Deck 17: Integrative Questions

Question 1

A(n)_____ psychologist might BEST explain why sensory adaptation is a useful process.

A)humanistic
B)cognitive
C)behavioural
D)evolutionary

Answer 1

behavioural

Question 2

_____ studied memory of nonsense syllables instead of real words to maximize _____ validity,and Bartlett criticized this methodology on the grounds of _____ validity.

A)Wertheimer;internal;external
B)Wertheimer;external;internal
C)Ebbinghaus;internal;external
D)Ebbinghaus;external;internal

Answer 2

Ebbinghaus;internal;external

Question 3

Using introspection to measure the basic elements of _____ was a goal of the _____ school of psychology.

A)the unconscious;psychodynamic
B)perception;structuralist
C)sensation;functionalist
D)behaviour;stimulus-response

Answer 3

perception;structuralist

Question 4

_____ argued that people react to the world as they see it and not as how it is._____ identified this mind bug as a culprit for why it is so difficult to think critically about evidence.

A)Sir Francis Bacon;Thomas Hobbes
B)Kurt Lewin;Thomas Hobbes
C)Thomas Hobbes;Kurt Lewin
D)Kurt Lewin;Sir Francis Bacon

Question 5

Using _____ to measure the basic elements of conscious _____ was a goal of the structuralist school of psychology.

A)free association;sensation
B)free association;perception
C)introspection;sensation
D)introspection;perception

Question 6

In his description of consciousness as a flowing stream,_____,the founder of functionalism,emphasized the _____ of consciousness.

A)Wilhelm Wundt;unity
B)Wilhelm Wundt;selectivity
C)William James;intentionality
D)William James;transience

Question 7

Critics argue that _____ research model of rats pressing levers for food reward,while generating research high in _____ validity,is limited in its _____ validity.

A)Skinner's;internal;external
B)Skinner's;external;internal
C)Watson's internal;external
D)Watson's external;internal

Question 8

William James,the founder of _____,emphasized the _____ of consciousness when he described it as a flowing stream.

A)structuralism;unity
B)behaviourism;selectivity
C)psychoanalysis;intentionality
D)functionalism;transience

Question 9

A dualist would be MOST concerned with which problem of consciousness?

A)the problem of other minds
B)the zombie problem
C)the mind-body problem
D)the levels of consciousness problem

Question 10

The implications of _____ research on conscious will is consistent with the philosophical views espoused by the philosopher _____.

A)Skinner's;Descartes
B)Libet's;Descartes
C)Libet's;Spinoza
D)Skinner's;Spinoza

Question 11

Which school of psychology would be MOST likely to conduct research in the area of signal detection?

A)functionalism
B)behaviourism
C)cognitive psychology
D)social psychology

Question 12

Sir Frederic Bartlett's observation that people often remember what should have happened or what ought to have happened instead of what actually happened is consistent with the writings of which philosopher of science?

A)Thomas Hobbes
B)John Locke
C)René Descartes
D)Sir Francis Bacon

Question 13

By modern scientific standards,which philosopher would have the LEAST difficulty resolving the mind-body problem?

A)Plato
B)Hobbes
C)Socrates
D)Descartes

Question 14

The introspective technique developed by _____ requires one to be _____ conscious.

A)Wundt;fully
B)Titchener;minimally
C)Freud;self-
D)Lewin;fully

Question 15

Sir Frederic Bartlett's observation that people often remember what should have happened or what ought to have happened instead of what actually happened is an illustration of the memory sin of:

A)transience.
B)memory misattribution.
C)bias.
D)suggestibility.

Question 16

Although far removed from his area of research,the implications of _____ research on conscious will is consistent with the philosophical views espoused by _____ in his book Beyond Freedom and Dignity.

A)Hermann von Helmholtz's;Sigmund Freud
B)Hermann von Helmholtz's;B.F.Skinner
C)Benjamin Libet's;Sigmund Freud
D)Benjamin Libet's;B.F.Skinner

Question 17

Precise operational definitions of unobservable psychological constructs would have the LEAST relevance in the research programs of:

A)cognitive psychologists.
B)social psychologists.
C)behaviourists.
D)cognitive neuroscientists.

