Deck 9: Life-Span Development

Question 1

George was born in 1925 and grew up in the years of the Great Depression. His values and ideas were largely shaped by the poverty of the depression and its effects on him and his family. Martha was born in 1953 and grew up in the relative affluence of 1950s "baby boom" America. To the extent that their ideas about life are tied to their time and culture of birth, the differences that exist between George's and Martha's attitudes and values can be largely attributed to ________ differences.

A) age
B) reference group
C) idiosyncratic
D) cohort

Answer 1

cohort

Question 2

Which of the following is a true statement?

A) Toxic agents that a pregnant woman eats, drinks, or inhales are capable of being transmitted through the placenta.
B) While some substances are allowed to pass through the placenta, viral sized particles, such as the AIDS virus, are effectively blocked.
C) The mother's and the unborn child's blood intermingles in the placenta.
D) The placenta allows only nutritional substances to enter and only waste substances to leave the fetal blood supply.

Answer 2

Toxic agents that a pregnant woman eats, drinks, or inhales are capable of being transmitted through the placenta.

Question 3

The embryo stage ends ________ after conception.

A) two months
B) four months
C) two weeks
D) three months

Answer 3

three months

Question 4

The major problem with biographical studies is that they ________.

A) don't track long-term changes among individuals in the study
B) don't distinguish age differences from cohort differences
C) are less trustworthy than either cross-sectional or longitudinal studies
D) take longer to run than longitudinal studies

Question 5

A method of studying developmental changes by reconstructing subjects' pasts, through interviews and investigating the effects of events that occurred in the past on current behaviors is called a ________ study.

A) cross-sectional
B) naturalistic observation
C) longitudinal
D) retrospective

Question 6

The period of development from conception to birth is called the ________ period.

A) prenatal
B) postnatal
C) neonate
D) natal

Question 7

A research study finds that 40-year-olds are better able to solve math problems than 80-year-olds. It is suspected that the differences in problem-solving ability result from the fact that 80-year-olds had fewer opportunities to study math and did not have access to calculators or computers. If true, the study has revealed ________.

A) experimenter bias
B) a placebo effect
C) confirmation bias
D) cohort differences

Question 8

A developing child is most likely to be severely affected if the mother contracts rubella ________.

A) during the middle three months of the pregnancy
B) at any point during the pregnancy
C) during the first three months of the pregnancy
D) during the last three months of the pregnancy

Question 9

A researcher decides to study cognitive changes in children by simultaneously studying groups of 3-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 9-year-olds, and 12-year-olds. This researcher is conducting a ________ study.

A) cross-sectional
B) strain
C) biographical
D) longitudinal

Question 10

It has been reported that average scores on national exams, such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), have declined in recent years. Researchers interested in exploring this intensively interview students who have just taken the exam, those who will take it next year, and those who took it five years ago. This method is ________.

A) longitudinal
B) experimental
C) biographical
D) cross-sectional

Question 11

The reflex that causes a newborn to turn its head toward something touching its cheek and grope around with its mouth is the ________ reflex.

A) sucking
B) rooting
C) comfort contact
D) grasping

Question 12

A newborn baby is called a ________.

A) fetus
B) zygote
C) bionate
D) neonate

Question 13

A group of people born during the same period in historical time is a(n) ________.

A) cohort
B) peer group
C) developmental group
D) age group

Question 14

A condition characterized by facial deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments, is called ________ spectrum disorder.

A) Korsakoff's
B) Turner's
C) fetal alcohol
D) Klinefelter's

Question 15

From the third month after conception until birth, the developing organism is known as a(n) ________.

A) fetus
B) placenta
C) neonate
D) embryo

Question 16

Greta is a heavy drinker. While her newborn baby could be quite healthy, it could also have several health problems related to her drinking. If her baby has health problems, it is most likely to ________.

A) be blind
B) be born prematurely
C) be deaf
D) have cognitive impairments

Question 17

A problem with longitudinal studies is that they ________.

