Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Yesterday,Colleen went to an interesting lecture.She didn't take notes,because she isn't going to be tested on the lecture.Though she made no effort to memorize any of the information the speaker presented,she is able to repeat a great deal of it to a friend.How did the information get into her long-term memory?

A) chunking
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) semantic encoding
D) automatic processing

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Alice is studying for a psychology exam.She is most likely to remember the material long-term if she

A) repeats the information over and over again to herself.
B) uses structural encoding.
C) thinks about what the material means and how it applies to her life and experiences.
D) relies on automatic processing to encode the spatial location and sequence of information in her notes.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Cailean has always wished that she had a "photographic memory." She sits on the steps of one of the academic buildings and watches the people.Sometimes she closes her eyes and tries to recall everything about what she was seeing.Each time,though,the memory quickly seems to dissolve.In what kind of memory is the visual information stored while it lasts?

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) code
D) display

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Toby and Karen just met their new neighbour,Justine.Toby repeats Justine's name over and over to remember it.Meanwhile,Karen notes that Justine is leaving "just in time" to get dinner on the table.The following day,who is more likely to recall the neighbour's name and why?

A) Toby,because it is easier for a man to remember a woman's name than vice versa.
B) Toby,because rote rehearsal is the most effective way to encode information.
C) Neither is more likely than the other to remember Justine's name.
D) Karen,because she encoded the name by elaborating on it with other information.

Question 5

Jen's dad sends her to the grocery store for a few last-minute dinner items.Jen repeats the list of ten items as she walks to the store but can remember only the first and last three items when she gets there-she is unable to remember the four in the middle.This U-shaped pattern of recall is

A) called working memory overload.
B) the key indicator of attention deficit disorder.
C) called the serial position effect.
D) common only in women.

Question 6

Mnemonists are people who display extraordinary memory skills.Xhosa would like to learn to remember things better,so she buys a book on improving her memory.Assuming that the book was written by a legitimate memory expert,what can Xhosa expect?

A) Extraordinary memory skills are completely innate,so it's little use for her to try to improve her memory.
B) Experts agree that memory skills can be learned,so if Xhosa works hard she can have an astonishing memory.
C) Xhosa will improve her memory skills only if she relies on rote memorization.
D) Experts disagree on whether exceptional memory skills are influenced by genetics or are completely learned,so without knowing more about Xhosa,we can't say.

Question 7

Jen's dad sends her to the grocery store for a few last-minute dinner items.Jen repeats the list of ten items as she walks to the store but can remember only the first and last three items when she gets there-she is unable to remember the four in the middle.Why did she forget the four items in the middle of the list?

A) The items were probably vegetables,since research shows that vegetable names are difficult for most people to remember.
B) Exercise tends to degrade information if it has just been learned.
C) Because her father gave her the list all at once,Jen wasn't able to hold each item in her short-term memory long enough to encode it for long-term storage.
D) The four middle items never entered her sensory memory.

Question 8

Eva rides the bus to and from work each day.Tonight,she needs to stop by the market,so she associates each grocery item on her list with a different bus stop.As she walks through the store,she imagines she is riding the bus.At each stop,she picks up one of the items on her list.Eva is using (the)

A) acronyms.
B) method of loci.
C) mono-coding theory.
D) rote memorization.

Question 9

Sylvia has been learning about animals in kindergarten.The class does a worksheet in which the students must put different animals into categories like zoo animals and pets.If Sylvia is able to do this,it is because she has created a mental framework about animals called a/an

A) schema.
B) rote.
C) mnemonic.
D) icon.

Question 10

Yesterday,Colleen went to an interesting lecture on relationship problems.She didn't take notes,because she isn't going to be tested on the lecture.Though she made no effort to memorize any of the information the speaker presented,she is able to repeat a great deal of it to a friend.In particular,she is able to remember the parts that she felt applied to her own past relationships.Which concept explains why?

A) levels of processing
B) the Tolman effect
C) Semantic encoding
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 11

Betsy went to a restaurant last night with friends.Though she had never been to this particular restaurant,she knew how to be seated,order,eat,and pay the bill.Betsy has a/an ______________ for going to restaurants.

