Deck 11: Development

Question 1

A single human sperm cell and a single human egg cell contain _____ chromosomes.

A)23
B)24
C)46
D)48

Answer 1

23

Question 2

An expectant mother is listening to her baby's heart using an ultrasound,which means that the baby could NOT be in the _____ stage of prenatal development.

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)infantile
D)germinal

Answer 2

germinal

Question 3

The 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception is the _____ stage;the period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week is the _____ stage.

A)zygotal;fetal
B)germinal;embryonic
C)embryonic;fetal
D)fetal;embryonic

Answer 3

germinal;embryonic

Question 4

One major reason why humans are born with undeveloped brains is that:

A)this is the typical course of brain development for most animals.
B)it makes for an easier passage through the birth canal.
C)from an evolutionary perspective,it confers greater advantages after birth.
D)it allows greater biological resources to be devoted to heart and lung development.

Question 5

The word teratogen refers to the:

A)agent that can damage the process of development.
B)substance that forms a fatty sheath around axons of brain cells.
C)specific pattern of motor response triggered by a stimulus.
D)cephalocaudal rule of development.

Question 6

Suppose you are told that a number of women are pregnant.In the absence of any other information,if you had to guess the stage of prenatal development,you would be correct MOST often if you guessed the _____ stage.

A)germinal
B)zygotic
C)embryonic
D)fetal

Question 7

When does a zygote become an embryo?

A)when the heart starts beating
B)when myelination begins
C)when it attaches to the uterine wall
D)when it is fertilized by a sperm cell

Question 8

A male zygote results from a(n):

A)X chromosome from the father and a Y chromosome from the mother.
B)X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father.
C)X chromosome from each parent.
D)Y chromosome from each parent.

Question 9

What is the CORRECT order of the stages of prenatal development?

A)embryonic,germinal,fetal
B)germinal,embryonic,fetal
C)germinal,fetal,embryonic
D)embryonic,fetal,germinal

Question 10

The process of myelination in the brain:

A)is complete by the time a baby is born.
B)occurs at a relatively constant rate across all areas.
C)is completed in the cerebral cortex by approximately 1 year of age.
D)continues into adulthood for some parts of the brain.

Question 11

Developmental psychology is the study of:

A)the child,from birth to adolescence.
B)adulthood,from the 20s through old age.
C)prenatal growth,from conception until birth.
D)continuity and change across the life span.

Question 12

Children of mothers who received insufficient nutrition during pregnancy tend to have _____ problems.

A)physical but not psychological
B)psychological but not physical
C)both physical and psychological
D)neither physical nor psychological

Question 13

Each zygote contains _____ chromosomes.

A)23
B)24
C)46
D)48

Question 14

During the embryonic stage,which event occurs?

A)An insulating layer of fat develops below the skin.
B)The digestive and respiratory systems mature.
C)The embryo grows to a length of 15 cm
D)The heart begins to beat.

Question 15

About _____% of the growth of the brain occurs outside of the womb.

A)15
B)25
C)50
D)75

Question 16

The _____ is the single fertilized cell that contains chromosomes from both the sperm and the egg.

A)zygote
B)embryo
C)spermatozoid
D)nucleus

Question 17

One major reason why humans are born with undeveloped brains is that:

A)this is the typical course of brain development for most animals.
B)it allows the brain to adapt to a wide range of environments.
C)from an evolutionary perspective,it confers greater advantages after birth.
D)it allows greater biological resources to be devoted to heart and lung development.

Question 18

The process of myelination in the brain:

A)involves the pruning of unneeded neurons.
B)begins during the embryonic stage.
C)only occurs in female embryos.
D)is the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell.

Question 19

Which is the LONGEST stage of prenatal development?

A)zygotal
B)germinal
C)fetal
D)embryonic

Question 20

About what percentage of zygotes do NOT complete the journey down the fallopian tube?

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 21

Twelve-year-old Jon has been suspended from middle school several times and has exhibited behavioural problems beginning in kindergarten.A pediatrician learns that his parents were heavy users of drugs and alcohol before and for a year after Jon's birth.Examining the child's medical records,she learns that Jon had a normal birth weight but has exhibited cognitive deficits his entire life.The pediatrician would be most likely to conclude that Jon's behavioural problems are due to prenatal exposure to which drug?