A) don't distinguish age differences from differences that arise from improved assessment or measurement tools
B) don't distinguish age differences from cohort differences
C) don't track long-term changes among individuals in the study
D) are less trustworthy than either biographical or longitudinal studies

Question 18

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older. This psychologist is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

A) personality
B) developmental
C) health
D) evolutionary

Question 19

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is, by definition, using the ________ method.

A) biographical study
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sectional
D) correlational

Question 20

The term used by psychologists to describe the characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation in the newborn child and young infant is ________.

A) maturity
B) development
C) cognitive capacity
D) temperament

Question 21

Studies of children's growth over their first 21 months have found that most children show no growth ________ percent of the time.

A) 30
B) 50
C) 90
D) 70

Question 22

Isabel is a rambunctious and unruly child who is moody and intense. She often throws temper tantrums, adapts poorly to change, and has powerful, negative reactions to new people and new situations. Thomas and Chess would say her temperament is ________.

A) easy
B) active
C) slow to warm up
D) difficult

Question 23

It takes about ________ for a baby's visual system to fully develop.

A) 3 to 4 years
B) 1 to 2 years
C) 1 to 2 months
D) 3 to 4 months

Question 24

Games like "Peek-a-Boo" and "Hide and Seek" are especially worthwhile activities for babies because they help them develop a sense of ________.

A) object permanence
B) visual discrimination
C) perceptual set
D) depth perception

Question 25

Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is ________.

A) relatively stable through the first 3 to 4 years of life but begins to vary dramatically once a child reaches school age
B) unstable during childhood but stabilizes during adolescence and remains stable throughout a person's adult life
C) unstable subject to wide variations over the course of a lifetime
D) relatively stable throughout childhood and into adulthood

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Newborns have no preference regarding smells.
B) Newborns prefer sweet flavors.
C) Newborns prefer salty flavors.
D) Newborns have no preference regarding tastes.

Question 27

The acquisition of skills involving movement, such as grasping, crawling, and walking is known as ________ development.

A) cognitive
B) motor
C) physical
D) coordinative

Question 28

During the first two years of life, the number of interconnections between neurons ________.

A) decreases slightly
B) increases slightly
C) decreases dramatically
D) increases dramatically

Question 29

The head completes virtually all of its growth by age ________.

A) 20
B) 5
C) 15
D) 10

Question 30

In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual develops the ability to form mental representations, is the ________ stage.

A) formal-operational
B) sensory-motor
C) concrete-operational
D) preoperational

Question 31

Egbert is an inactive, withdrawn child who reacts very cautiously and deliberately to the world around him. Thomas and Chess would say his temperament is ________.

A) difficult
B) laid back
C) easy
D) slow to warm up

Question 32

Human babies are born with their eyes ________.

A) open, but nonfunctional
B) not open and nonfunctioning
C) open and functioning
D) not open, but functional

Question 33

Anna is timid and inhibited. She is fearful of anything new or strange. Her nervous system tends to react to novel stimuli and situations in a hypersensitive manner. Kagan would say that this is a(n) ________ child.

A) difficult
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) shy
D) easy

Question 34

Marianne's baby is sitting up, crawling around, and beginning to stand with a little help. Her baby is most likely to be about ________ months of age.

A) 6
B) 9
C) 12
D) 7

Question 35

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ________ development.

A) language
B) perceptual
C) cognitive
D) motor

Question 36

Research evidence currently supports the notion that infants begin to develop depth perception at about ________ months of age.

A) four
B) eight
C) two
D) six

Question 37

On average, by the first birthday, the average baby's weight has ________.

A) quadrupled
B) increased by 50 percent
C) doubled
D) tripled

Question 38

How many of the 6 to 14 month old infants tested by Walk and Gibson refused to crawl over the deep side of the visual cliff to their mothers?

