Deck 16: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Behaviours that interfere with a person's ability to work with other people are likely to be seen as maladaptive and self-defeating,and are examples of _______ behaviours.

A) distressing
B) dysfunctional
C) deviant
D) disturbing

Answer 1

dysfunctional

Question 2

Your family hosts an exchange student for the summer.This student becomes extremely upset (i.e. ,distressed)after receiving a bad grade on an exam.In fact,he becomes so agitated that he does not do his homework that evening (i.e. ,dysfunctional).What would you want to know before determining if the behaviour is abnormal?

A) his suicide risk
B) his genetic history
C) whether he had called home recently
D) what are the typical reactions to bad grades in his culture

Answer 2

what are the typical reactions to bad grades in his culture

Question 3

The fact that people with psychological disorders usually experience suffering that is long-lasting or disproportionate to the situation best demonstrates how psychologists often use the amount of ____________ present to make judgements about abnormal behaviours.

A) deviance
B) dysfunction
C) distress
D) distinctiveness

Answer 3

distress

Question 4

Many psychologists who study abnormal behaviour assert that biological,psychological,or environmental predispositions called ____________ can combine with current or recent events to produce psychological disorders.

A) stressors
B) handicaps
C) vulnerabilities
D) traumatic events

Question 5

In the 1800s it was discovered that general paresis was caused by:

A) the devil.
B) syphilis.
C) too much blood.
D) gonorrhea.

Question 6

In the 5^th century B.C. ,Hippocrates suggested ________________,which was proven in the 1800s when the cause of general paresis was discovered.

A) a mental disorder could be caused by a physical dysfunction
B) genetics are an important factor in mental illness
C) neurochemicals can influence behaviour
D) brain trauma could change someone's personality

Question 7

The discovery of the cause of general paresis was important because it was the first time:

A) the defects of the brain could be seen by X-ray.
B) a psychological disorder was shown to be caused by a physical disorder.
C) a physical disorder was shown to be caused by a psychological disorder.
D) an autopsy revealed brain abnormalities.

Question 8

People who held the supernatural or demonological perspective on psychological disorders would sometimes treat abnormal behaviours by chiseling a small hole in the head of the individual in an attempt to release the evil spirit trapped inside.This procedure was called a:

A) lobotomy.
B) trephination.
C) primitive psychological surgery.
D) spirit elimination.

Question 9

The main tenet of the vulnerability-stress model is that:

A) everyone is vulnerable to stress.
B) everyone has some degree of vulnerability to developing a psychological disorder if they are exposed to enough stress.
C) vulnerability is inversely related to stress.
D) only those with a significant predisposition will develop a psychological disorder.

Question 10

"Diagnostic" tests for witches are most strongly associated with which of the following perspectives on abnormal behaviours?

A) psychoanalytic
B) behavioural
C) demonological
D) cognitive

Question 11

Which of the following is most relevant to illustrating that personal and situational factors can interact with one another?

A) the example of general paresis
B) the learned helplessness theory
C) the trauma-dissociation theory
D) the vulnerability-stress model

Question 12

An important thing to keep in mind when using the "Three Ds" to classify abnormal behaviour is that:

A) although they have been used extensively by psychologists,research suggests that they are a poor way to classify abnormal behaviour.
B) each criterion by itself is sufficient to classify a behaviour as abnormal.
C) all of the criteria must be present to classify behaviour as abnormal.
D) none of the criteria by themselves are necessary or sufficient to classify a behaviour as abnormal.

Question 13

Nearly what percent of all North Americans between the ages of 15 and 54 will experience a psychological disorder at some point in their lives?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 50

Question 14

We label behaviour that is personally distressing,personally dysfunctional,and/or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive as __________.

A) deviant
B) abnormal
C) atypical
D) psychotic

Question 15

In developed economies such as Canada and the United States,psychological disorders account for over ______ percent of the financial burden of illness,more than the burden caused by all cancers.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 15
D) 40

Question 16

According to the vulnerability-stress model,people with higher vulnerability levels:

A) are less likely to develop disorders.
B) are more likely to develop disorders.
C) will definitely develop disorders.
D) are more likely to experience stressors.

Question 17

One in _____ North Americans will have a substance-abuse disorder during his or her lifetime.

A) 4
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 18

If your roommate acts in a way that is unusual (i.e. ,deviant)and interferes with her schoolwork (i.e. ,dysfunctional),what would you need to know before deciding whether the behaviour is abnormal?

A) her vulnerability factors
B) her current stressors
C) whether she finds the behaviour distressing
D) the religious meaning of her behaviour

Question 19

During the 16^th and 17^th centuries,more than ________ people with psychological disorders were identified as witches,hunted down,and executed.

A) 1,000
B) 10,000
C) 50,000
D) 100,000

Question 20

A recent immigrant to the United States,has been having some problems,and after some initial hesitation,decides to see a therapist for some assistance.After the interview,the therapist makes a particular diagnosis and is discussing the case with a colleague when the colleague raises some concerns.She points out that the therapist may need to reconsider his diagnosis because the behaviours involved are much more common and are even considered "normal" in the country from which the person came.The views of the colleague are most consistent with the ___________ perspective on psychological disorders.

A) cultural
B) behavioural
C) biological
D) cognitive

Question 21

The David Rosenhan study in which healthy individuals got themselves admitted to psychiatric wards by pretending to hear strange voices is most relevant to which of the following?

