Deck 16: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

The fact that people with psychological disorders usually experience suffering that is long-lasting or disproportionate to the situation best demonstrates how people often make judgments about abnormal behaviours based on the amount of ____________.

A) deviance
B) dysfunction
C) distress
D) distinction

Answer 1

distress

Question 2

A person alive during the Middle Ages most likely held which of the following views on abnormal behaviour?

A) Psychological disorders are caused by supernatural forces.
B) Psychological disorders are caused by disease.
C) Psychological disorders are caused by stressful environments.
D) Psychological disorders are caused by physical and psychological vulnerabilities.

Answer 2

Psychological disorders are caused by supernatural forces.

Question 3

When looking at the historical evolution of attitudes towards psychological disorders,general paresis is a disease with great significance because it:

A) provided the first evidence of a psychological disorder with a biological cause.
B) showed how psychological factors can produce actual physical abnormalities.
C) provided the first evidence supporting the vulnerability-stress model.
D) demonstrated how psychological factors can create physical symptoms that have no identifiable biological cause.

Answer 3

provided the first evidence of a psychological disorder with a biological cause.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the psychodynamic perspective of depression?

A) Psychological disorders are caused by unresolved psychological conflicts.
B) Psychological disorders are caused by an overemphasis on individuality and self-control.
C) Psychological disorders are caused by incongruence between self-perceptions and experience.
D) Psychological disorders are caused by cultural and social factors.

Question 5

The example that homosexuality was officially considered a form of mental illness until 1973 demonstrates the role that ___________ play(s)in defining abnormality.

A) biology
B) cultural expectations
C) harmfulness
D) impairment

Question 6

Biological,psychological,or environmental predispositions can combine with current or recent events to produce psychological disorders called ___________.

A) stressors
B) handicaps
C) vulnerabilities
D) traumatic events

Question 7

The text defines abnormal behaviour as containing all of the following elements EXCEPT:

A) It is psychologically determined.
B) It is personally distressing.
C) It is personally dysfunctional.
D) It is culturally deviant.

Question 8

Cannibalism has been practiced in many countries around the world but would be considered extraordinarily pathological in North America.This would be an example of how ___________ is part of the criteria for defining what is abnormal.

A) dysfunction
B) the personal values of a given diagnostician
C) distinctive
D) violates social norms

Question 9

When treating a person with a psychological disorder,a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem in large part from his extreme and inappropriate use of defence mechanisms such as repression.This therapist most likely identifies with the ___________ perspective of psychological disorders.

A) cognitive
B) behavioural
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic

Question 10

An explanation for the demonstration that personal and situational factors can interact with one another is found in the _______________.

A) example of general paresis
B) learned helplessness theory
C) trauma-dissociation theory
D) vulnerability-stress model

Question 11

People who held the demonological perspective on psychological disorders would sometimes treat abnormal behaviours by chiselling a small hole in the head of the individual in an attempt to release the evil spirit trapped inside.This procedure was called:

A) therapeutic chiselling.
B) trephination.
C) primitive psychological surgery.
D) spirit elimination.

Question 12

A recent immigrant to Canada has been having some difficulties with everyday life,and after some initial hesitation,decides to see a therapist for some assistance.After the interview,the therapist makes a particular diagnosis and is discussing the case with a colleague when the colleague raises some concerns.She points out that the therapist may need to reconsider his diagnosis because the behaviours involved are much more common and are even considered "normal" in the country from which the person came.This example highlights the importance of _______ in defining abnormality.

A) the expectations of the culture the person currently lives
B) the expectations of the person's culture of origin
C) statistical deviation from the norm
D) harmfulness

Question 13

The first historical demonstration of a psychological disorder with a clear biological cause was _____________.

A) glove anaesthesia
B) agoraphobia
C) general paresis
D) insanity

Question 14

The demonological perspective on abnormal behaviour assumes that psychological disorders are caused by:

A) distorted thinking.
B) physical abnormalities.
C) dysfunctional environments.
D) supernatural forces.

Question 15

All of the following were mentioned as one of the three Ds that typically influence judgments regarding abnormal behaviour EXCEPT:

A) distressing
B) dysfunctional
C) deviance
D) distinctive

Question 16

Two siblings can grow up in identical environments and as adults,one develops a psychological disorder and the other does not.Psychologists have taken biological,psychological,and environmental factors and explored how these factors relate to each other in order to explain the above situation.This is called the:

A) vulnerability-stress model
B) predisposition-dysfunction model
C) reliably-valid model
D) psychodynamic model

Question 17

In the vulnerability-stress model of psychological disorders,vulnerabilities:

A) can be biological factors.
B) can be biological or psychological factors.
C) can be environmental factors.
D) can be biological,psychological,or environmental factors.