Question 18

_____ tried using introspection to measure _____ experiences.

A)Wundt;perceptual
B)Titchener;unconscious
C)James;sensory
D)Helmholtz;conscious

Question 19

Ebbinghaus studied memory of nonsense syllables instead of real words to _____,and Bartlett criticized this methodology on the grounds of _____ validity.

A)minimize the effects of prior learning;external
B)minimize the effects of prior learning;internal
C)maximize the generality of the results;external
D)maximize the generality of the results;internal

Question 20

_____ tried using introspection to measure _____ experiences.

A)Wundt;unconscious
B)Titchener;perceptual
C)James;sensory
D)Helmholtz;conscious

Question 21

The existential view of the role of free will on the development of self and personality is MOST inconsistent with the views held by which philosopher?

A)Decartes
B)Rand
C)Spinoza
D)Aristotle

Question 22

An evolutionary psychologist would focus on which reason as being the primary one for why men are more promiscuous than are women?

A)Men are more reinforced by passing on their genes than are women.
B)The biological costs of reproduction are lower for men than they are for women.
C)Men are more approach motivated and women are more avoidance motivated by sex.
D)The reputational costs of promiscuity are more punishing for women than they are for men.

Question 23

Chomsky's postulation of a language acquisition device is most consistent with the _____ position of _____.

A)nativism;Plato
B)nativism;Aristotle
C)philosophical empiricism;Plato
D)philosophical empiricism;Aristotle

Question 24

A(n)_____ psychologist would find the example of _____ MOST difficult to explain.

A)humanistic;a father who sacrifices his life for his children
B)behavioural;an executive who sacrifices time with her family in exchange for career advancement
C)social;a student who helps her roommate with calculus in exchange for help with Spanish
D)evolutionary;a bystander who sacrifices his life for a complete stranger

Question 25

Which type of psychologist would MOST likely assess the universality hypothesis of emotion?

A)cognitive
B)personality
C)cultural
D)clinical

Question 26

Which type of theorists would be LEAST likely to make dispositional attributions?

A)behaviourists
B)trait theorists
C)psychodynamic theorists
D)nonscientists

Question 27

Which type of theorists would be MOST likely to make situational attributions of others' behaviour?

A)behaviourists
B)trait theorists
C)existentialists
D)nonscientists

Question 28

A(n)_____ psychologist would BEST explain why humans are born with _____ brains.

A)clinical;underdeveloped
B)evolutionary;underdeveloped
C)cognitive;myelinated
D)existential;myelinated

Question 29

The results of research on facial expressions mostly support a(n)_____ position on emotional expressions.

A)cognitive
B)absolutist
C)relativistic
D)epigenetic

Question 30

The moral intuitionist approach to understanding morality is BEST understood within which domain of psychology?

A)psychodynamic
B)social
C)cognitive
D)humanistic

Question 31

_____ perspectives on morality are MOST consistent with _____ in that they emphasize the role of nature on the development of morality.

A)Piaget's;philosophical empiricism
B)Kohlberg's;philosophical empiricism
C)Cultural relativistic;nativism
D)Intuitionist;nativism

Question 32

B.F.Skinner's recommendations for social change MOST appeal to which motive?

A)accuracy
B)hedonic
C)approval
D)intrinsic

Question 33

B.F.Skinner studied rats' behaviour that was _____ motivated.

A)intrinsically
B)extrinsically
C)implicitly
D)explicitly

Question 34

In an emphatic and nondirectional way,a person-centreed therapist allows her client to seek experiences that are neither boring nor too demanding.Person-centreed therapy stems from the humanistic psychology of _____,and these enriching experiences are the result of _____.

A)Carl Rogers;psychological flow
B)Carl Rogers;self-actualization
C)Aaron Beck;cognitive restructuring
D)Aaron Beck;mindfulness meditation

Question 35

John Watson criticized _____ for _____.

