.
D) vestibular sacs.
E) utricle.

Question 60

Functional imaging studies of the human association cortex indicate that judgments of sound ________ activate the ________.

A) timbre; dorsal stream
B) identity; ventral stream
C) timbre; ventral stream
D) location; ventral stream
E) identity; dorsal stream

Question 61

Which of the following is true of the functions of pain?

A) Pain is triggered by activation of Pacinian corpuscles.
B) Pain can be triggered by tissue damage within the body.
C) Opiates enhance pain reactivity.
D) Emotional events mostly decrease the aversiveness of pain stimuli.
E) Activation of ACC neurons is involved in the long-term consequences of pain.

Question 62

If Patient G.L.sustained damage to large-diameter myelinated axons of the body below her face,she would be expected to have difficulty in detecting

A) a cold probe applied to her arm.
B) a warm probe applied to her leg.
C) a faint touch on her hand.
D) vibration.
E) pain.

Question 63

The acute sensory component of pain is mediated by pathways that

A) involve the amygdala.
B) project from the spinal cord to the primary somatosensory cortex.
C) project to the anterior cingulate cortex and the insular cortex.
D) project to the prefrontal cortex.
E) reach the temporal cortex.

Question 64

Match up the cutaneous stimulus with the correct perception.

A) skin deformation; sensation of pressure
B) tissue damage; perception of cold
C) tissue damage; sensation of pressure
D) vibration; perception of heat
E) vibration; sensation of pressure

Question 65

________ found in hairy skin are used by the body to detect changes in temperature.

A) Dieter's cells
B) Free nerve endings
C) Meissner's corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles
E) Ruffini corpuscles

Question 66

________ are located in the finger tips and are used to detect form and roughness.

A) Free nerve endings
B) Pacinian corpuscles
C) Meissner's corpuscles
D) Merkel disks
E) Ruffini corpuscles

Question 67

Which of the following is known to decrease pain sensitivity?

A) riding in a car
B) meditation
C) consumption of a pill laced with capsaicin
D) opiate administration
E) activation of substance P in the spinal cord

Question 68

Free nerve endings produce the pain associated with

A) overheating of the skin.
B) mild vibration.
C) intense, sudden pressure on the skin.
D) eating chili peppers.
E) cooling the skin.

Question 69

Damage to the somatosensory association cortex can produce

A) visual agnosia.
B) a loss of tactile sensitivity.
C) a difficulty in differentiating objects by weight.
D) a difficulty in differentiating objects by using temperature cues.
E) tactile agnosia.

Question 70

The _____ receptor mediates pain induced by burning of the skin.

A) TRPM8
B) TRPV1
C) TRPA1
D) TRPV4
E) TRPV3

Question 71

Pain associated with intense pressure applied to the skin is detected by ________,whereas the type of pain associated with skin inflammation is detected by ________.

A) TRPV1 receptors; free nerve endings
B) mechanoreceptors; TRPA1 receptors
C) Pacinian corpuscles; free nerve endings
D) TRPM8 receptors; Ruffini corpuscles
E) Pacinian corpuscles; TRPV1 receptors

Question 72

Which of the receptors below are found in hairy and glabrous skin and are sensitive to vibration?

A) Meissner's corpuscles
B) free nerve endings
C) Ruffini corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles
E) Merkel's disks

Question 73

The primary function of the Pacinian corpuscle is to detect

A) rapid vibration.
B) cold.
C) heat.
D) texture.
E) damage to the skin.

Question 74

For most persons,you would expect to find nonglabrous skin on the

A) bottom of the feet.
B) palms.
C) bottom of the toes.
D) fingertips.
E) forearm. .

Question 75

Damage to ________ receptors would be expected to impair ________.

A) TRPV1; the sensation of cold
B) TRPM8; the sensation of cool produced by menthol
C) TRPV1; pain associated with mechanical stimulation
D) TRPV4; pain produced by ischemia
E) TRPV2; the pain induced by chili peppers

Question 76

The function of a nociceptor is to detect

A) noxious stimuli.
B) cold.
C) heat.
D) salt in a food.
E) the bitterness of a fluid.

Question 77

The outer layer of skin is termed the

A) epidermis.
B) dermis.
C) subcutaneous fat.
D) lymph layer.
E) subdermis.

Question 78

The immediate aversive emotional consequence of pain reflects activation of the

A) secondary somatosensory cortex.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) anterior cingulate cortex.
D) hippocampus.
E) cerebellum.

Question 79

In referring to the skin,the term "glabrous" means

A) thick.
B) thin.
C) hairless.
D) smooth.
E) rough.

Question 80

The relay nuclei for somatosensation are located within the

A) medial lateral thalamic nuclei.
B) medial geniculate nuclei.
C) spinothalamic nuclei.
D) ventral posterior thalamic nuclei.
E) thalamocortical nuclei.