A) 25% of them
B) none of them
C) all of them
D) 75% of them

Question 39

Which of the following is the correct order for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

A) preoperational, formal-operational, sensory-motor, concrete-operational
B) preoperational, sensory-motor, concrete-operational, formal-operational
C) preoperational, concrete-operational, formal-operational, sensory-motor
D) sensory-motor, preoperational, concrete-operational, formal-operational

Question 40

Infants are particularly adept at differentiating ________ sounds.

A) musical
B) speech
C) potentially dangerous
D) animal

Question 41

Infants begin to babble at about ________ month(s) of age.

A) eight
B) four
C) one
D) two

Question 42

Jeff's parents are thrilled because he has just said his first word-"Dada." He is most likely about ________ months of age.

A) 18
B) 15
C) 12
D) 9

Question 43

A 3-year-old child says to her mommy, "I goed and watched the mouses at the pet store." This is an example of ________.

A) overregularization
B) holophrasing
C) abbreviated speech
D) telegraphic speech

Question 44

The emergence of fantasy play and the use of symbolic gestures are hallmarks of the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) concrete-operational
B) formal-operational
C) sensory-motor
D) preoperational

Question 45

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called ________.

A) telegraphic speech
B) holophrasing
C) cooing
D) babbling

Question 46

An internal mechanism for processing speech that is wired into all humans is a ________.

A) language acquisition device
B) holophrastic speech generator
C) universal translator
D) voice box

Question 47

Babies are able to recognize their own reflection in a mirror as themselves, as opposed to some other child, between the ages of ________ months.

A) 18 to 21
B) 12 to 15
C) 21 to 24
D) 15 to 18

Question 48

Conflicts over what is moral and what is legal are likely to first occur during the ________ level of moral thinking.

A) preconventional
B) precognitive
C) postconventional
D) conventional

Question 49

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some. Taking the glass of milk, she poured it all into a smaller cup and said, "There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child, if he had not been in the ________ stage.

A) concrete-operational
B) formal-operational
C) preconventional
D) preoperational

Question 50

The emotional bond formed during the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caretakers is called ________.

A) imprinting
B) socialization
C) attachment
D) intimacy

Question 51

John makes his bed every morning before going to school because, when he does, his mother gives him a dollar to spend at school. John is at which stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg?

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) moral realism
D) postconventional

Question 52

Research on moral development in boys and girls has found that boys tend to base their moral judgments on ________.

A) the abstract concept of "justice"
B) the idea of "getting away with it" without being punished
C) caring about other people
D) power and force

Question 53

The concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in its appearance is known as ________.

A) reactivity
B) synergy
C) conservation
D) object permanence

Question 54

Lawrence Kohlberg is noted for his theories of ________ development.

A) emotional
B) social
C) cognitive
D) moral

Question 55

Mental images or symbols (such as words) used to think about or remember an object, a person, or an event, are called ________.

A) archetypes
B) emblems
C) eidetic images
D) mental representations

Question 56

An infant looks at her bottle and utters a sound with a rising pitch, or inflection. Her mother realizes she is asking if she can have the bottle because of the ________ in the infant's voice.

A) relativity
B) intonation
C) babbling
D) cooing

Question 57

Morality based on concepts such as duty and social order, as well as putting oneself in the other person's shoes, develops at the ________ level of moral thinking.

A) conventional
B) postconventional
C) preconventional
D) precognitive

Question 58

According to Piaget, children begin to develop concepts and the ability to think in terms of abstractions in the ________ stage.

A) concrete-operational
B) preoperational
C) sensory-motor
D) formal-operational

Question 59

Chad is 3 years old. When he goes to the store with his mommy to buy his daddy a birthday present, he insists on buying his daddy a toy truck. This is an example of ________.

A) conservation
B) ethnocentrism
C) egocentrism
D) anthropomorphism

Question 60

Erik Erikson called the process in which infants learn that mother and other primary caregivers can be counted on to be there when needed ________.

