Deck 8: Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,an emotional experience is the _____ of physiological activity in the autonomic nervous system.

A)cause
B)trigger
C)opponent-process
D)consequence

Answer 1

consequence

Question 2

Erich is interviewing for a job.He is required to undergo psychological testing.During the testing,the psychologist noted many of his responses indicated that he was bored and perhaps depressed.On an emotion map,these emotions have _____ arousal and _____ valence.

A)low;negative
B)high;negative
C)low;positive
D)high;positive

Answer 2

low;negative

Question 3

The _____ theory of emotion suggests that you become happy as a result of smiling and laughing.

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)Schachter-Singer
D)Skinner-Watson

Answer 3

James-Lange

Question 4

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,if you stumbled onto a snake on a hike in the mountains,you would first _____ and then _____.

A)experience fear;cognitively process the sighting
B)cognitively process the sighting;experience fear
C)experience fear;react physiologically
D)react physiologically;experience fear

Question 5

Certain drugs suppress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system,the branch of the autonomic nervous system associated with increases in heart rate,respiration,and adrenaline release.If a drug could block this system altogether,William James would predict that:

A)emotions could not be experienced.
B)negative-valence emotions could not be experienced.
C)high-arousal emotions could not be experienced.
D)the physiological changes accompanying the experienced emotion might be missing.

Question 6

_____ is defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular level of physiological activity.

A)Emotion
B)Drive
C)Motivation
D)Valence

Question 7

Which theory of emotion states that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain?

A)Klüver-Bucy
B)James-Lange
C)Cannon-Bard
D)two-factor

Question 8

The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that you will not experience _____ without first experiencing _____.

A)physiological activity;emotion
B)interpretation of an event;emotion
C)emotion;interpretation of an event
D)emotion;physiological activity

Question 9

June is interviewing for a job.She is required to undergo psychological testing.During the testing,the psychologist noted many of her responses indicated emotionality of excitement and delight.On an emotion map,these emotions have _____ arousal and _____ valence.

A)low;negative
B)high;negative
C)low;positive
D)high;positive

Question 10

The term _____ refers to how active or passive the experience is.

A)emotion
B)arousal
C)sensation
D)valence

Question 11

William James believed that different emotional experiences are the result of different:

A)expectancies about a situation.
B)physiological responses.
C)interpretations of the same physiological response.
D)histories of reinforcement and punishment.

Question 12

The _____ scaling research technique is used to provide a map of emotions.

A)multidimensional
B)thematic apperception
C)James-Lange hedonic
D)multi-emotion space

Question 13

Maive is interviewing for a job.She is required to undergo psychological testing.During the testing,the psychologist noted many of her responses indicated emotionality of anger and frustration.On an emotion map,these emotions have _____ arousal and _____ valence.

A)low;negative
B)high;negative
C)low;positive
D)high;positive

Question 14

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,emotional experiences are triggered by:

A)conditioned stimuli.
B)expectancies.
C)physiological activity.
D)high-valence events.

Question 15

Five minutes before kick-off,a football player's heart starts racing.A few seconds later,he feels nervous.This sequence of events BEST illustrates which theory?

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)Smith-Schaefer
D)two-factor

Question 16

Walking through the dense woods,observing the fauna,John feels something grab him from the back.His heart and respiration rate spike.Immediately thereafter,he becomes very fearful.This sequence of events BEST illustrates which theory?

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)Smith-Schaefer
D)two-factor

Question 17

The two dimensions of the multidimensional scaling of emotions are:

A)positive valence and negative valence.
B)high arousal and low arousal.
C)valence and arousal.
D)positive and negative.

Question 18

Anthony is interviewing for a job.He is required to undergo psychological testing.During the testing,the psychologist noted many of his responses indicated that he was relaxed and content.On an emotion map,these emotions have _____ arousal and _____ valence.

A)low;negative
B)high;negative
C)low;positive
D)high;positive

Question 19

The term _____ refers to how positive or negative the experience is.

A)emotion
B)arousal
C)motivation
D)valence

Question 20

Alice,who is in grade 10,is walking home from school.Jim,one of the "cool" 12th graders,approaches her and asks to walk with her.All of a sudden,she experiences a feeling of excitement and,at the exact same time,she notices that her heart is pounding.This sequence of events is MOST consistent with which theory of emotion?

A)Cannon-Bard
B)Skinner-Watson
C)James-Lange
D)LeDoux-Freud

Question 21

Certain drugs suppress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system,the branch of the autonomic nervous system associated with increases in heart rate,respiration,and adrenaline release.If a drug could block this system altogether,Walter Cannon would predict that:

A)all emotions could not be experienced.
B)negative-valence emotions could not be experienced.
C)high-arousal emotions could not be experienced.
D)all emotions could still be experienced.

