Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

The theory stating that behaviors are motivated by the body's attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst to a state of balance is ________ theory.

A) needs
B) homeostatic
C) disequilibrium
D) drive-reduction

Answer 1

drive-reduction

Question 2

A specific need or desire that arouses an organism and directs its behavior toward a goal is known as a(n) ________.

A) incentive
B) stimulus
C) motive
D) behavior

Answer 2

motive

Question 3

________ important human behavior is ________.

A) All; learned
B) Most; inborn
C) Most; learned
D) All; inborn

Answer 3

Most; learned

Question 4

Hunger and thirst are examples of ________.

A) incentives
B) instincts
C) motives
D) drives

Question 5

The experience of feelings is known as a(n) ________.

A) stimulus
B) emotion
C) motive
D) cue

Question 6

Drives that are acquired through learning are called ________ drives.

A) reflexive
B) tertiary
C) primary
D) secondary

Question 7

The drive to become famous and accumulate great power is an example of a ________ drive.

A) secondary
B) reflexive
C) primary
D) tertiary

Question 8

Thirst, sex, and hunger are examples of ________ drives.

A) secondary
B) internalized
C) reduction
D) primary

Question 9

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, higher levels of arousal ________.

A) are best when performing complex tasks
B) are best for performing all tasks, whether simple or complex
C) always disrupt performance of a task
D) are best when performing simple tasks

Question 10

The fact that salmon swim upstream to spawn is an example of ________.

A) needs
B) incentives
C) motives
D) instinct

Question 11

The Yerkes-Dodson Law states ________.

A) organisms seek to reduce arousal and maintain homeostasis
B) that intrinsic motivation is more powerful than intrinsic motivation
C) there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance of any task
D) extrinsic motivation is more powerful than intrinsic motivation

Question 12

The theory of motivation that proposes that organisms seek an optimum level of stimulation is ________ theory.

A) drive reduction
B) arousal
C) instinct
D) the hierarchy of needs

Question 13

Hugh has such a strong need to bolster his fragile self-esteem that he engages in dangerously promiscuous behavior. Hugh's need to bolster his self-esteem is a(n) ________.

A) motive
B) action
C) incentive
D) cue

Question 14

Some psychologists believe that behavior is motivated by the body's attempts to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively, or arrives at a state of ________.

A) acquiescence
B) homeostasis
C) propinquity
D) reciprocity

Question 15

Both motives and emotions move us toward some ________.

A) incentive
B) stimulus
C) action
D) equilibrium

Question 16

Which of the following is not a primary drive?

A) thirst
B) sex
C) curiosity
D) hunger

Question 17

Which of the following is not a secondary drive?

A) a drive for high levels of achievement
B) a drive for sexual activity
C) a drive for great wealth
D) a drive to be successful in school

Question 18

The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) ________.

A) drive
B) emotion
C) impulse
D) instinct

Question 19

Primary drives are ________.

A) influenced by stimuli outside the body
B) learned
C) exceptions to the drive-reduction principle
D) found in all animals

Question 20

Inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species is called a(n) ________.

A) motive
B) incentive
C) drive
D) instinct

Question 21

A desire to perform a behavior that originates within the individual is known as ________ motivation.

A) secondary
B) intrinsic
C) primary
D) extrinsic

Question 22

Internally, thirst is monitored by ________ regulators that monitor the level of fluids inside and outside the cells.

A) five
B) four
C) three
D) two

Question 23

Extremely stimulating activities such as sky-diving, bungee jumping, and hang gliding are ________.

A) well explained by both arousal theory and drive-reduction theory
B) well explained by arousal theory but not drive-reduction theory
C) well explained by drive-reduction theory but not arousal theory
D) not well explained by either drive-reduction theory or arousal theory

Question 24

The student who completes a project in school hoping to get first prize in a competition is responding to ________ motivation.

A) secondary
B) extrinsic
C) primary
D) intrinsic

Question 25

The motive of self-actualization makes one want to ________.

A) have frequent contact with others
B) fulfill one's inborn potential
C) convince others of one's true worth
D) possess as many material goods as possible

Question 26

Located in the __________ are two regions that serve as "on and off" switches for eating behaviors.

A) temporal lobes
B) frontal lobes
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus

Question 27

The mere sight, smell, or thought of food can cause ________ in insulin production and ________ in glucose levels in the body's cells.

A) decreases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) increases; decreases
D) increases; increases

Question 28

A hormone produced in the stomach and small intestines that increases appetite is ________.

A) insulin
B) glycerol
C) ghrelin
D) leptin

Question 29

Fat cells in our body produce ________, which travels in the bloodstream, and high levels of it signal the brain to reduce appetite, or to increase the rate at which fat is burned.

A) leptin
B) ghrelin
C) glycerol
D) glucose

Question 30

Each of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa except ________.