Question 18

Which of the following statistics concerning psychological disorders is NOT accurate?

A) Psychological disorders are the second leading cause of disability,exceeding physical illnesses and accidents.
B) Each year,more than a million students withdraw from universities in North America because of emotional problems.
C) Psychological disorders are one of the leading causes of criminal activity.
D) Medications used to treat anxiety and depression are among the most frequently prescribed drugs in North America.

Question 19

The first evidence that psychological disorders may be caused by a physiological disorder came in the 1800s with the identification of a physical condition,resulted in bizarre behaviour called ________________.

A) trephination
B) general paresis
C) paranoia
D) hysteria

Question 20

Maladaptive and self-defeating thought patterns are most central to the ____________ perspective of psychological disorders.

A) humanistic
B) cognitive
C) sociocultural
D) behavioural

Question 21

The ability of a diagnostic classification system to effectively differentiate between various disorders and to accurately capture the essential features of these disorders is most relevant to which of the following qualities?

A) reliability
B) consistency
C) validity
D) stability

Question 22

All of the following were discussed as potential limitations of the use of diagnostic systems such as the DSM-5 EXCEPT:

A) There is a decrease in the reliability and validity of the assessment of mental disorders.
B) People diagnosed with a disorder may identify with it and thus make the symptoms worse.
C) Someone with a psychiatric diagnosis may be treated differently by others.
D) A psychiatric label may make it difficult to objectively view a person's behaviour.

Question 23

Stacey tends to worry a lot.She is frequently thinking about how other people may think less of her or may do things that will embarrass or humiliate her.These thoughts serve to keep Stacey anxious a great deal of the time and best demonstrate the ____________ component of anxiety.

A) physiological
B) cognitive
C) behavioural
D) environmental

Question 24

A is strong and intense fear that is evoked in response to a particular situation is called _____________.

A) a phobia
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) post-traumatic stress disorder
D) panic disorder

Question 25

When considering the term "insanity," it is important to remember that:

A) it is an Axis II disorder that has substantial overlap with other Axis I and Axis II disorders.
B) while it has strong reliability,its validity has not yet been fully established.
C) it refers to a defendant's state of mind at the time of a trial,not when the crime was committed.
D) it is a legal term,not a psychological term.

Question 26

Sara lost both of her parents when she was a young child.Primarily because of this historical event,she develops an anxiety disorder when she learns that the life of her best friend is threatened by cancer.This example provides the best illustration of:

A) learned helplessness.
B) the vulnerability-stress model.
C) the demonological perspective.
D) the trauma dissociation model.

Question 27

Negative perceptions in both the people being diagnosed and in others can be generated as one of the detrimental effects of ______________.

A) personality disorders
B) developmental disorders
C) psychiatric labelling
D) comorbidity

Question 28

Which of the following was NOT one of the problems with the categorical system used by the DSM-IV-TR?

A) People who received the same diagnosis may share only certain symptoms,and look different from one another.
B) It was not particularly reliable.
C) The system did not capture the differences in the severity of symptoms.
D) The system did not capture symptoms that were adaptively important but not severe enough to meet the behavioural criteria for a disorder.

Question 29

If we say that a diagnostic classification system,such as the DSM-5,is reliable,this specifically means that:

A) it can accurately distinguish between different disorders.
B) it is accurately assessing the disorders it is intended to.
C) it is a valid system.
D) it is a consistent system.

Question 30

When a defendant is on trial for murder and they plead insanity as a defence,this means

A) the diagnosis fits the DSM-5 criterion
B) they were impaired enough at the time of the murder to not understand or control their actions
C) they are currently traumatized by their actions and are not capable of standing trial
D) the vulnerability-stress model would indicate they were not responsible for their actions at the time of the murder

Question 31

Rosenhan conducted a study in which he and several colleagues got themselves admitted to mental institutions and once they were in the hospitals,they acted normally.The results from this study revealed that:

A) they were quickly identified as mentally healthy individuals and asked to leave.
B) diagnostic labels appeared to greatly influence how their normal behaviour was interpreted.
C) just being in this type of environment served to create some of the initial symptoms of psychological disorders.
D) this methodology was effective for allowing them to study the abnormal behaviours of other people in the institution.