Question 22

Isaac wants to exploit findings consistent with the Schachter-Singer theory to maximize his chances that sparks will fly on his first date with Rebecca.What might Isaac do?

A)take Rebecca on a roller coaster ride
B)buy Rebecca flowers
C)arrive 10 minutes late to pick her up
D)wear a red shirt

Question 23

Which theory of emotion states that emotional experiences are completely independent of physiological events?

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Lange
C)Cannon-Bard
D)two-factor

Question 24

Which statement is NOT a reason that Walter Cannon and Philip Bard disagreed with the James-Lange theory?

A)The reaction of bodily responses is too slow to account for the rapid onset of emotional experience.
B)We often have trouble detecting differences in our own bodily responses,so we are not likely to experience these changes as emotion.
C)Because nonemotional stimuli can also trigger bodily responses,we should additionally feel emotions when we have a fever.
D)Emotions may occur in the absence of physiological arousal,so emotions should be felt continuously.

Question 25

Research has demonstrated that people with bilateral amygdala damage have problems recognizing facial emotions of both:

A)happiness and anger.
B)disgust and anger.
C)happiness and sadness.
D)surprise and fear.

Question 26

Which statement BEST reflects our current understanding of emotion and the body?

A)Physiological arousal causes emotions.
B)Cognitive processes and not physiological arousal causes emotions.
C)Bodily activity and mental activity are both the cause and consequence of emotional experiences.
D)Bodily activity and mental activity both cause emotional experiences.

Question 27

According to Schachter and Singer,the emotion experienced by participants who were injected with adrenaline and then exposed to a confederate of the experimenter who acted giddy was due to:

A)activation of the amygdala in the participant.
B)the behaviour of the confederate and not due to the adrenaline.
C)activation of the frontal cortex by the adrenaline.
D)the participant interpreting the arousal as having positive valence.

Question 28

The fact that many first dates at exciting sporting events blossom into romantic relationships is BEST predicted by which theory of emotion?

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Lange
C)Cannon-Bard
D)two-factor

Question 29

If you believe that subjective emotional states are determined by the labels you attach to your internal feelings of arousal,you are MOST likely to subscribe to the _____ theory of emotion.

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)two-factor
D)Skinner-Watson

Question 30

A father play wrestles and tickles his 4-year-old son.A few minutes after playing,the son hugs his dad and says,"I love you." This expression of emotion is BEST predicted by which theory of emotion?

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Lange
C)Cannon-Bard
D)two-factor

Question 31

Five minutes before kick-off,a football player's heart starts racing,and at the exact same time,he starts feeling nervous.This sequence of events BEST illustrates which theory?

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)Smith-Schaefer
D)two-factor

Question 32

The primary difference between the two-factor theory and the older theories of emotion is that the two-factor theory emphasizes:

A)physiological changes.
B)cognitive interpretations.
C)overt behaviours.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 33

During surgery,Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy accidentally damaged the amygdala of a monkey named Aurora,inadvertently causing the monkey to:

A)become hypersexual.
B)stop eating.
C)react in fear to snakes.
D)react in fear when handled by experimenters.

Question 34

During surgery,Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy accidentally damaged the amygdala of a monkey named Aurora.The MOST striking feature of Aurora's behaviour after the surgery was that she:

A)refused to eat nutritious food,preferring food that was spoiled.
B)lost all interest in sex.
C)stopped fearing snakes but her fear of humans increased.
D)was extraordinarily calm in the presence of stimuli that previously elicited fear.

Question 35

According to the two-factor theory of emotion,the mind interprets:

A)emotion.
B)the importance of stimuli in the environment.
C)specific physiological "fingerprints" associated with emotion.
D)general physiological arousal.

Question 36

James-Lange is to Schachter-Singer as _____ is to _____.

A)cognitive processes;emotion
B)autonomic reactivity;labelling of emotional states
C)autonomic reactivity;physiological activity
D)labelling of emotional states;cognitive processes

Question 37

Which statement about specific emotions and physiological reactivity is TRUE?

A)All emotions show the same basic pattern of physiological reactivity.
B)Anger produces the largest decrease in finger temperature.
C)Fear and disgust produce a higher galvanic skin response (sweating)than do sadness or anger.
D)Anger,fear,and sadness produce a lower heart rate than does disgust.

Question 38

Who FIRST proposed the two-factor theory of emotion?

A)James and Lange
B)Cannon and Bard
C)Schachter and Singer
D)James and Cannon

Question 39

What was the MOST important finding related to emotion that came from Klüver and Bucy's research with monkeys?

A)Results suggested that the amygdala plays a role in the emotion of fear.
B)Results suggested that the frontal lobe plays a role in the emotion of fear.
C)Results suggested that the amygdala plays a role in the emotion of happiness.
D)Results suggested that the frontal lobe plays a role in the emotion of happiness.

