Deck 4: Genes, Evolution, and Behaviour

Question 1

Every type of cell in the human body except one has:

A) 46 genes.
B) 46 chromosomes.
C) 23 genes.
D) 23 chromosomes.

Answer 1

46 chromosomes.

Question 2

Jake receives a gene for blue eyes from his mother and a gene for brown eyes from his father.What colour will his eyes be?

A) blue
B) brown
C) green
D) All colours are equally likely.

Answer 2

brown

Question 3

The Human Genome Project is a coordinated effort to:

A) alter gene combinations that underlie physical attributes.
B) alter gene combinations that underlie behaviour.
C) map the DNA of the human organism.
D) map the DNA of endangered species.

Answer 3

map the DNA of the human organism.

Question 4

A gourmet chef bakes a cake following a recipe.The specifics of how the cake turns out depends not only on the recipe but also on the quality of ingredients used,the quality of the oven it is baked in,and so on.In this example,the recipe is the _____ and the actual finished cake is the ______.

A) neurotransmitter;neuromodulator
B) genotype;phenotype
C) neuron;glial cell
D) antigen;hormone

Question 5

The particular characteristic that a gene controls will be displayed if a gene is _______________.

A) dominant
B) recessive
C) phenotypic
D) polygenic

Question 6

Results in genetic research have allowed geneticists to begin to understand which of the following?

A) Gene interactions are relatively simple compared to their structural components.
B) Gene interactions are more complex than formerly believed.
C) A single gene may account for a complex problem,such as schizophrenia.
D) Gene interactions involve an additional base,complicating the existing sequence.

Question 7

Even though a person may have the gene for blue eyes in her chromosomes,it is possible that she may actually have brown eyes because the gene for blue eyes is recessive.Instances like these most clearly demonstrate the distinction between:

A) chromosomes and genes.
B) chromosomes and genotype.
C) genes and genotype.
D) genotype and phenotype.

Question 8

Researchers from which of the following fields of study attempt to determine the influence of genetic and environmental factors on individual differences in behaviour?

A) evolutionary psychology
B) behaviour analysis
C) behaviour genetics
D) biological psychology

Question 9

Which of the following fields of study involves the examination of how heredity and environmental factors influence psychological characteristics?

A) behaviour genetics
B) evolutionary psychology
C) developmental psychology
D) psychosocial genetics

Question 10

Scientists have used recombinant DNA procedures to produce ___________ to use for therapeutic purposes.

A) new viruses
B) amino acids
C) genetic engineering
D) human growth hormone

Question 11

Tina receives a gene for blue eyes from her mother and a gene for blue eyes from her father.What colour will her eyes be?

A) blue
B) brown
C) green
D) All colours are equally likely.

Question 12

Alternative forms of a gene that produce different characteristics are called:

A) alleles.
B) dominant genes.
C) genetic maps.
D) chromosome pairs.

Question 13

Genotype is to _________ as phenotype is to ________.

A) learning;evolution
B) evolution;learning
C) genetic makeup;observable characteristics
D) observable characteristics;genetic makeup

Question 14

If a chromosome is a long book,then a gene would best be viewed as:

A) a library full of books.
B) the cover of the book.
C) the numbers on the pages.
D) a chapter in the book.

Question 15

Both of Bob's parents have blue eyes.Bob himself also has the gene for blue eyes,yet his eyes are brown.This means that the gene for blue eyes would be considered:

A) polygenic.
B) phenotypic.
C) recessive.
D) dominant.

Question 16

The specific genetic makeup of the individual is the person's _____________________.

A) temperament
B) behaviour
C) phenotype
D) genotype

Question 17

Natalie has black hair and brown eyes.This is an example of a(n):

A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) chromosome.
D) polygenic transmission.

Question 18

Early research by Gregor Mendel provided important information leading to which of the following conclusions? Heredity

A) involves the passing on of specific factors,not a blending of characteristics.
B) involves a precise blending of parental characteristics.
C) allows all offspring of a parental set to acquire the same traits.
D) involves the reproduction of learned behaviours.

Question 19

When a sperm fertilizes an egg,the new cell has:

A) 46 genes.
B) 23 genes.
C) 46 chromosomes.
D) 23 chromosomes.

Question 20

Although earlier estimates predicted the human genome to consist of ___________ genes,research has indicated that approximately ____________ genes actually exist.

A) 300,000;500,000
B) 40,000;25,000
C) 100,000;25,000
D) 25,000;60,000

Question 21

More than _______ specific gene screens are available that enable the detection of many human traits,including diseases.

