Deck 6: States of Consciousness

Question 1

The fact that we drift in and out of various states each day is most relevant to which of the following characteristics of consciousness?

A) Consciousness is subjective.
B) Consciousness is private.
C) Consciousness is dynamic.
D) Consciousness is self-reflective.

Answer 1

Consciousness is dynamic.

Question 2

Masahiro carries on detailed and quite fluent conversations with himself in the middle of the night.His wife suspects that he is not really asleep and insists he be tested at the university sleep lab one night.The EEG revealed he was truly asleep while conversing with himself.The brain activity helped the researchers establish ___________________.

A) the correspondence between his mental state and the deep stages of sleep
B) that his conversations were delusional and corresponded to his fatigue levels
C) that when he awoke he could remember what he had said
D) the correspondence between stressful events in his life and his sleep stages

Answer 2

the correspondence between his mental state and the deep stages of sleep

Question 3

Hannah was concentrating on studying for her psychology midterm exam.Sometimes during the evening she found herself feeling so anxious and troubled that her studying was interrupted,but she could not figure out what had happened to upset her so much.According to Freud,what was upsetting Hannah was in her ____________ mind.

A) conscious
B) unconscious
C) preconscious
D) subconscious

Answer 3

unconscious

Question 4

Cognitive psychologists view conscious and unconscious mental life as:

A) two levels in Freud's three-level model of consciousness.
B) complementary forms of information processing.
C) the sources of controlled and automatic processing.
D) analogous to selective versus divided attention.

Question 5

A psychodynamic therapist is working with Jeff,who is depressed.The therapist assumes that Jeff has specific sexual urges that are so anxiety-provoking and guilt-inducing that under normal circumstances,Jeff would not be able to bring these urges into his ordinary conscious awareness.According to Freud,these urges would be considered as existing in the ___________ mind.

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) subconscious
D) unconscious

Question 6

Psychologists define the moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environments as:

A) controlled processing
B) automatic processing
C) consciousness
D) dissociation

Question 7

Which of the following lists Freud's three levels of consciousness?

A) ego,id,and superego
B) automatic,controlled,and compensatory
C) conscious,preconscious,and unconscious
D) preconscious,unconscious,and nonconscious

Question 8

Barbara is very upset when she sees Peter.But at first,she doesn't know why she got upset.Later,when Peter is telling a joke at lunch,Barbara remembers how much he had embarrassed her telling crude jokes to her parents at an elegant restaurant.According to Freud's three levels of consciousness,the reason Barbara was upset with Peter had been in her _____________ mind until it moved to her ___________ mind.

A) unconscious;conscious
B) conscious;preconscious
C) preconscious;conscious
D) unconscious;preconscious

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an example of research that supports the notion that nonconscious processing can influence behaviour?

A) the rouge test
B) placebo effects
C) split-brain patients
D) subliminal perception

Question 10

Which of the following was mentioned as a characteristic of consciousness?

A) Consciousness is static and constant.
B) Consciousness is objective and public.
C) Consciousness is separate from the process of selective attention.
D) Consciousness is self-reflective.

Question 11

Which of the following is most representative of the cognitive perspective on the unconscious mind?

A) The unconscious mind is driven by instinctive urges that the conscious mind acts upon.
B) The preconscious mind is driven by repressed conflicts that are stored in the unconscious mind.
C) The conscious and unconscious mental activities are complementary forms of processing information.
D) Preconscious mental activities are regulated by the emotional conscious.

Question 12

A sleep researcher uses EEG recordings to monitor the sleep stages of a patient with a sleep disorder.This researcher's method for measuring an aspect of consciousness would be considered as an example of a ___________ measure.

A) behavioural
B) physiological
C) brain imaging
D) physical

Question 13

A researcher who assumes that unconscious processes are not adversarial to the conscious mind but instead serve to support and supplement our normal conscious awareness,would most likely identify with the ___________ perspective of the unconscious.

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive
C) hypnotic
D) Freudian

Question 14

The most common way of measuring states of consciousness is with the use of:

A) standardized tests.
B) self-report measures.
C) physical measures.
D) hypnosis.

Question 15

Characteristics of consciousness include that it is:

A) subjective and public.
B) static and private.
C) self-reflective and dynamic.
D) objective and central to our sense of self.

Question 16

While watching a basketball game on TV,something that happens during the game reminds Dante of a high school game that he played in almost 20 years ago.Since the memory was not in Dante's current awareness,yet he was easily able to remember it when the memory was triggered,Freud would have considered this memory as existing in the ___________ mind.