Question 32

The newly introduced DSM-5 improved upon the DSM-IV-TR by adding what type of measurement system to the diagnosis?

A) dimensional
B) categorical
C) diagnostic
D) analytic

Question 33

The term "competency" is most concerned with:

A) the severity of the disorder(s)with which a person has been diagnosed.
B) whether a person can meaningfully appreciate the wrongfulness of their acts at the time of a crime.
C) a person's current state of mind at the time of a trial or hearing.
D) a person's state of mind at the time of a crime.

Question 34

The legal term "competency" refers to a person's state of mind at a trial or hearing,while the term ______________ is concerned with a person's mental state at the time a crime was committed.

A) "insanity"
B) "well-being"
C) "adequacy"
D) "cognition"

Question 35

A clinical psychologist is using a particular diagnostic classification system to diagnose a psychological disorder.She finds that her system yields consistent results but,unfortunately,it does not appear to be accurately assessing the disorder in which she is interested.This would mean that her classification system is:

A) valid but not reliable.
B) reliable but not valid.
C) both reliable and valid.
D) neither reliable nor valid.

Question 36

Someone who has psychologically caused problems of consciousness and self-identification,such as amnesia,would be classified as falling into which of the different major diagnostic categories?

A) Somatic symptom disorders
B) Schizophrenic and other psychotic disorders
C) Dissociative disorders
D) Anxiety disorders

Question 37

Someone who avoids social situations and refrains from speaking in class because of social anxiety is demonstrating the _______________ component of anxiety.

A) cognitive
B) environmental
C) physiological
D) behavioural

Question 38

Regarding a diagnostic classification system for psychological disorders,reliability means that clinicians using the classification system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic classifications,whereas,if the categories accurately capture the essential features of the disorders,this is called ______________.

A) validity
B) accuracy
C) consistency
D) verifiability

Question 39

Which of the following would be classified as part of the physiological component of anxiety?

A) thoughts about being embarrassed or humiliated
B) a feeling of the inability to cope with a situation
C) increased heart rate and sweaty palms
D) avoidance of particular social situations

Question 40

Lucas is accused of a particularly violent murder.His attorney is arguing to the judge that Lucas cannot be tried for the crime because he cannot understand the nature of the charges against him as he is currently _______________.

A) distraught
B) mentally stable
C) incompetent
D) insane

Question 41

A key difference between generalized anxiety disorder and a phobia is that:

A) a phobia usually only includes the cognitive component of anxiety.
B) a phobia is triggered by a specific object or situation.
C) the anxiety associated with generalized anxiety disorder is significantly more intense.
D) a phobia is an Axis I disorder,while generalized anxiety disorder is an Axis II disorder.

Question 42

Jim often has the fear that he has left the gas stove on in his house and because of this,his house will burn down and kill his family.As a result,he frequently checks and rechecks the knobs on his stove all day long and often in the middle of the night.In this example,Jim's thoughts about his house burning down would best be considered as an example of a(n):

A) compulsion.
B) situational phobia.
C) mania.
D) obsession.

Question 43

According to the text,the most common types of phobias in Western society are:

A) animal phobias,environmental phobias,and situational phobias.
B) situational phobias,animal phobias,and agoraphobia.
C) animal phobias,social phobia,and specific phobias.
D) agoraphobia,social phobia,and specific phobias.

Question 44

Annette is very afraid of germs and disease,so much so that she washes her hands over 100 times a day to make sure that she avoids infection.Usually she doesn't show much anxiety,but if she is in a place where she is unable to clean her hands,such as the wilderness,she can become very distressed and upset.Annette would most likely be diagnosed as having:

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) schizophrenia paranoid type.
C) generalized anxiety.
D) a health-related phobia.

Question 45

Roger is tense and anxious almost every day.Though he is frequently worried and often has the sense that something bad is about to happen,he can't relate his anxiety to any particular situation or setting.He has difficulty getting restful sleep at night and often takes antacids for his upset stomach.Roger would most likely be diagnosed as having:

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) panic disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 46

The major difference between panic disorder and phobic disorder is:

A) panic disorder lasts longer than phobic disorder
B) the anxiety associated with panic disorder is more intense than the anxiety associated with phobic disorder
C) the anxiety associated with panic disorder is not tied to a specific stimulus,unlike with phobic disorder
D) recovery from panic disorder is less likely than recovery from phobic disorder

Question 47

When Minnie was a little girl,her neighbour's pony was struck by lightning and killed.Minnie's fear of lightning increased over the years.At first she would stop whatever she was doing and go home if a storm arose.Then,she would not leave the house if it looked like a storm was brewing.When there was lightning,Minnie hid under the table in the dining room because it was sturdy.Minnie is to the point now that she will not leave her house in case it were to start lightning,even when storms are not in the forecast.What kind of problem does Minnie most likely have?