A) intense fear of becoming obese, which does not diminish as weight loss progresses
B) refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimal normal weight for height and age
C) recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging of the foods just eaten
D) disturbance of body image, such as "feeling fat" even when emaciated

Question 31

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, lower levels of arousal ________.

A) are best when performing simple tasks
B) are best when performing complex tasks
C) are best for performing all tasks, whether simple or complex
D) always disrupt performance of a task

Question 32

Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. She is most likely suffering from ________.

A) bulimia nervosa
B) Karposi's anemia
C) anorexia nervosa
D) Huntington's chorea

Question 33

According to Maslow, lower motives spring from ________.

A) physiological needs that must be satisfied
B) needs for spiritual and intellectual development
C) social needs that must be satisfied
D) needs for self-actualization

Question 34

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that keeps glucose levels balanced is ________.

A) leptin
B) ghrelin
C) insulin
D) glycerol

Question 35

A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment is known as ________ motivation.

A) primary
B) extrinsic
C) intrinsic
D) secondary

Question 36

The way in which a person responds when hungry ________.

A) is consistent across cultures
B) varies directly with the age of the individual
C) is entirely dependent on internal drives
D) varies with each individual's social conditioning

Question 37

Each of the following is true of high sensation seekers when compared to low sensation seekers except they are more likely ________.

A) engage in unsafe driving.
B) to be classified as aggressive in school
C) to have more sexual partners and engage in more varied and dangerous sexual activities
D) to smoke, drink heavily, gamble, and use illicit drugs

Question 38

The person who climbs a mountain "because it is there" and is not interested in fame or fortune is responding to ________ motivation.

A) primary
B) extrinsic
C) intrinsic
D) secondary

Question 39

Unexpected rewards ________.

A) reduce intrinsic motivation, but not as much as contractual rewards
B) reduce intrinsic motivation as much as contractual rewards
C) reduce intrinsic motivation even more than contractual rewards
D) do not necessarily reduce intrinsic motivation

Question 40

According to Maslow's theory, higher motives emerge ________.

A) before any other needs emerge
B) unpredictably, depending on the situation
C) simultaneously with more basic needs
D) only after more basic ones have been satisfied

Question 41

The sexual drive is different from hunger and thirst in that the sexual drive ________.

A) can be turned on and off by environmental cues
B) leads to responses which are shaped by experience
C) is vital only to the survival of the species
D) is vital only to the survival of the individual

Question 42

Each of the following is true of eating disorders except ________.

A) there is evidence that genetics plays a role in the development of an eating disorder
B) they are relatively easy to treat, once diagnosed
C) they are much more common among females than males
D) media emphasis the notion that women must be thin to be attractive

Question 43

________ refers to weighing more than a desirable standard.

A) Morbidity
B) Obesity
C) Overweight
D) Bulimia

Question 44

Each of the following is true except ________.

A) overweight children are more likely to grow up to be overweight adults
B) overweight adults have increased risk of developing diseases like diabetes
C) obesity is increasing despite decreases in portion size in recent years
D) a sedentary lifestyle contributes to obesity

Question 45

Each of the following is a criterion used for diagnosing bulimia except ________.

A) body shape and weight excessively influence the person's self-image
B) refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height
C) recurrent inappropriate behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, to try and prevent weight gain
D) recurrent episodes of binge eating

Question 46

The correct chronological order of the phases of the sexual response cycle is ________.

A) resolution, excitement, plateau, orgasm
B) resolution, plateau, excitement, orgasm
C) excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
D) plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution

Question 47

The major difference in animal and human sex drives is that ________.

A) human sex drive is controlled by the male's reproductive system
B) human sex drive is controlled by hormones
C) humans are capable of sexual arousal at any time
D) human sex drive is controlled by the female's reproductive system

Question 48

George spends an inordinate amount of time working out at his health club. Despite the fact that he is already well-muscled, he constantly frets and worries that he is too "puny" and not "manly" enough. His behavior is typical of someone with ________.

A) Korsakoff's syndrome
B) muscle dysmorphia
C) bulimia nervosa
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 49

Sexual excitement seems to be influenced by the ________ and the _________.

A) parietal lobes; hypothalamus
B) thyroid gland; ghrelin cortex
C) upper spinal cord; sympathetic nervous system
D) limbic system; insula

Question 50

About ________ of Americans are either overweight or obese.

A) one-half
B) one-third
C) one-quarter
D) two-thirds

Question 51

Women with bulimia nervosa are often characterized by each of the following except ________.

A) lowered self-esteem and depression
B) engaging in self-injurious behaviors
C) problem drinking and drug use
D) hypersensitivity to social interactions

Question 52

According to the U.S. Surgeon General, ________ is the most pressing health problem in America today.

A) obesity
B) alcoholism
C) illegal drug use
D) cigarette smoking

Question 53

Chemicals that stimulate sexual readiness through the sense of smell are ________.

A) globulins
B) antigens
C) pheromones
D) androgens

Question 54

________ refers to an excess of body fat in relation to lean body mass.

A) Fat
B) Obesity
C) Overweight
D) Morbidity

Question 55

The primary male sex hormone is ________.