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) unconscious
D) subconscious

Question 17

The rouge test was discussed as an example of which method of measuring consciousness?

A) self-report measure
B) physiological measure
C) behavioural measure
D) hypnotic measure

Question 18

The measures of consciousness that are considered to be objective are the __________________ measures.

A) self-report and physiological
B) self-report and behavioural
C) physiological and conscious
D) physiological and behavioural

Question 19

Susan is currently studying for an exam in this course and she is thinking about and attempting to memorize Freud's three levels of consciousness.According to his levels,Susan's current thoughts would be categorized as occurring in the:

A) conscious mind.
B) preconscious mind.
C) unconscious mind.
D) behavioural mind

Question 20

Kim is skeptical of all psychotherapy because no matter how hard she tries,no one can experience the reality she feels.Kim knows that her conscious self is ______________.

A) static
B) objective
C) private
D) stable

Question 21

According to a model of the mind,consciousness arises from the integrated activities of various information-processing subsystems or networks that are responsible for such tasks as memory,problem solving,and emotion.This is the ________ model of the mind.

A) automatic
B) compensatory
C) single entity
D) modular

Question 22

When a person is how to type,their behaviour usually involves a controlled processing,but someone who can type quickly,efficiently,and accurately is probably utilizing more of a(n)____________ processing.

A) compensatory
B) automatic
C) effortful
D) conscious

Question 23

Individuals,who report being unable to see at all and yet show some unconscious awareness of stimuli in the environment,suffer from:

A) visual agnosia.
B) blindsight.
C) a vegetative state.
D) narcolepsy

Question 24

The hormone secreted from the pineal gland,that has a relaxing effect on the body,and plays an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms is called:

A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) melatonin

Question 25

Looking at a map and deciding what route to take to a new destination would be considered an example of:

A) compensatory processing.
B) controlled processing.
C) automatic processing.
D) preconscious processing.

Question 26

Bargh and Chartrand (1999)subliminally presented a group of college students with words that were either positive (e.g. ,friend,music,clown)or negative (e.g. ,cancer,worm,Monday).Their study found that:

A) only the subliminally presented negative words produced a change in mood.
B) only the subliminally presented positive words produced a change in mood.
C) subliminally presented words created moods similar to the valence of the words (e.g. ,negative words created sadder moods and positive words created happier moods).
D) subliminally presented words created the opposite mood (e.g. ,negative words created happier moods).

Question 27

The suprachiasmatic nuclei,or SCN,are responsible for the regulation of:

A) breathing and respiration.
B) memory creation and storage.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) motor activity.

Question 28

Automobile accident rates are three or four times higher when people talk on the telephone while driving.This statistic demonstrates:

A) the limits of controlled (effortful)processing.
B) the limits of selective attention.
C) the limits of the unconscious mind.
D) the limits of divided attention.

Question 29

If our circadian clocks are not reset each morning by exposure to light,they:

A) still run exactly on a 24-hour cycle.
B) tend to run on a 12-hour cycle.
C) tend to run a cycle that is a little shorter than 24 hours.
D) tend to run a cycle that is a little longer than 24 hours.

Question 30

Which of the following approaches is similar to Freud's in that it challenges the notion that the mind is a single 'entity' or process?

A) cognitive
B) behaviourist
C) modular
D) emotional unconscious

Question 31

Which of the following environmental factors helps to reset our 24-hour biological clock?

A) a standard amount of daylight we receive in a day
B) a standard amount of sleep we get each night
C) exposure to light after a night of sleep
D) exposure to darkness prior to a night of sleep

Question 32

A number of recent theoretical models propose the existence of separate but integrated information-processing units within the brain that perform various tasks,such as sensation,perception,and motor behaviour.These units are called:

A) modules.
B) glands.
C) procedures.
D) operations.

Question 33

Research by Owen and colleagues indicates that individuals in a vegetative state:

A) appear to be awake but are unaware of their surroundings.
B) can answer simple yes/no questions.
C) demonstrate some awareness of the environment using brain scans.
D) are immobile and unresponsive.

Question 34

Research on the impact of unconscious processes on emotional responses has found that:

A) unconscious processes will not have an effect on either positive or negative emotional responses.
B) unconscious processes only have an effect on negative emotional responses.
C) unconscious processes only have an effect on positive emotional responses.
D) unconscious processes can have an effect on both positive and negative emotional responses.

Question 35

The inability to recognize objects is known as:

A) visual agnosia.
B) blindsight.
C) a vegetative state.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 36

According to the text,activities that are performed with little or no conscious effort are said to involve a(n)____________ processing.