A)tobacco
B)alcohol
C)heroin
D)methadone

Question 22

Which procedure is BEST for determining whether newborns have noticed a visual object?

A)determining how distance to the object affects the rate of habituation to that object
B)determining if habituation has occurred to the object
C)determining the speed of habituation to the object
D)determining if habituation is reversed if the object changes

Question 23

Maria and Carlos purchase a mobile for their newborn's crib to keep his attention.After a period of time,the infant may stop paying attention to the mobile.This is an example of which process?

A)object permanence
B)habituation
C)assimilation
D)schema development

Question 24

Two-year-old Peter has short eye openings,a flat midface,an indistinct ridge under his nose,and a thin upper lip.An alert pediatrician is likely to diagnose _____ syndrome.

A)Down
B)Prader-Willi
C)fetal alcohol
D)Turner

Question 25

Heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy can lead to which condition in her child?

A)low birth weight
B)enlarged heart
C)problems with academic achievement
D)deformed limbs

Question 26

A study by Streissguth and colleagues (1999)followed children with fetal alcohol syndrome for 25 years and found that,by the age of 14,about _____% of them had been suspended or expelled from school.

A)30
B)60
C)80
D)90

Question 27

Newborns:

A)can do little more than cry and squirm.
B)can see objects at a distance of 20 feet as clearly as an adult can.
C)are especially sensitive to social stimuli.
D)are unable to follow a moving stimulus with their eyes.

Question 28

In one study,researchers showed infants moving circles,moving circles with scrambled facial features,and moving circles with regular facial features.The researchers measured eye gazes at the objects and found that infants tracked the:

A)empty circles for the longest time.
B)scrambled faces for the longest time.
C)regular faces for the longest time.
D)scrambled and regular faces for an equivalent amount of time.

Question 29

An infant in a visual perception experiment is shown a computerized screen 22 cms from her face that repeats the same visual pattern of wavy line stimuli.How might the infant MOST likely respond?

A)She will not notice the visual stimulus because it is too far away.
B)Over time,she will look at it more and more.
C)Over time,she will look at it less and less.
D)Her pattern of looking at the display over time will resemble a wave-like function.

Question 30

Motor reflexes are specific patterns of motor responses that are:

A)the result of classical conditioning.
B)triggered by physiological processes.
C)triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation.
D)acquired early in life.

Question 31

Which statement given to expectant parents is FALSE?

A)The fetus is more vulnerable to teratogens than is the embryo.
B)There is no medical consensus as to a "safe" amount of alcohol consumption for pregnant women.
C)Prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke can result in deficits in learning and attention.
D)Pregnant women should avoid eating fish containing large amounts of mercury.

Question 32

_____ are specific patterns of motor responses triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation.

A)Motor reflexes
B)Physiological responses
C)Conditioned reflexes
D)Conditioned responses

Question 33

Infants are able to mimic the facial expressions of adults:

A)in the first hour of life.
B)after the first week of life.
C)after the age of 1 month.
D)when they are about 3 months old.

Question 34

Sunil,who had a very low birth weight,shows problems with attention,perception,and learning deficits in school.Sunil was probably exposed to which teratogen?

A)alcohol
B)tobacco smoke
C)thalidomide
D)mercury

Question 35

To which stimuli are newborns are MOST attentive?

A)faces
B)perpendicular lines
C)colours
D)spinning wheels

Question 36

Babies whose mothers smoke tobacco during pregnancy are more NOT likely to have:

A)lower birth weights.
B)perceptual problems.
C)attention deficits.
D)distinctive facial features.

Question 37

_____ development refers to the emergence of the ability to execute physical actions.

A)Physical
B)Muscular
C)Physiological
D)Motor

Question 38

The tendency for an organism to respond less intensely to a stimulus the more it is presented is termed:

A)object permanence.
B)conditioning.
C)assimilation.
D)habituation.

Question 39

Which choice is NOT a motor response?

A)reaching
B)attending
C)grasping
D)crawling

Question 40

Which statement is TRUE of visual perception in newborns?

A)They are farsighted,seeing objects that are farther away in more detail than they do objects closer to them.
B)Their visual perception approximates that of an adult human.
C)They see colours more vividly than does an adult human.
D)They only see details in objects that are about 20 to 30 cms away.