A) schema
B) photographic memory
C) sensory memory
D) mnemonic

Question 12

Keira is trying to remember a list of animals but is able to do so only when she imagines what the animals look like.These mental images are ____________________________ for words in the list

A) memory codes
B) echoes
C) icons
D) serials

Question 13

Rosa is trying to memorize her school ID number.She is having trouble,because the number is 12 digits long.What would best help Rosa learn the number?

A) Repeat the digits over and over again to herself.
B) Say the digits out loud.
C) Chunk digits together.
D) Read the digits to a friend.

Question 14

Jennifer and Jeff are studying for their geography exam.Jeff is learning the states' capitals by repeating them over and over.Jennifer is incorporating information she already knows about each state into the name of the capital.While Jeff is repeating "Sacramento is the capital of California,Sacramento is the capital of California," Jennifer is saying "SacraTOMATO is the capital of California," because she knows Sacramento is in the middle of a rich agricultural valley.If the levels-of-processing theory is correct,

A) Jeff and Jennifer will do equally well on the exam.
B) Jennifer will recall the capitals and their states better than Jeff.
C) Jeff will recall the capitals and their states better than Jennifer.
D) Who does better has more to do with personality differences than with study techniques.

Question 15

As Yvonne learns her spelling words,she creates a visual image of the object each word represents.According to _____________________,she will be better able to remember the words than if she had just read them to herself.

A) vocal training theory
B) chunking theory
C) maintenance rehearsal theory
D) dual coding theory

Question 16

Nolen is buying discount DVDs,but he doesn't want to spend more than $50.He quickly adds up the prices of the DVDs he's holding,using his _______________ memory.

A) iconic
B) procedural
C) working
D) echoic

Question 17

Leroy is listening to a new CD.The artist used sampling (taking a recording from one source and incorporating it into a new recording)on one track.As soon as he hears it,Leroy knows the sample is from a movie,but he can't remember which one.This is called

A) consolidation.
B) the Loftus effect.
C) homeostasis.
D) source confusion.

Question 18

If we compare the three-stage model of memory to a computer's processes,we can say that the RAM in a computer,that is,the "mental workspace," is like our

A) procedural memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) working memory.
D) iconic memory.

Question 19

Leslie is taking a class on effective study techniques.Much of the course focuses on memory aids that will help her reorganize information into more meaningful units and provide extra cues to help her retrieve the information from long-term memory.These aids are called

A) semantic aids.
B) structural devices.
C) loci.
D) mnemonic devices.

Question 20

After cramming a lot of information for her finals,Ianna told her friend that her brain was full.She assured her friend that she would not be able to remember anything new until she forgot what she had learned for her classes.Is it possible for Ianna's long-term memory to be full?

A) Yes,and she will have to forget some things if she wants to learn anything new.
B) No,because long-term storage capacity is unlimited.
C) Yes,but she can still use her working memory.
D) No,but only because Ianna is still young.

Question 21

If I say the words ghost,toast,and roast,then ask you to name a word that begins with M,you would probably say most.This is an example of a

A) priming task.
B) procedural memory.
C) networking task.
D) parallel model.

Question 22

When Saffron says "frog prince," Annalise thinks "princess," "castle," and "forest." Saffron's words activated concepts already in Annalise's mind,a process referred to as

A) concepting.
B) encoding.
C) priming.
D) rehearsal.

Question 23

Amadi remembers learning to ride a bike,including his feeling of pride when he was finally able to stay upright without any help.For Amadi,this is a/an ______________ memory.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) network

Question 24

Solada had to park on the far end of the lot this morning,so she walked by dozens of cars on her way to class.Later,she learns that a student's car was stolen from the same lot soon after she walked through.Though she tries,she can't remember a car that meets the description of the stolen car.This is most likely due to

A) memory decay.
B) encoding failure.
C) state-dependent learning.
D) repression.

Question 25

Most people remember where they were,what they were doing,and who they were with when they learned of the September 11,2001,terrorist attacks.This type of vivid,emotionally charged memory is called a _______________ memory.

A) primed
B) flashbulb
C) parallel
D) sensory

Question 26

Though she doesn't remember it,Sydney knows she saw her father's fear of snakes when she was a child.Now she feels anxious around anything that looks like a snake,including the garden hose.Sydney is being influenced by

A) sensory memory.
B) explicit memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 27

Because long-term memory's capacity is so large,we must organize the concepts or "files" we keep there.Our mental network or filing system of associated ideas and concepts is called

A) a mnemonic.
B) working memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) an associative network.