A)Margaret Floy Washburn;anthropomorphizing
B)Wilhelm Wundt;anthropomorphizing
C)E)O.Wilson;denying the role of genes on behaviour
D)William James;denying the role of genes on behaviour

Question 36

_____ perspectives on morality are MOST consistent with _____ in that they emphasize the role of learning experiences on the development of morality.

A)Piaget's;philosophical empiricism
B)Kohlberg's;nativism
C)Cultural relativistic;nativism
D)Intuitionist;philosophical empiricism

Question 37

_____ believed that behaviour in a specific environment is determined by a history of reinforcement in that environment.As such,his view on the person-situation controversy would be similar to that of _____.

A)Pavlov;Allport
B)Pavlov;Mischel
C)Skinner;Allport
D)Skinner;Mischel

Question 38

A behaviourist's views on the person-situation controversy would be MOST similar to the views of:

A)Eysenck.
B)Mischel.
C)Allport.
D)Freud.

Question 39

_____ postulation of a language acquisition device is MOST consistent with the position of _____.

A)Chomsky's;Plato
B)Skinner's;Plato
C)Chomsky's;Aristotle
D)Skinner's;Aristotle

Question 40

When conceptualizing intelligence,behaviourists would MOST likely focus on:

A)crystallized intelligence.
B)general intelligence.
C)middle-level abilities.
D)specific abilities.

Question 41

A therapist providing treatment for a woman who is clinically depressed develops an incentive program to help her engage more in social activities.For every approved activity that she completes,she wins points that later can be exchanged for items she finds desirable.The therapist is using a version of _____,and this treatment is consistent with the theoretical orientation of _____.

A)interpersonal therapy;Carl Rogers
B)person-centreed therapy;Carl Rogers
C)systematic desensitization;B.F.Skinner
D)a token economy;B.F.Skinner

Question 42

One cannot infer cause and effect from the natural correlation between viewing violence and aggression due to the _____ problem;however,this topic was studied experimentally by _____ with children who observed aggressive adult models.

A)third-variable;Watson
B)third-variable;Bandura
C)directionality of causality;Kohler
D)directionality of causality;Piaget

Question 43

In an emphatic and nondirectional way,Dr.Swanson tries to understand her clients' experiences and reflect it back to them in a compassionate way.She feels that this approach facilitates her clients' natural tendency toward growth.Dr.Swanson is a(n)_____ therapist,which was influenced by the work of _____.

A)interpersonal;Sigmund Freud
B)interpersonal;Carl Rogers
C)person-centreed;Sigmund Freud
D)person-centreed;Carl Rogers

Question 44

In the general population,the frequency distribution of intelligence scores is _____ but slightly more _____ for males than it is for females.

A)normal;positively skewed
B)normal;variable
C)positively skewed;normal
D)negatively skewed;variable

Question 45

Research has indicated that there is a _____ between intelligence and tobacco use.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 46

Which use of the deviation IQ to measure intelligence differences is invalid?

A)as a screen for scholastic aptitude in high school seniors
B)as a screen for cognitive functioning at an assisted-living facility for senior citizens
C)to study intelligence differences between the preoperational and formal operational stage
D)to study intelligence differences between young adults who abuse drugs and those who do not

Question 47

Which use of the deviation IQ to measure intelligence differences is invalid?

A)to screen for scholastic aptitude for university students applying to medical school
B)to assess general cognitive functioning for young adults in the military
C)to study intelligence differences between 30-year-olds who are either self-made millionaires or bankruptcy filers
D)to study intelligence differences between young adults and senior citizens

Question 48

Dylan is interested in finding out how sensitive his roommate is to sound.While he is watching TV,Dylan gradually turns up the volume on his stereo.Over the course of several days,Dylan does this a number of times and each time records the volume at which his roommate complains.This experiment may be considered a study of _____,and the independent variable is the volume _____.