Question 41

Infants learn to control their heads before they learn to control their arms,illustrating the _____ rule.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)dorsal striatal
D)ventral medial

Question 42

Isabel,a newborn,turns her head towards a stimulus that strokes her cheek.Isabel is showing the _____ reflex.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)sucking
D)rooting

Question 43

At birth,an infant is NOT able to:

A)show the rooting reflex.
B)suck.
C)reach for a bottle.
D)mimic facial expressions.

Question 44

_____ is widely considered to be the father of modern developmental psychology.

A)Harry Harlow
B)Wilhelm Wundt
C)Jean Piaget
D)Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 45

Jake has learned to walk well by himself.He MOST likely learned this skill at _____ months old.

A)9
B)12
C)15
D)18

Question 46

The timing of motor development in infants is NOT influenced by the infants':

A)incentive for reaching.
B)body weight.
C)rooting strength.
D)general level of activity.

Question 47

Susanna can expect that her normal newborn daughter will be able to:

A)hold her head up for brief periods.
B)reach for a toy.
C)sleep through the night.
D)suck.

Question 48

Baby Denisha learned to call her family's dog a "woof woof." Her parents were surprised when she pointed to a cow and said,"Woof woof!" Jean Piaget would say that Denisha was making use of the process of:

A)habituation.
B)object permanence.
C)assimilation.
D)accommodation.

Question 49

Infants learn to control their shoulders before they learn to control their elbows,illustrating the _____ rule.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)dorsal striatal
D)ventral medial

Question 50

Jacquie's big brother taught her how to catch a beach ball by positioning her hands a specified distance apart with hands open.After she learned to catch the large beach ball,she learned to adjust her hands to catch a smaller ball.This additional learning is an example of:

A)habituation.
B)object permanence.
C)accommodation.
D)assimilation.

Question 51

Infants learn to control their elbows and knees before their hands and feet,which illustrates the _____ rule.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)handedness
D)sensorimotor

Question 52

Motor skills in infancy emerge:

A)in an orderly sequence,but the timing varies for different infants.
B)at the same time for all babies,but their sequence varies for different infants.
C)in different sequences and at different times.
D)in an orderly sequence and at the same time.

Question 53

In Piaget's view,_____ are theories about or models of the way the world works.

A)operations
B)schemas
C)hypotheses
D)Gestalts

Question 54

What is the CORRECT order of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)preoperational,sensorimotor,concrete operational,formal operational
B)sensorimotor,concrete operational,preoperational,formal operational
C)sensorimotor,preoperational,formal operational,concrete operational
D)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational

Question 55

Isabel,who just had her first birthday,sees a butterfly and exclaims,"Bird!" "No,that's a butterfly," says her grandmother.The next time Isabel sees a butterfly,she says,"Butterfly!" According to Piaget,Isabel has just shown:

A)habituation.
B)concrete operations.
C)assimilation.
D)accommodation.

Question 56

Seven-month-old José is given a kind of cracker that he has never eaten before.He promptly puts it into his mouth and eats it.According to Piaget,he is demonstrating:

A)object permanence.
B)accommodation.
C)assimilation.
D)concrete operations.

Question 57

Which ability is NOT one of the three essential tasks of cognitive development?

A)understanding how the physical world works
B)understanding the physiological processes underlying cognition
C)understanding how the mind represents the physical world
D)understanding how other minds represent the physical world

Question 58

When infants apply their schemas in novel situations,they are engaging in:

A)assimilation.
B)accommodation.
C)object permanence.
D)habituation.

Question 59

Yasmin is able to sit without support.She is probably at least _____ month(s)old.

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)6

Question 60

Infants learn to control their arms before they learn to control their legs,illustrating the _____ rule.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)dorsal striatal
D)ventral medial

Question 61

The possibility that infants as young as 4 months of age have some knowledge of object permanence has been shown by studies in which:

A)infants view "possible" and "impossible" events.
B)children place eggs in cups.
C)water is poured from wide beakers into tall cylinders.
D)clay is flattened and then rolled into a ball.

Question 62

Piaget believed that object permanence:

A)is present at birth.
B)develops in the first 2 months of life.
C)develops in the sensorimotor stage.
D)develops in the preoperational stage.