A) basic trust
B) role diffusion
C) identity formation
D) autonomy

Question 61

Stanley Hall saw adolescence as a period characterized by ________.

A) a few "bumps in the road," but otherwise being relatively calm
B) a period of severe "storm and stress," fraught with passion and rebellion
C) casual relationships and an easy transition from childhood to adulthood
D) a period of intense, but controlled, personal growth and exploration

Question 62

Research shows that children who are placed in quality day care are ________.

A) more likely to develop behavior problems and problems with self-esteem only if they are placed in day care after the age of two
B) no more likely to develop behavior problems or problems with self-esteem
C) more likely to develop behavior problems and problems with self-esteem only if they are placed in day care in the first few months of life
D) more likely to develop behavior problems and problems with self-esteem

Question 63

The country with the highest teen birth rate in the industrialized world is ________.

A) the United States
B) the Netherlands
C) France
D) Sweden

Question 64

The most important development of adolescence is the ________.

A) changes in emotional awareness
B) development of the capacity to reproduce
C) acceptance of adult responsibilities
D) awakening of adult intelligence

Question 65

Hundreds of case histories collected by researchers indicate that the first stirrings of sexual interest begin in the ________.

A) second or third grade
B) eighth or ninth grade
C) sixth or seventh grade
D) fourth or fifth grade

Question 66

When a child begins to leave his mother voluntarily, he is expressing a desire for ________.

A) discipline
B) privacy
C) autonomy
D) attention

Question 67

When young adolescents are asked what they most dislike about themselves, ________ is mentioned more than anything else.

A) emotional immaturity
B) their social status
C) physical appearance
D) lack of confidence

Question 68

The American Academy of Pediatrics says that children under the age of two should ________.

A) watch no more than 15 hours of television per week
B) watch no more than 10 hours of television per week
C) watch fewer than 5 hours of television per week
D) not watch any television at all

Question 69

Morgan is 18 years old. She has set aside the problem of developing an identity while she continues to explore various alternatives and choices. She best fits the description of ________.

A) identity foreclosure
B) identity diffuser
C) identity achiever
D) identity moratorium

Question 70

Knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender is called ________.

A) gender awareness
B) gender identity
C) gender constancy
D) gender-role awareness

Question 71

The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to ________.

A) extroverted behavior
B) thinking in terms of concrete things
C) a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought
D) overconfidence and egocentrism

Question 72

Children who grow up in the same home with the same parents still have very different day-to-day human relationships in different school and after-school settings. These broader situational factors are called the ________.

A) social ecosystem
B) personal ecosystem
C) nonshared environment
D) shared environment

Question 73

A network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support to each other is known as a ________.

A) peer group
B) cohort
C) crowd
D) support system

Question 74

Tommy acts rough and noisy because he has learned to believe that as a male he is supposed to act that way. His behavior is an example of ________.

A) innate behavior patterns
B) sex-typed behavior
C) cross-typed behavior
D) gender identity confusion

Question 75

Judy is 9 years old and is in the fourth grade. Erikson believes her main task is to develop a sense of ________.

A) initiative
B) industry
C) trust
D) autonomy

Question 76

The period of intense self-examination and decision making that is part of the process of identity formation is called ________.

A) role convergence
B) self-actualization
C) identity diffusion
D) an identity crisis

Question 77

Amy is 5 years old and entering kindergarten. According to Erikson, her main task is to develop a sense of ________.

A) autonomy
B) generativity
C) trust
D) initiative

Question 78

In order to make the transition from dependence on parents to dependence upon one's self, the adolescent must develop a stable sense of ________.

A) acceptance
B) control
C) status
D) identity

Question 79

The process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family, friends, and culture is called ________.

A) attachment
B) autonomy
C) imprinting
D) socialization

Question 80

Among children, watching a lot of television is associated with ________.

A) neither sleep disturbances nor obesity
B) obesity, but not sleep disturbances
C) sleep disturbances, but not obesity
D) both sleep disturbances and obesity