A)psychometrics;at which the roommate complains
B)psychometrics;on the stereo
C)psychophysics;at which the roommate complains
D)psychophysics;on the stereo

Question 49

The results of research on facial attractiveness MOSTLY support a(n)_____ position on attractiveness.

A)cognitive
B)absolutist
C)relativistic
D)epigenetic

Question 50

Ratio IQ is NOT a _____ method of measuring _____ intelligence.

A)reliable;childhood
B)valid;childhood
C)reliable;adult
D)valid;adult

Question 51

More intelligent people tend to live longer.People who attempt to explain this relationship by highlighting the link between intelligence and education,education and job status,job status and income,and income and health are:

A)committing the conjunction fallacy.
B)mistakenly inferring cause and effect from correlational research.
C)identifying potential third variables underlying the relationship between intelligence and life expectancy.
D)questioning the external validity of the relationship.

Question 52

_____ argued that people react to the world as they see it and not as how it is.This idea is central to the _____.

A)Kurt Lewin;person-situation controversy
B)Kurt Lewin;helplessness theory of depression
C)E)O.Wilson;person-situation controversy
D)E)O.Wilson;helplessness theory of depression

Question 53

A researcher manipulated the intensity of light in increments of five lumens and asked participants if the light was present or absent.The study found that two particular participants had the same _____ threshold for perceiving the light.Had the investigators manipulated the light in units of one lumen,a difference would have been found between the individuals.The study was lacking the _____ to detect this difference.

A)absolute;significance
B)difference;validity
C)absolute;power
D)difference;reliability

Question 54

Binet and Simon believed that tests that measured _____ were NOT _____ measures of intelligence.

A)achievement;valid
B)achievement;reliable
C)aptitude;valid
D)aptitude;reliable

Question 55

Measuring how vigorously infants suck a nipple in the presence of different voices to determine if infants recognize the voice of their mother utilizes a(n):

A)systematic desensitization test.
B)Strange Situation test.
C)operational definition.
D)correlational design.

Question 56

Research has indicated that there is a _____ between intelligence and income.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 57

Dylan is interested in finding out how sensitive his roommate is to sound.While he is watching TV,Dylan gradually turns up the volume on his stereo.Over the course of several days,Dylan does this a number of times and each time records the volume at which his roommate complains.This experiment may be considered a study of _____,and the dependent variable is the volume _____.

A)psychometrics;at which the roommate complains
B)psychometrics;on the stereo
C)psychophysics;at which the roommate complains
D)psychophysics;on the stereo

Question 58

Scientists use _____ when they generate hypotheses.

A)theoretical reasoning
B)practical reasoning
C)means-ends analyses
D)analogical problem solving

Question 59

_____ argued that people react to the world as they see it and not as how it is.Correcting these irrational beliefs is a defining feature of a therapy termed _____.

A)Kurt Lewin;cognitive restructuring
B)Kurt Lewin;mindfulness meditation
C)Karl Lashley;cognitive restructuring
D)Karl Lashley;mindfulness meditation

Question 60

A tenet of cognitive behaviour therapy with which B.F.Skinner would NOT agree is that it:

A)is problem focused.
B)is action orientated.
C)focuses in part on modifying irrational thought.
D)sometimes uses artificial incentive systems to modify behaviour.

Question 61

In the literature on stereotyping,_____ is defined as the tendency for people to see what they expect to see.Within the philosophy of science,this threat was first expressed by _____.

A)self-fulfilling prophecy;Sir Francis Bacon
B)perceptual confirmation;Sir Francis Bacon
C)self-fulfilling prophecy;René Descartes
D)perceptual confirmation;René Descartes

Question 62

Which statement MOST accurately describes the relationship between aerobic exercise and stress?

A)There is a positive correlation,but not a causal relationship,between aerobic exercise and stress.
B)There is a negative correlation,but not a causal relationship,between aerobic exercise and stress.
C)Exercise is one factor that causes reductions in stress.
D)It is not known if exercise is related to stress reduction due to the third-variable problem.