Question 63

Jack is an infant who loves to play peek-a-boo with his father.He seems amazed that his father "reappears" after hiding his face behind his hands.Jack probably enjoys peek-a-boo because he does NOT yet understand:

A)object permanence.
B)schemas.
C)animism.
D)conservation.

Question 64

Anthony is able to think about "what might be," not only about "what is." According to Piaget,Anthony is in which stage of cognitive development?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 65

The rooting and sucking reflexes:

A)grow stronger over the first several months of life.
B)do not change in intensity over the first several months of life.
C)grow weaker over the first several months of life.
D)are replaced by the swallowing reflex.

Question 66

The idea that quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance is what Jean Piaget termed:

A)conservation.
B)object permanence.
C)assimilation.
D)accommodation.

Question 67

According to Piaget,egocentrism in a child means that the child:

A)is selfish.
B)is in the sensorimotor stage.
C)fails to understand that the world appears differently to different observers.
D)realizes that others may not share the child's point of view.

Question 68

According to Piaget,the concrete operational stage of cognitive development begins at _____ years and ends at about age _____ years.

A)2;7
B)4;9
C)6;11
D)9;14

Question 69

According to Piaget,the sensorimotor stage begins at _____ and ends at about age _____.

A)birth;4 months
B)birth;2 years
C)2 years;4 years
D)2 years;6 years

Question 70

Researchers of cognitive development now suggest that:

A)infants cannot develop the schema of object permanence.
B)infants develop the schema of object permanence much later than Piaget realized.
C)infants may have a sense of object permanence much earlier than Piaget realized.
D)Piaget's theories about the development of object permanence were surprisingly accurate.

Question 71

Five-year-old Latoya watches her father place a ball in each of six bowls.She agrees that there are just as many balls as there are bowls.Her father then removes the balls and spreads them out in a row that extends beyond the row of bowls.Latoya says there are now more balls than there are bowls.According to Piaget,Latoya lacks the concept of:

A)conservation.
B)egocentrism.
C)object permanence.
D)false beliefs.

Question 72

Which statement is NOT a reason why,according to Piaget,young children cannot grasp the notion of conservation? Young children:

A)fail to distinguish between the objective and the subjective.
B)believe that the world is as it seems.
C)distinguish between appearances and realities.
D)do not understand the difference between the world and their mental representation of it.

Question 73

Three-month-old Shantel has not yet acquired object permanence and,as a result,she will:

A)search only briefly for a toy that has been covered with a blanket.
B)not search for a toy that has been covered with a blanket.
C)construct a schema about where the toy is hidden.
D)cry when her toy is hidden under a blanket.

Question 74

Elsa and Ariela were discussing what might happen to gender relations if Canada were to elect a woman as prime minister.It is likely they are in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)formal operational
B)concrete operational
C)preoperational
D)abstract operational

Question 75

How do researchers know that infants can tell the difference between a physically impossible and physically possible event?

A)Infants will stare longer at the possible event than they do at the impossible event.
B)Infants will stare longer at the impossible event than they do at the possible event.
C)Infants will demonstrate object permanence to the possible event but not to the impossible event.
D)Infants will demonstrate object permanence to the impossible event but not to the possible event.

Question 76

As children watched,Dr.Vallance poured the same amount of juice into two identical glasses.Then she poured the juice from one of those glasses into a taller,narrower glass.When asked which glass now has more juice,children in the concrete operational stage say that:

A)the tall glass has more.
B)both glasses have the same amount.
C)they don't know.
D)the tall glass has less.

Question 77

According to Piaget,the preoperational stage of cognitive development begins at _____ and ends at about age _____.

A)birth;2 years
B)2 years;6 years
C)6 years;11 years
D)11 years;18 years

Question 78

Formal operational thinking is distinguished from concrete operations by the ability to:

A)understand the principle of conservation.
B)reason about abstract concepts.
C)show egocentrism.
D)understand object permanence.

Question 79

Jean Piaget called the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible:

A)conservation.
B)object permanence.
C)inattentional blindness.
D)objective blindsight.

Question 80

According to Piaget,the formal operational stage of cognitive development begins around age _____ years.

A)11
B)13
C)15
D)17