A) automatic
B) controlled
C) unconscious
D) conscious

Question 37

During the day,superchiasmatic nuclei help to raise the body temperature and increase alertness by reducing the pineal gland's secretion of ___________.

A) melatonin
B) endorphins
C) neurotransmitter molecules
D) antagonistic molecules

Question 38

If someone is placed in a dark cave or room where they are not exposed to the changing light conditions of night and day,what will happen to them if they stay there for a prolonged period of time?

A) They will tend to get up at roughly the same time each day.
B) They will tend to get up earlier and earlier each day.
C) They will tend to get up earlier but go to bed later each day.
D) They will tend to get up later and later each day.

Question 39

A professional basketball player is able to shoot a basketball without really thinking about the particular muscle movements needed to do this.For this athlete,such an action would be said to involve:

A) automatic processing.
B) controlled processing.
C) compensatory processing.
D) conscious processing.

Question 40

The ability of individuals with either visual agnosia or blindsight to show some unconscious awareness of objects demonstrates the role of:

A) controlled processing.
B) automatic processing.
C) divided attention.
D) preconscious.

Question 41

Of the alternatives below,the most problematic circadian disruption for society is caused by:

A) night shiftwork.
B) seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
C) jet lag.
D) switching between Standard Time and Daylight Savings Time.

Question 42

Jet lag,seasonal affective disorder,and night shift work,all involve the disruption of:

A) compensatory responses.
B) sleep.
C) controlled processing.
D) circadian rhythms.

Question 43

If you are examining an EEG recording for someone who is sleeping,and sleep spindles start to occur,what stage of sleep is the person in?

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 44

When a person is asleep,if the slow and large delta waves dominate the EEG pattern,this person is said to be in:

A) REM sleep
B) stage 1
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 45

For the past few years,Jane has been becoming depressed during the winters.It usually starts around October and continues until February or March,when her mood usually starts to improve.Jane is most likely suffering from:

A) seasonal dissociative disorder.
B) seasonal affective disorder.
C) dissociative identity disorder.
D) seasonal circadian disorder.

Question 46

Robert has been feeling very tired the last few weeks and tells his doctor that he only sleeps two hours a night.Before making a diagnosis,his doctor asks Robert to spend a night in the sleep lab connected to an EEG.Several times that night,Robert's brain waves have a low frequency and high amplitude.This indicates to the doctor that Robert is:

A) only experiencing the early stages of light sleep.
B) waking several times during the night.
C) experiencing several cycles through the deep stages of sleep.
D) spending an unusual amount of time in REM sleep.

Question 47

When flying,jet lag problems are more compatible with our free-running circadian cycle and we have less difficulty flying to the _______ because this ___________ the day.

A) east;lengthens
B) east;shortens
C) west;lengthens
D) west;shortens

Question 48

Fred is having a vivid dream about running in a marathon.His body does NOT mimic this running because:

A) Fred is able to voluntarily control his muscle movements during this dream.
B) the level of arousal in the body and the activity of the brain are significantly less during REM sleep so physical movement is impossible.
C) even though our brains are very active,we are essentially paralysed while in REM sleep.
D) dreaming has been found to take place only in the prefrontal lobe and doesn't affect any other areas of the brain or body.

Question 49

If you are flying west and have lengthened your travel day,the best thing to do in order to reset your circadian clock to the new time zone would be to avoid:

A) outdoor light in the morning and expose yourself to outdoor light in the late afternoon or early evening.
B) outdoor light in the afternoon and expose yourself to outdoor light in the early morning and late evening.
C) outdoor light in the evening and expose yourself to outdoor light in the early morning.
D) all outdoor light during the day after you arrive.

Question 50

Assume that you were a physician who is treating a person with seasonal affective disorder.Based on your knowledge of effective treatments for this problem,which of the following would you recommend?

A) Encourage the person to get more sleep at night.
B) Suggest that the person should go to bed earlier than she has been and get up earlier.
C) Expose her to artificial bright lights for 1-2 hours each day.
D) Recommend that she should move to a region that has less light during the day in the winters.

Question 51

REM sleep is sometimes referred to as "paradoxical" sleep because:

A) there is much tossing and turning but the brain is relatively inactive.
B) the aspects of all four stages of sleep occur during REM sleep.
C) it is the only stage in which people have both good dreams and night terrors.
D) the body and brain are aroused but there is little physical movement.

Question 52

Vanessa finds herself suffering from extreme sadness every winter.She has always been sensitive to the weather,but on some winter days it is very hard for her to get up and get going in the morning.It is dark in the morning when she leaves for school and dark in the early evening when she comes home.Which of the following is most likely responsible for Vanessa's sadness?