A) 1000
B) 2000
C) 5000
D) 15,000

Question 22

If the heritability coefficient for intelligence is about 0.60,this means that:

A) 60% of the variation in the intelligence of an individual is related to genetic factors.
B) 40% of the variation in the intelligence of an individual is related to genetic factors.
C) 60% of the variation of intelligence in that specific group of people is related to genetic factors.
D) 40% of the variation of intelligence in a group of people is related to genetic factors.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of a genetic counsellor's role? To help __________________.

A) couples and families decide whether or not to get screened
B) understand the test results of the genetic screening
C) couples decide whether or not to have or keep a child
D) during difficult and traumatic times

Question 24

Your grandfather has blue eyes.What is the chance that you have the same gene responsible for this characteristic yourself?

A) 50%
B) 25%
C) 15%
D) 5%

Question 25

Twin studies often allow researchers to compare _____________,or behavioural similarity,in samples of identical and fraternal twins.

A) heritability coefficients
B) correlation coefficients
C) genetic similarities
D) concordance rates

Question 26

Jade was adopted at the age of 2.She is participating in a(n)_________,in which she is compared with both of her biological parents and with her adoptive parents.

A) twin study
B) adoption study
C) human genome study
D) genetic mapping study

Question 27

Siblings (brothers and sisters)have a ____ chance of sharing the same gene with one another.

A) 50%
B) 100%
C) 25%
D) 5%

Question 28

What is the process of identifying people who are genetic carriers of a certain trait called?

A) embryogenesis
B) knock-in procedure
C) knockout procedure
D) genetic counselling

Question 29

When an adopted person is more similar to his/her adoptive parents then the importance of ____________ may influence a trait,but if that person is more similar to his/her biological parents,then the importance of _____________ may influence that trait.

A) genetic factors;environmental factors
B) environmental factors;genetic factors
C) environmental factors;environmental factors
D) genetic factors;genetic factors

Question 30

In twin study research,what are often compared using samples of monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

A) Correlation coefficients.
B) Vocational interests.
C) Concordance rates.
D) Genetic similarities.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a method for studying the role of genetic factors in physical and behavioural characteristics?

A) twin studies
B) adoption studies
C) studies of twins raised apart
D) stem cell studies

Question 32

The knockout procedure refers to the process of:

A) artificially suppressing the function of the immune system.
B) preventing neurons from firing by inhibiting reuptake.
C) altering an individual gene such that its normal function is prevented.
D) flooding the body with stress hormones so that an organism goes into temporary shock.

Question 33

Imagine that your mother has a gene that is associated with a particular physical characteristic such as eye colour.The probability that you too have this gene is:

A) 0.05.
B) 0.25.
C) 0.50.
D) 0.75.

Question 34

Dizygotic twins share ___________ of their genetic endowment with their parents.

A) 100%
B) 50%
C) 25%
D) 5%

Question 35

Knowing the level of genetic similarity in family members is important to the study of behavioural genetics because it provides a(n):

A) estimate for the relative contribution of environment to physical and psychological characteristics.
B) estimate for the relative contribution of genes to physical and psychological characteristics.
C) estimate for the relative contributions of environment and genes to physical and psychological characteristics.
D) prediction regarding need for additional learning assistance in children.

Question 36

The availability of rapidly increasing numbers of tests for genetic diseases has created a need for positions called 'genetic counsellors' to assist with:

A) issues that arise when someone carries the genetic susceptibility for disease.
B) ethical issues that arise in research on stem cells and other controversial areas.
C) ethical issues that arise in health care policy.
D) adoption decisions.

Question 37

Seymour Kety et al.(1978)studied people who had been adopted and who were diagnosed with schizophrenia later in life.What conclusion did the research support?

A) As 12% of biological family members also had been diagnosed with schizophrenia,compared with only 3% of adoptive family members,it was likely there was a hereditary link.
B) As only 3% of biological family members also had been diagnosed with schizophrenia,compared with 12% of adoptive family members,it was likely an environmental link.
C) Both biological and adoptive families had diagnosis rates of 1-2%,so no conclusion was reached.
D) Both biological and adoptive families had diagnosis rates of 15-20%,so no conclusion was reached.

Question 38

What advanced technological procedure detects a variety of diseases?

A) embryogenesis
B) knock-in procedure
C) genetic counselling
D) knockout procedure

Question 39

Research by Seymour Kety et al.(1978)indicates which of the following?