A) estrogen
B) testosterone
C) pheromone
D) progesterone

Question 56

Muscle dysmorphia is ________.

A) characterized by excessive cramping of the muscles when exercising
B) an obsessive concern with one's muscle size
C) characterized by excessively large but weak striated muscles
D) a steady and uncontrollable deterioration of muscle mass in young adulthood

Question 57

The researcher(s) known for discovering the sexual response cycle is (are) ________.

A) Hobson & McCarley
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Masters & Johnson
D) Alfred Kinsey

Question 58

Which of the following people is most likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa?

A) an upper-class black female
B) a middle-class black female
C) an upper-class white female
D) a lower-class white female

Question 59

About ________ percent of all adolescent females suffer from bulimia nervosa.

A) 1 to 2
B) 12 to 15
C) 8 to 10
D) 4 to 6

Question 60

In the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, the genitals become engorged with blood, causing erection of the penis in males, and erection of the clitoris and nipples in females.

A) plateau
B) resolution
C) orgasm
D) excitement

Question 61

________ refers to the direction of an individual's sexual interest.

A) Sexual orientation
B) Sexual proclivity
C) Sexual response
D) Gender identity

Question 62

Married couples report having sex ________ often and being ________ satisfied with their sex lives than unmarried persons.

A) less; more
B) less; less
C) more; more
D) more; less

Question 63

A monkey will huddle next to a cloth "mother" rather than a wire "mother" when scared, even when it was nursed from the wire "mother." This is an example of the ________ motive.

A) contact
B) manipulation
C) activity
D) exploration

Question 64

Homosexual behavior has been observed ________.

A) only in humans and other primates
B) only in humans
C) in humans, primates, mammals, and even in birds
D) only in humans and other mammals

Question 65

In the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, sexual tension levels off, breathing becomes more rapid and genital secretions and muscle tension increase.

A) resolution
B) orgasm
C) excitement
D) plateau

Question 66

Which of the following motives is the only one that is directed toward a specific object that must be touched, handled, and played with?

A) curiosity
B) contact
C) exploration
D) manipulation

Question 67

Greg cannot stand being cooped up in a house all day. He is happiest when he is outdoors exploring his environment. His need to actively explore his neighborhood is a ________.

A) secondary drive
B) primary drive
C) tertiary drive
D) stimulus motive

Question 68

The median number of sex partners for the average male over a lifetime is ________.

A) eight
B) two
C) six
D) four

Question 69

Harry Harlow's famous experiments with isolated newborn monkeys provide convincing evidence that primates possess a strong ________.

A) need to control their environment
B) need to manipulate objects
C) need for contact
D) activity drive

Question 70

Taking a Sunday stroll around a city park while playing with a set of keys in your hand could satisfy each of the following except the ________ motive.

A) exploration
B) manipulation
C) contact
D) curiosity

Question 71

Which of the following is not a stimulus motive?

A) power
B) curiosity
C) exploration
D) manipulation

Question 72

Each of the following is true of research findings on homosexuality except ________.

A) there is a higher incidence of homosexuality among men from families with other gay men or men who have a homosexual twin
B) children raised by gay or lesbian parents are more likely to become homosexual
C) homosexual men and women generally knew before puberty that they were "different"
D) studies have shown there are anatomical and physiological differences between the brains of homosexual and heterosexual men

Question 73

The average duration of intercourse reported by most people is approximately ________ minutes.

A) 15
B) 5
C) 45
D) 30

Question 74

In the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, the male ejaculates and the woman's uterus contracts rhythmically, and both men and women experience some loss of muscle control.

A) excitement
B) resolution
C) plateau
D) orgasm

Question 75

Among pygmy chimpanzees, about ________ percent of all observed sexual activity is between members of the same sex.

A) 90
B) 70
C) 30
D) 50

Question 76

The median number of sex partners for the average female over a lifetime is ________.

A) eight
B) four
C) six
D) two

Question 77

Which of the following situations best illustrates how a stimulus motive can direct behavior?

A) A rat will learn a maze in order to get food.
B) Children who see an object new to their environment will usually pick it up and try to see how it works.
C) People who are used to eating dinner at 6 P. M. feel hungrier as dinnertime approaches.
D) Monkeys kept in a zoo will form male-female pairs, copulate, and rear their young.

Question 78

In the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, muscle tension decreases and the engorged genitals return to normal.

A) resolution
B) excitement
C) orgasm
D) plateau

Question 79

Which of the following would be most likely to result from a manipulation motive?

A) tapping your fingers on a desktop during a lecture
B) fiddling with a pocket watch during a job interview
C) looking for a drugstore in order to buy a newspaper
D) repeatedly checking the time during a job interview

Question 80

The need for affection, cuddling, and closeness is associated with the ________ motive.

A) contact
B) exploration
C) activity
D) manipulation