A) phobic disorder
B) panic disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) adjustment disorder

Question 48

Which of the following statements regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder is FALSE?

A) Obsessions are usually triggered by external stimuli.
B) Compulsions are typically irrational.
C) Obsessions are usually very difficult if not impossible to control.
D) Obsessions are unwelcome thoughts that intrude into consciousness.

Question 49

A professor cleans the whiteboard before every class.He goes over the board at least three times before he considers it to be clean enough.Recently he has been late starting class because he is cleaning the whiteboard more and more.He is preoccupied with thoughts that previous markings are dirty and will contaminate his notes.A psychotherapist would say that this professor's _________ are compulsive.

A) thoughts about previous markings contaminating his notes
B) thoughts about what he will teach in class
C) behaviours of cleaning the whiteboard
D) habits of starting the class late

Question 50

This area of the brain is implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)in adults but not in children:

A) thalamus
B) limbic system
C) cingulated gyrus
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 51

Jason is sitting in class listening to a lecture when suddenly,for no apparent reason,he starts to become very anxious and tense.His heart begins pounding,his breathing becomes short,and he starts to sweat profusely.After a few minutes,his mind begins racing with thoughts that he might be dying.Jason randomly suffers from an attack like this about three times a month.Assuming that there is no physical abnormality that is responsible for these symptoms,Jason would most likely be diagnosed as having:

A) social phobia.
B) agoraphobia.
C) panic disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 52

Panic disorder is different from generalized anxiety disorder in that with panic disorder,the feelings of anxiety are usually more intense and are _____________.

A) quite predictable
B) infrequent
C) typical
D) unpredictable

Question 53

A chronic state of diffuse or "free-floating" anxiety is most central to the psychological disorder called:

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) panic disorder.
C) social phobia.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 54

Every day Jillian is late for work.She leaves the house in plenty of time but a half-mile away from her home she thinks that she has left the garage door open and must drive back to close it.Jillian cannot stop thinking that the garage door is open and makes an average of three trips back to her house every morning in order to check.Jillian may be diagnosed with:

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) somatic symptoms disorder
D) panic disorder

Question 55

Sarah has an upcoming exam that may determine the direction her career will take.Her anxiety level has never been as high as it has been the last few weeks.In this case,Sarah is NOT diagnosed with an anxiety disorder because ________________.

A) the frequency and intensity of the anxiety is in proportion to the perceived threat
B) the intensity but not the frequency of the anxiety is out of proportion to the perceived threat
C) the frequency but not the intensity of the anxiety is out of proportion to the perceived threat
D) the frequency and intensity of the anxiety are not a direct result of the perceived threat

Question 56

Because of fearing a panic attack in public,people who have panic disorder will often also develop _____________.

A) social anxiety
B) agoraphobia
C) posttraumatic stress disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 57

Someone who is afraid to leave their house because they are afraid of being in public places would most likely be diagnosed as having:

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) agoraphobia.
C) environmental phobia.
D) social phobia.

Question 58

Pat's frequent and intense fears of open and public places are out of proportions to the actual situations and are interfering with Pat's daily life.Pat's disorder most closely conforms to:

A) acrophobia.
B) social phobia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 59

Compulsions are often behavioural responses to cognitive obsessions and function to reduce the anxiety associated with ____________.

A) panic attacks
B) hysterical outbursts
C) obsessions
D) nervous breakdowns

Question 60

These repetitive behavioural responses are accompanied by obsessions and appear to serve the function of reducing the anxiety created by frequently disturbing thoughts:

A) habits
B) hallucinations
C) compulsions
D) delusions

Question 61

Research by Lewinsohn revealed that even after controlling for 11 different psychosocial factors,there was still a substantial sex difference in the prevalence of anxiety disorders in men and women,indicating the possible role that _____________ factors may play with this disorder.

A) social
B) biological
C) cultural
D) psychological

Question 62

A person develops a dog phobia because he associates dogs with the fear that he experienced when he was bitten by a dog in the past.This example best demonstrates how anxiety disorders can be accounted for by:

A) the principles of operant conditioning.
B) the cognitive approach to anxiety.
C) modelling and observational learning.
D) the principles of classical conditioning.