Question 63

The criticism that _____ stages of moral development do not describe adequately the moral development on non-Westerners is a criticism of the _____ associated with the research.

A)Piaget's;reliability
B)Kohlberg's;internal validity
C)Kohlberg's;external validity
D)Piaget's;power

Question 64

Aria wonders if people are as conformist today as when _____ conducted his famous study on conformity.Aria is concerned about the _____ validity of this particular study.

A)Milgram;external
B)Milgram;internal
C)Asch;external
D)Asch;internal

Question 65

In one study,participants randomly assigned to a group that received testosterone were less sensitive to facial threat cues than were a control group who did not receive testosterone.This research suggests a _____ between testosterone and sensitivity to threat cues.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 66

Attachment styles determined by the Strange Situation test in the laboratory _____ correspond to those observed in natural environments,indicating that the Strange Situation test is _____ in _____ validity.

A)usually;high;internal
B)usually;high;external
C)often do not;low;internal
D)often do not;low;external

Question 67

Research on the Type A behaviour pattern has revealed a _____ between work-related stress and coronary heart disease.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)surprising nonassociation

Question 68

By today's standards,Milgram's study on obedience is considered unethical because:

A)participants were exposed to shocks that were painful and possibly harmful.
B)participants were told that they must continue with the experiment.
C)the experimenter was not medically qualified to make cost-benefit decisions about the use of shock.
D)it is never permissible to deceive participants.

Question 69

By today's standards,Milgram's study on obedience is considered unethical because:

A)participants were exposed to shocks that were painful and possibly harmful.
B)participants were physically forced to continue with the experiment.
C)deception resulted in an increased risk of psychological stress.
D)it is never permissible to deceive participants.

Question 70

Research manipulating the number of bystanders across groups of randomly assigned participants has found that there is a _____ between the number of bystanders and the probability of any one participant helping.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 71

There exists a _____ between social status and immune functioning;a likely variable responsible for this finding is _____.

A)positive correlation;stress
B)negative correlation;exercise
C)nonassociation;genetics
D)causal relationship;lifestyle choices

Question 72

Not all forms of negative affect lead to aggression.There actually exists a _____ between disgust and aggression.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 73

Theories based on social learning theory posit that most boys might adopt traditional male gender roles because they receive social reinforcers for imitating male role models.By contrast,Freud's psychosexual theory states that boys resolve their unconscious castration anxiety,known as the _____,by adopting traditional male gender roles.In evaluating these theories,the social learning theory is preferred because it is _____.

A)genital stage;falsifiable
B)phallic stage;more general
C)Oedipus complex;more parsimonious
D)psychosexual complex;testable

Question 74

Most psychologists prefer the Big Five personality model to Eysenck's theory of personality.As it pertains to the role of parsimony in evaluating these theories,the general acceptance of the Big Five model over Eysenck's theory of personality demonstrates the general rule that:

A)the simpler theory is usually preferred.
B)parsimony becomes less important as science advances.
C)it is easier to discredit a more complicated theory.
D)a theory should only become more complex when it needs to be.

Question 75

Research has indicated that there is a _____ between the size of a mob and the level of atrocity inflicted on victims.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 76

Many psychologists prefer Eysenck's theory of personality to Cattell's because:

A)Cattell's theory relies on subjective reports from participants.
B)Cattell's theory is not testable.
C)Eysenck's theory accounts for more complex phenomena.
D)Eysenck's theory is more parsimonious.

Question 77

Research has indicated that there is a _____ between temperature and instances of aggression during professional baseball games.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 78

Corey wonders if people are as obedient to authority figures today as when _____ conducted his famous study on obedience.Corey is concerned about the _____ validity of this particular study.

A)Milgram;external
B)Milgram;internal
C)Asch;external
D)Asch;internal

Question 79

Naturalistic observation of helping behaviour in public places reveal a _____ between the size of a group and the willingness of any one individual to help someone in need.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 80

There exists a _____ between household income and life expectancy in Canada.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)nonassociation
D)causal relationship