A) the lack of sunlight in the morning
B) the body's production of excessive suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)during the winter months
C) an underactive pineal gland that fails to secrete enough melatonin
D) the circadian rhythm adjusts the body to a 22-hour cycle in the winter months

Question 53

Oral doses of melatonin are used to:

A) shift circadian rhythms.
B) heighten conscious awareness.
C) reduce hallucinations.
D) reduce alcoholic tolerance.

Question 54

The best thing to do to reset your circadian clock would be to expose yourself to outdoor light in the __________ when you are flying to the _____.

A) afternoon;east
B) morning;west
C) evening;east
D) morning;east

Question 55

One reason that night shiftwork has a detrimental effect on circadian rhythms is that:

A) there isn't enough variability in the sleep schedules of night shiftworkers.
B) the nature of night shiftwork is more physically taxing than other types of work typically done during the day.
C) night shiftworkers often do not get enough sleep.
D) night shiftworkers often go home in the morning daylight,which makes it difficult to reset their circadian clocks.

Question 56

Jose and Carlos were both hired to work the night shift at the local canning factory.Jose sleeps when he gets home from about 7am until 3pm during the week and then sleeps at night on the weekends so that he can spend time with his children.Carlos is not married and tries to sleep at the same time every day,from 7am until 3 pm both during the week and on the weekends.All other factors being equal which of the following statements is most likely true?

A) Carlos becomes unable to keep to his sleep schedule when he occasionally has an appointment during the daytime hours.
B) Carlos is less drowsy on the job and makes fewer errors than Jose.
C) Jose is more successful at keeping the schedule because the weekend night sleep helps him get through the week.
D) Jose is less drowsy on the job and makes fewer errors than Carlos.

Question 57

The body is relaxed and people are usually hard to awaken during slow-wave sleep or ____________ sleep.

A) stage 1 and stage 2
B) stage 3 and stage 4
C) stage 1 and stage 4
D) stage 4 and REM sleep

Question 58

Which of the following rotating work schedules would be most conducive to minimizing the problems associated the disruption of circadian rhythms?

A) day shift → night shift → evening shift
B) night shift → evening shift → day shift
C) day shift → evening shift → night shift
D) morning shift → night shift → evening shift

Question 59

As you become drowsy,alpha waves become more present,but when you fall asleep,during stage 1 sleep,these waves are replaced by slower ___________ waves.

A) theta
B) delta
C) beta
D) gamma

Question 60

When our circadian clocks are not reset each day,they run on a cycle which is a little longer than 24 hours.This is called a ______________ circadian rhythm.

A) free-running
B) compensatory
C) synchronized
D) desynchronized

Question 61

Research conducted on the effectiveness of pulling all-nighters found that students deprived of a night's sleep:

A) performed more poorly on a critical thinking task than did students allowed to sleep.
B) performed slightly better on a critical thinking task than did students allowed to sleep.
C) performed significantly better on a critical thinking task than did students allowed to sleep.
D) performed essentially the same on a critical thinking task as did students allowed to sleep.

Question 62

When Kelly is interviewing potential nannies to care for her baby after it is born,she might take into consideration the likely amount of sleep the nanny applicants might require.Gladys,the grandmotherly 80-year-old,probably needs ____________ sleep than Courtney,the 19-year-old.

A) much more
B) no different
C) more
D) less

Question 63

You have studied a fair amount for an important test tomorrow but are considering pulling an all-nighter so that you can really be prepared.According to the research on sleep deprivation,the best thing to do would be to ____________ since students who stay up all night studying have been found to ___________ on cognitive tasks.

A) go to bed and sleep;do better
B) go to bed and sleep;do worse
C) stay up all night studying;do better
D) stay up all night studying;do worse

Question 64

The restoration model of sleep asserts that:

A) the main purpose of sleep is to produce antibodies and fight infection.
B) the function of sleep is to provide the opportunity to dream.
C) sleep serves a function similar to that of hypnosis.
D) sleep occurs to allow our bodies and minds to recover from fatigue.

Question 65

All of the following statements regarding sleep and the aging process are true EXCEPT:

A) time spent in REM sleep dramatically increases from infancy to early childhood.
B) from young adulthood on,we tend to sleep less.
C) time spent in stages 3 and 4 of sleep decreases with age.
D) the amount of time spent in REM sleep is relatively stable from young adulthood on.

Question 66

It is known that the basal forebrain is involved in the regulation of falling asleep,while the part of the brain that is responsible for signalling other brain areas involved in "turning on" REM sleep is called the ________.

