Deck 6: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Which of the following contains information that cannot be brought into awareness under normal circumstances? The _______________ mind.

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) unconscious
D) dualist

Answer 1

unconscious

Question 2

If a researcher conducted a study to examine people's subjective conscious experiences while taking drugs,they would be most likely to use which methodology?

A) self-reporting measures
B) physiological measures
C) behavioural measures
D) unconscious measures

Answer 2

self-reporting measures

Question 3

Both of the following measures of consciousness are considered to be "objective" measures: _______________________.

A) self-report and physiological
B) self-report and behavioural
C) physiological and unconscious
D) physiological and behavioural

Answer 3

physiological and behavioural

Question 4

Tanya Chartrand and her colleagues (2002)subliminally presented a group of college students with words that were either strongly negative (e.g. ,cancer,cockroach)or strongly positive (e.g. ,friends,music).Their study found that:

A) the subliminally presented words had no effect on mood.
B) only the subliminally presented positive words produced a change in mood.
C) subliminally presented words created moods similar to the valence of the words (e.g. ,negative words created sadder moods and positive words created positive moods).
D) surprisingly,the subliminally presented words created the opposite mood (e.g. ,negative words created positive moods).

Question 5

A large number of more recent theoretical models propose the existence of separate but integrated information-processing units within the brain that perform various tasks,such as sensation,perception,and motor behaviour.These units are called:

A) modules.
B) programs.
C) procedures.
D) operations.

Question 6

Based on research on divided attention,there is evidence that cell phone use while driving is:

A) dangerous.
B) not dangerous.
C) okay with hands-free models.
D) an epidemic.

Question 7

The suprachiasmatic nucleus,or SCN,is responsible for the regulation of:

A) breathing and respiration.
B) memory creation and storage.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) motor activity.

Question 8

Based on his behaviour,your friend appears to hold traditional beliefs about appropriate gender roles.Yet,he adamantly tells you that he really doesn't care about gender roles.It may be that your friend's beliefs about gender are held in the ___________ mind.

A) unconscious
B) preconscious
C) conscious
D) limbic

Question 9

Which is true of divided attention? It:

A) is a myth.
B) would allow people to type while they read.
C) is relatively unlimited.
D) is only effective when controlled processes are engaged.

Question 10

The moment-to-moment awareness of our environment and ourselves is defined by psychologists as ____________________.

A) controlled processing
B) automatic processing
C) consciousness
D) dissociation

Question 11

Looking at a map and deciding what route to take to a new destination is most relevant to the concept of _________________ processing.

A) compensatory
B) controlled
C) automatic
D) deep

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of consciousness? Consciousness is:

A) static and constant.
B) objective and public.
C) separate from the process of selective attention.
D) self-reflective.

Question 13

When a person is learning how to type,their behaviour usually involves __________ processing,but someone who can type quickly,efficiently,and accurately is probably utilizing more ____________ processing.

A) automatic;controlled
B) controlled;automatic
C) automatic;effortful
D) effortful;controlled

Question 14

Many people are able to attend to two things at once,such as maintaining a conversation with a friend while driving.A cognitive psychologist would most likely assert that this type of divided attention is made possible by:

A) the preconscious mind.
B) the unconscious mind.
C) controlled processing.
D) automatic processing.

Question 15

A researcher who assumes that unconscious processes are not adversarial to the conscious mind but instead serve to support and supplement our normal conscious awareness,would mostly likely identify with which of the following perspectives of the unconscious?

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive
C) humanistic
D) Freudian

Question 16

In Freud's levels of consciousness model,the preconscious and the unconscious are similar in that they both:

A) are examples of automatic processing.
B) contain information that people are currently aware of.
C) are equivalent to the modern-day notion of the cognitive unconscious.
D) contain information that people are currently unaware of.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of consciousness? Consciousness is:

A) objective.
B) dynamic.
C) self-reflective.
D) private.

Question 18

When your instructor asks you a question,you think you know the answer,but you need to think about it for a while.Until you find it,it is likely the answer is somewhere in the ______________ mind.

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) unconscious
D) circadian

Question 19

Which of the following contains information that is outside awareness but could be recalled under certain conditions? The __________________________ mind.

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) unconscious
D) dualist

Question 20

Consciousness is a collection of interacting modules and circuits and is MOST similar to which of the following?

A) an integrated,harmonious choir
B) continuous,crashing waves
C) a hiker steadily climbing a mountain
D) a person sewing together the squares of a quilt

Question 21

Which of the following brain structures is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

A) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
C) basal ganglia
D) superior colliculus

Question 22

Which of the following EEG wave patterns occur when one is awake and alert?