A) People who are adopted are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
B) Environmental factors play the most important role in schizophrenia.
C) Heredity may play a role in the development of schizophrenia.
D) Symptoms of schizophrenia are more severe for people who were adopted.

Question 40

Although approximately ____________ births produce monozygotic twins,approximately ___________ births produce dizygotic twins.

A) 1 in 150;1 in 250
B) 1 in 100;1 in 200
C) 1 in 50;1 in 80
D) 1 in 250;1 in 125

Question 41

There is strong evidence that genes play a significant role in intelligence,accounting for ________ of group variation in IQ.

A) 25-30%
B) 30-40%
C) 40-50%
D) 50-70%

Question 42

For a given genetically influenced trait,the ___________ includes the upper and lower limits,as allowed by a person's genetic code.

A) heritability statistic
B) concordance rate
C) phenotype
D) reaction range

Question 43

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genes and the environment? Genes and the environment ________________________.

A) are separate determinants of behaviour
B) operate as a single,integrated system
C) exist on separate ends of a continuum
D) have no relationship with each other.

Question 44

What evidence has indicated the importance of genetic factors in intelligence?

A) Identical twins reared together and identical twins reared apart have similar,though not exact,correlations of IQ scores.
B) Fraternal twins reared together and fraternal twins reared apart have dissimilar correlations of IQ scores.
C) Adopted children have relatively highly correlated IQ scores with their adoptive parents.
D) No evidence exists indicating the importance of genetic factors in intelligence.

Question 45

If IQ gains are associated with certain adoption and enrichment programs,evidence exists toward the important influence of which of the following?

A) genetics
B) reaction range
C) chromosomes
D) environment

Question 46

Which of the following would have the highest correlation in intelligence?

A) identical twins reared together
B) identical twins reared apart
C) siblings reared together
D) siblings reared apart

Question 47

Current evidence indicates that genetic factors are _____________ in the development of dyslexia.

A) very important
B) not well understood
C) impossible to test for
D) not related to

Question 48

Siblings living in the same home have unique relationships with parents and siblings and engage in unique activities.In this respect,siblings have a(n):

A) shared environment.
B) unshared environment.
C) genotype.
D) fixed action pattern.

Question 49

Tests that inform individuals that they are more likely than others to develop a particular disorder are called _________.

A) genetic tests for specific diseases
B) environmental factor tests
C) biologically based tests
D) evolutionary adaptation tests

Question 50

In addition to intelligence,reaction ranges may exist for which of the following areas of study?

A) learning
B) memory
C) perception
D) personality

Question 51

Frank has been endowed with every necessary genetic and environmental advantage,placing his reaction range for IQ scores at the high level of 130-150.On a recent IQ test,however,Frank scored 130.What might account for Frank's score of 130,when he could have achieved an IQ score of 150?

A) individual differences such as lack of motivation
B) genotype
C) language barriers
D) unfair testing

Question 52

The concept of reaction range was applied to understand interactions between genetics and environment in which of the following areas of study?

A) attachment
B) psychological disorders
C) intelligence
D) temperament

Question 53

Tina's reaction range for IQ places her in the range from 90 to 110,which means that she could either be slightly below average,average,or slightly above average.What might allow Tina to score closer to the high level of her reaction range?

A) an intellectually stimulating environment
B) a higher social status
C) increasing the density of axons in her occipital lobe
D) minimal interaction with her below average IQ parents

Question 54

What determines the upper and lower limits of the potential intelligence that a person could inherit?

A) reaction range
B) genetic code
C) phenotype
D) concordance rate

Question 55

Adoption and enrichment programs are associated with IQ gains of ______________ points.

A) 5-10
B) 10-15
C) 15-20
D) 20-25

Question 56

Jim's subjective experience of talking to his mother differs from his younger brother Bill's experience.What type of environment is present in this context?

A) shared environment
B) unshared environment
C) social environment
D) family environment

Question 57

A twin study examining the heritability of criminal behaviour finds that people who had biological parents and adoptive parents who both had criminal records were the most likely to be criminals themselves.This example best illustrates:

A) the influence of genetic factors on criminal behaviour.
B) the influence of environmental factors on criminal behaviour
C) how genotype and phenotype can interact to produce behaviour.
D) how the environment and genetic factors can interact to produce behaviour.

Question 58

Siblings living in the same home are exposed to a common physical environment and in this respect have a(n):

A) shared environment
B) unshared environment
C) genotype
D) fixed action pattern

Question 59

What evidence has indicated the importance of environmental factors in intelligence?