Question 40

Research on emotion has led to the conclusion that:

A)the James-Lange theory has no merit.
B)the Cannon-Bard theory has no merit.
C)both the James-Lange and the Cannon-Bard theories were correct in some aspects.
D)the James-Lange theory is discredited,whereas the Cannon-Bard theory is fully supported.

Question 41

The cognitive and behavioural strategies we use to influence our emotional experience are collectively called:

A)active appraisal.
B)cognitive control.
C)emotion regulation.
D)behavioural control.

Question 42

A person who is asked to inhibit imagined emotions such as fear or happiness will show elevated activity of the _____ but decreased activity of the _____.

A)amygdala;cortex
B)hypothalamus;thalamus
C)cortex;amygdala
D)thalamus;hypothalamus

Question 43

Angry because she had to endure a class she finds dreadfully boring,Susanna decided to use reappraisal to change her emotional state about the class.Which action BEST illustrates this process?

A)pledging to go jogging each day after class
B)thinking of the course as preparation for her future career
C)making a date to meet friends for lunch before class
D)forming a study group that meets weekly

Question 44

Who conducted pioneering research on the "fast" and "slow" emotional pathways?

A)Jerome Singer
B)Walter Cannon
C)Joseph LeDoux
D)Carl Lange

Question 45

Kelly sustained a severe head injury in a skiing accident.Following a limited recovery from the accident,the family has been advised that damage to Kelly's _____ will likely make it difficult for her to inhibit her emotions.

A)thalamus
B)cortex
C)hypothalamus
D)amygdala

Question 46

What is the role of the cortex in a fear response to a stimulus?

A)It initiates the fear response.
B)It is involved in the fast pathway that immediately triggers an increase in heart rate.
C)It either stops or sustains the fear response once the threat has been identified.
D)It is part of the slow pathway that opposes the fast pathway.

Question 47

Which brain structure plays the MOST critical role in the appraisal of emotions?

A)the cerebellum
B)the amygdala
C)the hippocampus
D)the sensorimotor cortex

Question 48

Slaton immediately becomes upset when his hockey coach yells at him and yanks him from the game.Sitting on the bench a few minutes later,Slaton tells himself that the coach is only trying to make him a better player.He begins to feel better,illustrating the process of:

A)reappraisal.
B)emotional communication.
C)suppression.
D)affect labelling.

Question 49

Someone with damage to their amygdala would MOST likely still be able to recognize which facial emotion?

A)happiness
B)disgust
C)anger
D)fear

Question 50

Recent research suggests that the PRIMARY role of the amygdala is to:

A)monitor the need for a food stimulus.
B)facilitate short-term memory.
C)provide evolutionary information to the frontal cortex.
D)appraise the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus.

Question 51

Inhibiting the outward signs of emotion is termed _____ and has been demonstrated to be an _____ technique at emotional regulation.

A)suppression;effective
B)suppression;ineffective
C)repression;effective
D)repression;ineffective

Question 52

The so-called fast emotion pathway leads from the _____ directly to the amygdala.

A)hypothalamus
B)pituitary gland
C)pineal gland
D)thalamus

Question 53

Appraisal is to reappraisal as:

A)right is to wrong.
B)amygdala is to cortex.
C)thalamus is to cortex.
D)fight is to flight.

Question 54

Because the amygdala receives information from the thalamus before it receives information from the cortex,you:

A)are hard-wired to fear animals such as snakes.
B)can be afraid of something without knowing exactly what it is.
C)would be best served to delay making important decisions for 24 hours.
D)will only have fast emotional responses to life-and-death situations.

Question 55

_____ is an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a particular stimulus.

A)Appraisal
B)Labelling
C)Regulation
D)Valence

Question 56

If you stumble upon a tarantula in the woods,your brain will transmit information about that stimulus to the _____ through two routes,the "fast pathway" and the "slow pathway."

A)frontal lobe
B)hippocampus
C)amygdala
D)pituitary gland

Question 57

When his mother repeatedly asks him about being home on time,Rudy finds that he feels better emotionally if he reappraises the situation and:

A)returns home early.
B)ignores her question.
C)interprets her question as a sign of caring.
D)suppresses his frustration.

Question 58

The so-called slow emotion pathway begins in the _____,travels to the _____,and then finally reaches the _____.

A)thalamus;amygdala;cortex
B)thalamus;cortex;amygdala
C)cortex;thalamus;amygdala
D)amygdala;thalamus;cortex

Question 59

The so-called fast pathway leads from the _____ directly to the amygdala,whereas the so-called slow pathway leads from the thalamus to the _____ and then to the amygdala.