Question 28

Memories are

A) like video recordings: They're the same every time we remember or "play" them.
B) reconstructed: We have to rebuild them every time we remember something.
C) objective rather than subjective: We remember things as they really happened.
D) due to arousal theory: They have to do with needing stimulus in our lives.

Question 29

Yuriko is testifying in a court case.After she finishes recounting what she saw to the jury,the attorney asks her how certain she is that her testimony is accurate.She says that she is 99 percent sure.Haroun is also testifying,and when he has told his version of the story,the attorney asks him how sure he is that his memory is accurate.He says that he is 75 percent sure.Based solely on this information,the jury chooses to believe Yariko and not Haroun.Are they correct to do so?

A) Yes,because confidence is always associated with accuracy.
B) Yes,because women's memories tend to be more accurate than men's.
C) No,because men's memories tend to be more accurate than women's.
D) No,because confidence and accuracy are only weakly related.

Question 30

When asked to explain how a bill becomes a law in history class,Eric must rely on

A) implicit memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 31

Over the last few years,Sakura's grandmother has become forgetful,confused,and disoriented.Sakura goes with Grandmother to have cognitive testing done,and afterward the doctor says that Grandmother's procedural,semantic,episodic,and prospective memories are all affected.Grandmother probably

A) has Alzheimer's disease.
B) is experiencing normal decay of the memory trace.
C) is dealing with interference,since she has learned so many things over the years.
D) is repressing things she doesn't like to think about.

Question 32

Peter is studying for the college entrance exam in a quiet corner of the library at a desk with good overhead lighting.Winona studies for the entrance exam lying on her bed with music and the television on.If Peter and Winona are of comparable intelligence and have studied for the same amount of time,who will probably do better on the exam?

A) Peter,because he is studying in an environment similar to the one in which he will take the test.
B) Winona,because music stimulates the neurons that help us remember.
C) Peter,because men's memories tend to be more accurate than women's.
D) Winona,because women's memories tend to be more accurate than men's.

Question 33

When Beatrice was ten,she tripped and fell right into the middle of her sister's birthday cake.She was embarrassed and felt terrible.When Beatrice's sister brings the story up one evening at the dinner table,Beatrice swears she has no memory of the event.Psychodynamic therapists would suggest that Beatrice has ______________ the memory.

A) decayed
B) retrospected
C) retrograded
D) repressed

Question 34

When Saffron says "frog prince," Annalise thinks "princess," "castle," and "forest." The stimulus of Saffron's words,which activated concepts already in Annalise's mind,was a/an

A) retrieval cue.
B) implicit memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) mnemonic.

Question 35

Try as she might,Zoë cannot remember anything from the first three years of her life.Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations for infantile amnesia?

A) Infants do not encode early experiences deeply and fail to form rich retrieval cues for them.
B) Brain structures that encode long-term episodic memories are immature in the first years after birth.
C) The creation of new memories interferes with the retrieval of early childhood memories.
D) Infants lack a clear sense of self,so they have no personal frame of reference around which to organize rich memories.

Question 36

Riding a bike is a learned skill and is stored in ____________________ memory.

A) declarative
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 37

Sandy has a friend named Judy.She meets a woman at a party named Julie.To her embarrassment,now every time she sees Julie,she calls her Judy.Sandy is experiencing

A) memory decay.
B) motivated forgetting.
C) proactive interference.
D) retroactive interference.

Question 38

Mindel took French in high school and is taking German in college.While out with friends one night she meets a French exchange student;unfortunately,all she can remember is her German! Mindel is experiencing

A) proactive interference.
B) encoding failure.
C) memory decay.
D) retroactive interference.

Question 39

Aram volunteers at a nursing home,where he reads and writes letters for residents who can't do those things for themselves.Though he visits every week,Mr.Larue never remembers him,and he has to introduce himself each time they interact.One of the nurses explains that Mr.Larue has Alzheimer's disease (AD).The most characteristic changes in the brain associated with AD are

A) plaque and tartar.
B) threads and tangles.
C) threads and tartar.
D) plaques and tangles.

Question 40

People with retrograde amnesia have problems with __________________ of information,while people with anterograde amnesia have problems with ______________ of information.

A) storing;encoding
B) retrieval;encoding
C) retrieval;recognition
D) encoding;retrieval