A) alpha
B) beta
C) gamma
D) delta

Question 23

The hormone secreted from the pineal gland that has a relaxing effect on the body,and plays an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms is called _______________.

A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) melatonin

Question 24

Your friend is expecting her first baby.You remind her to expect her baby to sleep approximately _____________ hours a day when first born.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16

Question 25

You never went to sleep after celebrating all New Year's Eve.In fact,you didn't sleep for 36 hours.You would be classified with _______________________ deprivation.

A) partial
B) short-term total
C) long-term total
D) total

Question 26

How many stages of sleep are there?

A) one plus REM
B) two plus REM
C) three plus REM
D) four plus REM

Question 27

It is the end of the quarter,and David has just stayed up all night to study for an exam.Research would suggest that which of the following would be most likely to occur? David's:

A) mood should suffer most but he should also show some impairment in cognitive and physical performance.
B) cognitive abilities should suffer most but he should also show impairment in mood and physical performance.
C) physical abilities should suffer most but he should also show impairment in mood and cognitive performance.
D) cognitive abilities should suffer but his mood and physical abilities should remain essentially unchanged.

Question 28

Fred is having a vivid dream about running in a marathon.His legs don't start pumping furiously in bed in order to run because:

A) Fred knows that this is just a dream and he is able to voluntarily control his muscle movements.
B) the level of arousal in the body and the activity of the brain are significantly reduced during REM sleep.
C) even though our brains are very active,we are essentially paralyzed while in REM sleep.
D) dreaming has been found to take place only in the prefrontal lobe and doesn't affect any other areas of the brain or body.

Question 29

During finals week you are only able to sleep three to four hours each night because you are studying.This would mean you have ____________________ deprivation.

A) short-term total sleep
B) long-term total sleep
C) partial
D) complete

Question 30

As you become drowsy,____________ waves become more present,but when you first fall asleep,these waves are replaced by slower ___________ waves during stage 1 sleep.

A) alpha;theta
B) theta;delta
C) alpha;beta
D) beta;alpha

Question 31

When our circadian clocks are NOT reset each day,they run on what is called a ______________ circadian rhythm,which is a cycle _____________ 24 hours.

A) free-running;a little longer than
B) compensatory;a little less than
C) "loose";a little less than
D) desynchronized;exactly equal to

Question 32

Irritability,forgetfulness,nausea,and disorientation are all possible effects of:

A) REM sleep paralysis.
B) sleep deprivation.
C) memory consolidation.
D) slow-wave sleep.

Question 33

When flying,jet lag problems are usually less when we are flying to the _________ because this ___________ of the day is presumably more compatible with our free-running circadian cycle.

A) east;lengthening
B) east;shortening
C) west;lengthening
D) west;shortening

Question 34

It would be most difficult to awake your friend if she is in ____________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 4
D) REM

Question 35

During the day,the suprachiasmatic nuclei are active and function to decrease the pineal gland's secretion of _____________,which serves to raise the body's temperature and increase alertness.

A) melatonin
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) endorphins

Question 36

If you wanted to learn about your friend's dreams,you should try to wake him during ____________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 4
D) REM

Question 37

One reason that shift work has a detrimental effect on circadian rhythms is that:

A) there isn't enough variability in the sleep schedules of shift workers.
B) the nature of shift work is more physically taxing than other types of work typically done during the day.
C) shift workers often get too much sleep.
D) shift workers often go home in the morning daylight,which makes it difficult to properly reset their circadian clocks.

Question 38

When slow and large delta waves dominate the EEG pattern,a person is said to be in _________ sleep.

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 4
D) stage 3

Question 39

June Pilcher and Allen Huffcutt (1996)conducted a study examining the impact of various types of sleep deprivation on mood and performance.The results of their study revealed that:

A) partial sleep deprivation had a minor impact on mood and performance compared to total sleep deprivation.
B) although their moods generally suffered,sleep-deprived participants had cognitive and physical performances roughly equivalent to non-deprived participants.
C) both partial and total sleep deprivation had strong negative effects on mood and performance.
D) in contrast to mood and physical performance,cognitive performance on tasks was unaffected by sleep deprivation.

Question 40

Which of the following wave patterns occurs when one feels relaxed and drowsy?

A) alpha
B) beta
C) gamma
D) delta

Question 41

Because of its' closer resemblance to daytime thinking than to REM sleep;some of the mental activity that occurs during non-REM sleep has been referred to as _______________.

A) sleep thoughts
B) deep sleep
C) sleep paralysis
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 42

Most nightmares occur during _____________ sleep.