A) Identical twins reared together have slightly higher correlations of IQ scores,compared to identical twins reared apart.
B) Fraternal twins reared together have lower correlations of IQ scores,compared to fraternal twins reared apart.
C) Adopted children do not have correlations with other family members.
D) No evidence exists indicating the importance of environmental factors in intelligence.

Question 60

In addition to the existing factors known to influence intelligence,which of the following is an additional factor,as mentioned by your text,which may influence intelligence?

A) gender
B) race
C) brain size
D) enriched environment

Question 61

What percentage of personality variation among people is attributable to genetics?

A) 20%-30%
B) 30%-40%
C) 40%-50%
D) 50%-60%

Question 62

In the Five Factor Model of personality,neuroticism is defined as:

A) emotionally unstable.
B) a weak character.
C) negative and hypercritical.
D) a personality disorder.

Question 63

In the Five Factor Model of personality,openness to experience is defined as:

A) imaginative and artistically sensitive
B) promiscuous
C) sensation seeking
D) disorganized and unreliable

Question 64

Jang et al.at the University of British Columbia showed that attitudes have an inherited component.Which of the following attitudes did NOT have a high heritability coefficient? Attitudes toward:

A) preservation of life
B) equality
C) athleticism
D) education

Question 65

If genetics are important in determining an individual's personality,then we would expect that if Jim is an outgoing,friendly,sociable person,then his identical twin Jacob would have a high score on which of the following personality dimensions?

A) agreeableness
B) openness to experience
C) neuroticism
D) extraversion

Question 66

Which of the following has a heritability level of.40-.50?

A) Intelligence
B) Socioeconomic status
C) Personality
D) Agreeableness

Question 67

Research using brain-imaging techniques finds that brain activity consistently differs in readers with dyslexia and readers without dyslexia (i.e. ,controls).Dyslexics have been found to show less activation than controls in the:

A) right occipital lobe
B) left occipital lobe
C) corpus callosum
D) left temporal lobe

Question 68

Twin studies indicate a strong genetic component for dyslexia,with heritability estimates ranging from:

A) 0.2 to as high as 0.5
B) 0.2 to as high as 0.9
C) 0.5 to as high as 0.9
D) 0.8 to as high as 0.9

Question 69

Whether raised together or apart,identical twins are far more similar in personality and intelligence test scores than are _________ twins raised in the same families.

A) fraternal
B) identical
C) nontwins
D) nontwins and fraternal

Question 70

The "Minnesota Twin Study" assessed the personality of more than 400 pairs of twins and found:

A) general family environment accounted for 60% of the variance.
B) individual intelligence accounted for 60% of the variance.
C) general family environment accounted for little or no variance.
D) genes accounted for little or no variance.

Question 71

Research findings regarding the importance of environmental influence in personality have found that twins reared in the same environment are:

A) about as similar as twins reared in a different environment.
B) more similar than twins reared in a different environment.
C) less similar than twins reared in a different environment.
D) dependent on the type of twins

Question 72

In a study by Tzenova et al. ,100 Canadian families were tested for reading ability and potential genetic linkages.They found that two measures of dyslexia in particular showed strong evidence of genetic linkage:

A) spelling and phonological coding
B) reading aloud and alphabetization
C) reading for pleasure and spelling
D) letter recognition and phonological coding

Question 73

Which of the following has a heritability level of 0.70?

A) Personality
B) Social behaviour
C) Socioeconomic status
D) Intelligence

Question 74

Evidence from twin studies has shown that the highest heritability coefficient has been found for which of the following personality dimensions?

A) extraversion
B) openness to experience
C) neuroticism
D) agreeableness

Question 75

Which of the following IS included as a personality dimension within the Five Factor Model?

A) cautiousness
B) subconsciousness
C) argumentativeness
D) neuroticism

Question 76

Which of the following theories is the leading personality trait theory?

A) Eysenck's Theory
B) Rorschach Model
C) Five-Factor Model
D) Freud's Ego Theory

Question 77

Genetic factors are very important in the development of dyslexia,especially among individuals with both __________ and dyslexia.

A) poor spatial skills
B) a high IQ
C) poor social skills
D) a low IQ

Question 78

The "Minnesota Twin Study" definition of individuals' unique experience did NOT include:

A) school experiences
B) social interactions
C) individual learning experiences
D) family environment

Question 79

Which of the following would have the highest heritability coefficient?

A) extraversion
B) intelligence
C) agreeableness
D) openness to experience

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT included as a personality dimension within the Five Factor Model?

A) extraversion
B) subconsciousness
C) agreeableness
D) neuroticism