A) reticular formation
B) brain stem
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

Question 67

If a human is sleeping for an average of about 16 hours a day and approximately half of this sleep time is spent in REM,then this human most likely:

A) is an elderly person.
B) has a melatonin deficiency.
C) has a damaged reticular formation.
D) is an infant.

Question 68

Joyce is a well-organized student and plans her activities as well as her studying in advance.Joyce knows that she has a history exam next Friday,so she plans to sleep 4 hours on Wednesday night,4 hours on Thursday night,and then to sleep 16 hours on Friday night to make up the missed sleep.Researchers know that Joyce's plan:

A) will work because people do not show signs of sleep deprivation for at least three days so her test performance will not suffer.
B) is faulty because it is unlikely that a young adult college student can sleep 16 hours straight.
C) is faulty because we do not make up all of the sleep time we have lost.
D) will work because young adult college students need only 4 hours of sleep per night.

Question 69

The function of sleep is to restore our fatigued bodies and recover from physical and mental weariness,according to the ______________ model.

A) regeneration
B) evolutionary/circadian
C) restoration
D) renovation

Question 70

The part of the brain that contains the "REM-sleep On" neurons that signal the other parts of the brain and control different aspects of REM sleep is called the _______________.

A) hypothalamus
B) basal forebrain
C) reticular formation
D) hippocampus

Question 71

Which of the following statements regarding sleep is true?

A) We only have dreams during REM sleep.
B) We only have dreams during non-REM sleep.
C) Dreams can occur during either REM or non-REM sleep,but non-REM dreams are usually longer.
D) Dreams can occur during either REM or non-REM sleep,but REM dreams are usually longer.

Question 72

Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is true?

A) During REM sleep,brain activity and physiological arousal are significantly less than they are during active wakefulness.
B) During REM sleep,brain activity and physiological arousal are similar to that of active wakefulness.
C) During REM sleep,EEG patterns show a dominance of delta waves.
D) During REM sleep,EEG patterns show a dominance of theta waves.

Question 73

The area of the brain that is responsible for regulating the process of falling asleep is the:

A) basal forebrain.
B) reticular formation.
C) thalamus.
D) pons.

Question 74

Mary marries a much younger man;in fact,Mary is 75 years old,while her new husband,Aaron,is 25 years old.One of the biggest problems they have is getting used to each other's sleep routines.Aaron goes to bed about 11:00 pm each night and gets up just before 7:00 am each morning.This is hard for Mary who,because she is so much older:

A) takes only two hour catnaps all night long.
B) needs more sleep than the eight hours a younger adult usually sleeps.
C) sleeps a little less than six hours a night.
D) sleeps about as much as a newborn,around 12 hours a night.

Question 75

The reticular formation contains neurons that:

A) are involved in the regulation of falling asleep.
B) activate other brain systems involved in "turning on" REM sleep.
C) directly determine the specific timing of our circadian rhythms.
D) are sensitive to light signals that reset the circadian clock.

Question 76

Compared to a REM dream,a non-REM dream is usually:

A) longer and less vivid.
B) shorter and less story-like.
C) more experiential and real.
D) less fixed and shorter.

Question 77

A study (Pilcher & Huffcutt,1996)was conducted to examine the impact of various types of sleep deprivation on mood and performance.The results of this study revealed that:

A) partial sleep-deprived participants experienced a minor impact on mood and performance compared to total sleep-deprived participants.
B) though their moods generally suffered,sleep-deprived participants had cognitive and physical performances roughly equivalent to non-deprived participants.
C) both partial and total sleep-deprived participants experienced strong negative effects on mood and performance.
D) in contrast to mood and physical performance,cognitive performance on tasks was unaffected in sleep-deprived participants.

Question 78

Which of the following statements regarding sleep is true?

A) As we age,we spend more time in REM sleep.
B) As we age,we spend less time in stages 3 and 4 of sleep.
C) Young infants spend about 75 percent of their total sleep in REM.
D) Young adults (19- to 30-year olds)sleep less on average than elderly adults.

Question 79

In the study conducted by June Pilcher and Allen Huffcutt (1996),sleep deprivation had the strongest negative effect on which of the following areas?

A) physical performance
B) mood
C) cognitive performance
D) sense of balance

Question 80

Research comparing young adults to elderly adults has found that as people get older,they:

A) tend to sleep more at night.
B) tend to spend more time in stages 1 and 2 of sleep.
C) tend to sleep less at night.
D) tend to spend more time in stages 3 and 4 of sleep.