A) NREM
B) stage 4
C) REM
D) stage 1

Question 43

Night terrors usually take place during ___________ sleep.

A) stage 1 or stage 2
B) stage 3 or stage 4
C) stage 3
D) REM

Question 44

Your roommate stays up all night studying and claims that the lack of sleep has no affect on her cognitive functioning.Which of the following is most likely true?

A) losing one night's sleep does not affect performance
B) losing one night's sleep only affects emotions
C) she underestimates the effect of lost sleep
D) her lack of sleep inhibits her ability to be self-aware

Question 45

Sleep increases a species' chances of survival in relation to its environmental demands,according to the _________________ model.

A) restoration
B) evolutionary/circadian
C) Darwinian
D) cyclic

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome for someone with REM sleep behaviour disorder?

A) acting out violent behaviour
B) causing injury to oneself
C) causing physical destruction to the room or home
D) a sudden,uncontrollable sleep attack

Question 47

The treatment for insomnia called stimulus control involves limiting the activities that occur in bed to just sleeping.This treatment is most likely based on the ______________ perspective.

A) biological
B) cognitive
C) behavioural
D) psychodynamic

Question 48

People who sleepwalk usually have ___________________.

A) emotions consistent with the dream they are having
B) blank stares and are unresponsive to people
C) frightened and scared expressions on their faces
D) emotional responses to those around them

Question 49

Research has revealed that people dream __________________________ sleep.

A) exclusively during REM
B) equally during REM and NREM
C) the most during REM sleep but also occasionally during NREM
D) the most during NREM sleep but also occasionally during REM

Question 50

Sleepwalking typically occurs during ____________.

A) REM sleep
B) stage 1 and stage 2 sleep
C) stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
D) stage 1 sleep

Question 51

The sleep disorder that involves extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden,uncontrollable sleep attacks is called ______________.

A) narcolepsy
B) REM sleep behaviour disorder
C) insomnia
D) day terrors

Question 52

A chronic and frequent difficulty in falling asleep,staying asleep,or experiencing restful sleep is called __________.

A) Narcolepsy
B) Sleep apnea
C) Night terror disorder
D) Insomnia

Question 53

Which of the following is evidence supporting the restoration model of sleep?

A) We sleep much longer on days we exercise.
B) Increased cellular waste (i.e. ,adenosine)is associated with sleepiness.
C) Multiple skin abrasions are associated with longer sleep.
D) Good nutrition reduces the amount that people need to sleep.

Question 54

Which of the following pieces of evidence is most consistent with evolutionary/circadian models of sleep?

A) a rat in a maze shows more REM sleep at night while mastering a new maze.
B) a species of mouse that has lots of predators in its environment sleeps mostly during the day.
C) a person deprived of slow-wave sleep at night performs poorly on a cognitive task the next day.
D) dogs who lacks adenosine sleep almost constantly.

Question 55

The cellular waste product ___________ appears to be involved in signalling the brain areas responsible for sleep,telling them to "slow down" because too much cellular fuel has been burned.

A) adenosine
B) melatonin
C) norepinephrine
D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 56

Which of the following provides the most support for the argument that REM sleep serves a special function for the body? The

A) effect of antidepressants on REM sleep
B) REM rebound effect
C) REM sleep behaviour disorder
D) effect of REM sleep on exercise

Question 57

REM sleep behaviour disorder is characterized by:

A) the absence of normal REM sleep paralysis.
B) sudden attacks of REM sleep during the day.
C) difficulty falling asleep,staying asleep,or experiencing restful sleep.
D) the lack of the REM rebound effect after a person has been deprived of REM sleep.

Question 58

Current research on the interaction between sleep and learning has found changes in __________ sleep following a learning task.

A) deep
B) REM
C) NREM (non-REM)
D) slow-wave

Question 59

The function of sleep is to restore our fatigued bodies and recover from physical and mental weariness according to the ______________ model.

A) activation/synthesis
B) evolutionary/circadian
C) restoration
D) memory consolidation

Question 60

Which of the following is supportive evidence for the evolutionary/circadian model of sleep?

A) Large prey sleep relatively more.
B) Small prey sleep relatively less.
C) Metabolic rates dip during sleep.
D) Predators hardly sleep at all.

Question 61

Which of the following best describes the function of the blood-brain barrier? It:

A) allows certain essential nutrients to enter the brain but keeps most foreign substances out.
B) prevents any substances from leaving the capillaries in the brain.
C) facilitates the effects of neurotransmitters in the brain.
D) reabsorbs neurotransmitters in order to terminate synaptic activity.