Question 63

Studies suggest that people suffering from anxiety disorders may be overly sensitive to signals of threat and have lower levels of ________ in their nervous systems.

A) dopamine
B) lactic acid
C) serotonin
D) gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 64

When attempting to understand the causes of anxiety disorders,the perspective that emphasizes the tendency to catastrophize about situational demands,and magnify them into significant threats is the _________________ perspective.

A) cognitive
B) behavioural
C) biological
D) psychodynamic

Question 65

Anxiety scores of twins can be accounted for by genetic factors.Heritability estimates suggest that the variation is between _____________.

A) 20 and 30 percent
B) 50 and 60 percent
C) 40 and 50 percent
D) 70 and 80 percent

Question 66

Jola has developed a compulsion to rip paper.She has started saving all of the newspapers just so she will have something to shred.The model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)that is most likely to explain her behaviour is:

A) executive dysfunction
B) inhibitory control
C) modulatory control
D) environmental

Question 67

Panic disorder is an example of which type of disorder?

A) anxiety disorder
B) mood disorder
C) somatic symptom disorder
D) dissociative disorder

Question 68

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men,and theorists speculate that this difference is most likely due ______________ factors.

A) to an interaction between personal,biological,and social
B) to primarily biological
C) to primarily environmental
D) to an interaction between biological and social

Question 69

An individual who has intense and unstable relationships,momentary losses of personal identity,and experiences chronic feelings of extreme anger,loneliness,and emptiness would likely be diagnosed with:

A) dissociative identity disorder.
B) antisocial personality disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
D) borderline personality disorder.

Question 70

The explanation that a neurotic anxiety from an unconscious conflict gets displaced and associated with an external stimulus is a psychodynamic interpretation of __________.

A) phobias
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) panic disorder

Question 71

Friedlander and Desrocher argue that modulatory control is to obsessions as ______ is to compulsions.

A) inhibitory control
B) response
C) executive dysfunction
D) heredity

Question 72

All but one of the following areas of the brain has been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):

A) cingulate gyrus
B) medial sulcus
C) orbitofrontal cortex
D) thalamus

Question 73

Regarding potential biological processes associated with anxiety disorders,some researchers believe that some people have highly reactive nervous systems that quickly produce anxiety responses to environmental stressors.The people may have abnormally low levels of the ___________ transmitter gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA)activity in the amygdala.

A) aroused
B) inhibitory
C) excitatory
D) abnormal

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder?

A) schizophrenia
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) panic disorder
D) phobic disorder

Question 75

Researchers have argued that genetic vulnerability to anxiety disorders may take the form of:

A) high behavioural inhibition system functioning
B) over reactive autonomic nervous system
C) under-activity of dopamine
D) overproduction of GABA (gama-aminobutyric acid)

Question 76

Alice has been recently diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder.Alice was recently reunited with her identical twin that was adopted at birth and raised in a different environment.Alice is relieved that her sister at least will NOT be susceptible to this disorder.Alice is:

A) correct,as identical twins are not similar to each other on anxiety measures when reared apart
B) incorrect,as identical twins are more similar to each other on anxiety measures when reared apart than when reared together
C) incorrect,as identical twins are similar to each other on anxiety measures whether reared together or apart
D) incorrect,as identical twins are identical to each other on anxiety measures only when reared apart

Question 77

Barlow and other researchers speculate that some people may have nervous systems that are overly sensitive to threat signals and may have a genetic predisposition to ___________.

A) depression
B) schizophrenia
C) anxiety
D) somatic symptom disorders

Question 78

According to Sigmund Freud,when the ego is threatened by unacceptable and potentially overwhelming impulses from the id,then ______________ anxiety occurs.

A) unconscious
B) defensive
C) repressive
D) neurotic

Question 79

Steve has a rather strong fear of social situations.He used to try to go to parties and other social events,but his anxiety would usually overwhelm him.When experiencing these negative emotions,he would often leave parties early,a behaviour that allowed him to reduce or eliminate his anxiety.According to the principles of operant conditioning,Steve's escape behaviour will be more likely to occur in the future because it is being ___________.

A) positively reinforced
B) negatively reinforced
C) aversively punished
D) response-cost punished

Question 80

Research studies suggest that there is a genetic predisposition for anxiety disorders,and it has been suggested that this vulnerability may take the form of:

A) a nervous system that overreacts to perceived threats.
B) a nervous system that under-reacts to perceived threats.
C) a chronically over-aroused nervous system.
D) a chronically under-aroused nervous system.