A)hypothalamus;cerebellum
B)pituitary gland;thyroid gland
C)pineal gland;hypothalamus
D)thalamus;cortex

Question 60

The neuronal wiring between the thalamus and the amygdala allows us to:

A)recognize the location of a stimulus.
B)make rapid decisions about our environment without having to wait for cortical input.
C)analyze the identity and importance of the stimulus.
D)compare the visual image of the stimulus with known threat images.

Question 61

Our facial musculature allows for _____ unique configurations.

A)10
B)16
C)1,000
D)10,000

Question 62

Which statement about the facial feedback hypothesis is FALSE?

A)Making the sound of a long e can make you feel happier.
B)Holding a pencil with your teeth can make you feel happier.
C)Smiling may cause you to feel happier.
D)Holding a pencil with your lips can make you feel happier.

Question 63

Putting one's feelings into words is termed _____ and has been demonstrated to be an _____ technique at emotional regulation.

A)affect labelling;effective
B)affect labelling;ineffective
C)reappraisal;effective
D)reappraisal;ineffective

Question 64

Regarding emotional expressions,which statement is FALSE?

A)Congenitally blind people exhibit deficits in emotional expression.
B)Newborn infants exposed to a bitter taste make a face of disgust.
C)People are quite accurate at judging the emotional expressions of members of other cultures.
D)Preliterate cultures are just as accurate at gauging emotional expression as are literate cultures.

Question 65

A smile is a(n)_____ of happiness.

A)symbol
B)sign
C)linguistic expression
D)arbitrary representation

Question 66

Shortly before taking the stage on opening night of the play,Scarlett notices that she is extremely nervous.She decides to consciously attempt not to think about her nerves,a technique of emotional regulation termed:

A)affect labelling.
B)displacement.
C)reappraisal.
D)suppression.

Question 67

What do these five emotions have in common: happiness,sadness,fear,anger,and disgust?

A)They are expressed very differently in Eastern and Western cultures.
B)They are universally reflected in facial expressions.
C)They are learned within the first 3 years of life.
D)They all have a positive valence.

Question 68

Charles Darwin developed the universality hypothesis,which suggests that:

A)all individuals process emotions in the same way.
B)appraisal of stimuli causes a universal reaction.
C)all animals exhibit emotions.
D)emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

Question 69

Frustrated by the outcome of a political election,Cat decides to write an essay to herself describing her feelings.Cat is employing the emotional regulation technique of:

A)affect labelling.
B)displacement.
C)reappraisal.
D)suppression.

Question 70

The emoji is a(n)_____ of happiness.

A)symbol
B)sign
C)linguistic expression
D)arbitrary representation

Question 71

Evidence suggests that the emotion of _____ is NOT universal.

A)anger
B)humility
C)disgust
D)sadness

Question 72

Dr.Faber explained to her students that holding a pen between their teeth would make them feel happier.What is the main reason for this phenomenon?

A)Holding a pen between your teeth sends emotion signals to the pleasure centre in the brain.
B)Holding a pen between your teeth contracts the muscles of the face in the same way as a smile.
C)Feeling silly with a pen in your mouth causes you to feel happier.
D)Seeing others' reactions to the pen in your mouth causes you to feel happier.

Question 73

While on an expedition in the jungle,your party is captured by a group of people who have never contacted the outside world,cannot read or write,converse in a language that you do not recognize,and are pointing sharp spears at you.What is the BEST way of communicating that you are not a threat?

A)trying to converse in sign language
B)holding your hands up over your head
C)smiling at them
D)drawing a "peace" sign in the dirt

Question 74

Signs,unlike symbols,_____ the things that they signify.

A)represent
B)are caused by
C)predict
D)are arbitrary representations of

Question 75

Recent research suggests that the emotional meaning of facial expressions across cultures is:

A)entirely consistent,illustrating the universality of emotion.
B)mostly consistent but not perfect.
C)consistent at levels slightly greater than chance.
D)mostly consistent only in Western cultures.

Question 76

Evidence suggests that the emotion of _____ is NOT universal.

A)happiness
B)fear
C)satisfaction
D)sadness

Question 77

According to the facial feedback hypothesis:

A)emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.
B)emotional experiences produce emotional expressions.
C)facial expressions are poor indicators of emotional experience.
D)facial expressions are symbols that provide others with information about an individual's emotional state.

Question 78

Our _____ is the MOST powerful nonverbal means of communicating emotion.

A)facial expression
B)posture
C)gait
D)gaze direction

Question 79

Research has suggested that there are at least _____ basic emotions that are universal.

A)5
B)12
C)16
D)46

Question 80

Darwin's universality hypothesis is supported by scientific studies in which:

A)animals accurately react to the emotional expressions of other animals.
B)people accurately judge the emotional expressions of members of other cultures.
C)all individuals react with fear when they see a spider.
D)people find it difficult to identify anger outside their own culture.