Question 62

Which is generally true about the content of dreams?

A) They tend to have positive content.
B) They tend to have negative content.
C) They tend to have an equal mix of positive and negative content.
D) Emotional content is not found in dreams.

Question 63

Once a drug passes through the blood-brain barrier,it can affect consciousness by ______________ synaptic transmission.

A) facilitating
B) inhibiting
C) facilitating or inhibiting
D) releasing

Question 64

During a late-night study session,your friend has fallen asleep and you can tell from the movement of her eyes that she is in REM sleep.You decide to wake her up and ask her about her dream.Research on dream content suggests that which of the following would be more likely to be in her dream,your friend reports? ____________________

A) a dream in which she was flying over campus.
B) a dream in which she was won the lottery.
C) a dream in which she was scared and being chased by something.
D) that she wasn't having a dream.

Question 65

Researchers studying the association between gender and dream content have observed that characters in:

A) men's dreams are more likely to be male,whereas characters in women's dreams are equally likely to be either male or female.
B) men's dreams are more likely to be female,whereas characters in women's dreams are equally likely to be either male or female.
C) men's dreams are more likely to be female,whereas characters in women's dreams are more likely to be male.
D) both men's and women's dreams are more likely to be female.

Question 66

The capillaries in the human brain contain what is called a blood-brain barrier,which is best likened to a(n):

A) coffee filter.
B) air-tight window.
C) airline pilot.
D) solid brick wall.

Question 67

According to _______________ theory,dreams are not constrained by reality,they can help us find creative solutions to our problems and ongoing concerns.

A) problem-solving dream models
B) activation-synthesis
C) psychoanalytic
D) cognitive processing

Question 68

Agonist is to ___________ as antagonist is to ____________.

A) increase;decrease
B) decrease;increase
C) CNS;PNS
D) PNS;CNS

Question 69

From the activation-synthesis perspective,our brain stem sends __________ to the cortex during dreaming.

A) random signals
B) latent content
C) manifest content
D) problems

Question 70

Which of the following is most consistent with the cognitive-process theory of dreaming?

A) Much of the content of dreams does in fact appear to involve wish fulfilment.
B) Women who have intense dreams about divorce appear to be less depressed.
C) Rapid shifts of attention are common to both the dreaming and waking states.
D) Dreams are in fact produced by the random activation of lower brain systems.

Question 71

The fact that dreams also occur during NREM sleep would be a criticism that is most relevant to which of the following dream theory(ies)?

A) problem-solving
B) psychoanalytic
C) activation-synthesis
D) cognitive-processing

Question 72

This theory of dreaming proposes that random brain activity occurs during REM sleep and that this activity is interpreted and made sense of by the brain.It is called ____________ theory.

A) evolutionary
B) Freudian psychoanalytic
C) compensatory
D) activation-synthesis

Question 73

A usually mild-mannered client tells her therapist about a disturbing dream that she had about spray-painting her boss's office and filling it with Jell-O.The therapist believes this dream represents the client's unconscious desires to be aggressive.This therapist's views are most consistent with which model/theory of dreams?

A) the activation synthesis theory of dreaming
B) the evolutionary model of dreaming
C) Freud's psychoanalytic theory of dreaming
D) the restoration model of dreaming

Question 74

You notice that the person sleeping next to you has just entered REM sleep.If you woke this person,how likely would he or she to be experiencing a dream? _________ of the time.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 80%

Question 75

If you assert that dreams do not serve any particular function-they are merely the by-products of neural activity during sleep,then this is based on the _________________ perspective.

A) psychoanalytic
B) problem-solving
C) activation-synthesis
D) cognitive-process

Question 76

What portion of our dreams reflects our recent experiences?

A) < 5%
B) 5-25%
C) up to 50%
D) 75%-100%

Question 77

Freud's psychoanalytic perspective would suggest that the main purpose of dreaming is:

A) memory consolidation.
B) problem solving.
C) activation-synthesis.
D) wish fulfilment.

Question 78

Research has shown that we are more likely to dream when the brain is _____________,and it turns out that this type of brain activity is more common during ____________ sleep.

A) most active;REM
B) most active;NREM
C) least active;REM
D) least active;NREM

Question 79

According to __________ theory,dreams do not serve any particular function.

A) psychoanalytic
B) restoration
C) activation-synthesis
D) problem-solving dream models

Question 80

You have just experienced a bizarre dream about a cat,a teapot,and an unusually large elephant.From an activation-synthesis perspective,this dream was likely generated by:

A) latent content.
B) manifest content.
C) random signals from the brain stem.
D) problems you've encountered in your life.