A) the culture-bound disorders
B) the relative trade-offs between reliability and validity
C) the demonological perspective on abnormal behaviour
D) the consequences of diagnostic labelling

Question 22

Reliability is to validity as:

A) consistency is to stability.
B) consistency is to accuracy.
C) accuracy is to reality.
D) accuracy is to stability.

Question 23

Two important issues in diagnostic classification systems are:

A) reliability and adaptability
B) validity and adaptability
C) reliability and validity
D) validity and classification

Question 24

Jen and Colleen are new roommates in the university residence and take the same class schedule.Jen develops an eating disorder,but Colleen does not.It seems that,compared with Colleen,Jen probably has _______ vulnerability.

A) greater
B) less
C) the same
D) genetic

Question 25

One of the detrimental effects of ______________ is that it can generate negative perceptions in both the person being diagnosed and in others who interact with the person.

A) low reliability
B) low validity
C) psychiatric labelling
D) comorbidity

Question 26

Of all the major psychological disorders;______________ disorders are the most prevalent in North America,affecting 18.6 percent of the population throughout their lifetime.

A) mood
B) psychotic
C) anxiety
D) eating

Question 27

Susan hit her husband's car with a baseball bat,but says that she cannot remember anything about the crime.At the time of the hearing,she was fully aware of what was going on in the courtroom and was able to understand the legal proceedings.Susan is likely to be judged _______;her _______ is still questionable.

A) guilty;competence
B) competent;sanity
C) sane;guilt
D) guilty;sanity

Question 28

David Rosenhan (1973)conducted a study in which he and several colleagues got themselves admitted to mental institutions and once they were in the hospitals,they acted normally.The results from this study revealed that:

A) they were quickly identified as mentally healthy individuals and were asked to leave.
B) diagnostic labels appeared to greatly influence how their normal behaviour was interpreted.
C) just being in this type of environment served to create some of the initial symptoms of psychological disorders.
D) this methodology was effective in allowing them to study the abnormal behaviours of other people in the institution.

Question 29

The following are all examples of major diagnostic categories of DSM-5 except:

A) anxiety disorders.
B) mood disorders.
C) phobias.
D) Schizophrenic and other psychotic disorders.

Question 30

The DSM-5 is a more useful system for diagnosing psychological disorders than the DSM-IV-TR because it considers ________________ in addition to categories of psychogical disorders.

A) dimensions
B) validity
C) reliability
D) adaptiveness

Question 31

Representing individuals along basic personality or symptom dimensions is attractive to a growing number of experts on the DSM-V revision panels because they believe that such a system may better:

A) represent the uniqueness of each individual
B) give a 'one-size-fits-all' advantage
C) improve specific diagnostic categories
D) improve reliability

Question 32

One beneficial consequence of the proposed DSM-V approach to the diagnosis of personality disorders is that it helps to link the __________.

A) symptom presence and severity
B) Axis I and Axis II disorders
C) normal and abnormal personality functioning
D) comorbidity

Question 33

A person's state of mind at a trial or hearing is known by the legal term ______________,whereas a person's presumed mental state at the time the crime was committed is known by the term ______________.

A) "competency";"insanity"
B) "competency";"fitness"
C) "adequacy";"insanity"
D) "insanity";"competency"

Question 34

The ability of a diagnostic classification system to effectively differentiate between various disorders and to accurately capture the essential features of these disorders is most relevant to which of the following?

A) reliability
B) consistency
C) validity
D) stability

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a component of an anxiety response:

A) Subjective-emotional.
B) Cognitive.
C) Physiological
D) Abnormal

Question 36

If a person is judged "not competent to stand trial," he or she may be:

A) released from jail.
B) institutionalized until judged competent.
C) faking it.
D) assigned to a public defender.

Question 37

If clinicians using a system show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions,it means that the system has ______________;whereas if the diagnostic categories accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders,it means the system has ________________.

A) validity;reliability
B) reliability;validity
C) stability;validity
D) reliability;stability

Question 38

The DSM-5 task force proposed ______ basic personality dimensions with higher ratings indicating greater psychological impairment.

A) ten
B) eight
C) six
D) four

Question 39

When considering the concept of insanity,it is important to remember that:

A) it is an Axis II disorder that has substantial overlap with other Axis I and Axis II disorders.
B) whereas it has strong reliability,its validity has not yet been fully established.
C) it refers to a defendant's state of mind at the time of a trial,not when the crime was committed.
D) it is a legal term,not a psychological term.

Question 40

One of the significant criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR is that the criteria are so detailed and specific that many people,as many as ______ percent,don't fit neatly into the categories.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75

Question 41

Brain scans show that patients with a history of panic attacks had 22% lower concentration of _______ in the occipital cortex than patients without panic disorder.

A) GABA
B) serotonin
C) epinephrine
D) norepinephrine

Question 42

According to the DSM-V,in order to qualify for a diagnosis of panic disorder,people must experience panic attacks and a fear of:

A) closed spaces.
B) future attacks.
C) public places.
D) spiders.

Question 43

The behavioural component of anxiety includes:

A) feelings of tension and apprehension.
B) rapid breathing.
C) frequent urination.
D) impaired task performance.

Question 44

David Barlow and other researchers speculate that people with a genetic predisposition to ____________ may have nervous systems that are overly sensitive to threat signals.

A) depression
B) schizophrenia
C) anxiety
D) somatoform disorders

Question 45

Identical twinshave a concordance rate of about ____ for anxiety disorders,compared with a _____ concordance rate in fraternal twins.

A) 40%;4%
B) 4%;40%
C) 65%;6%
D) 6%;65%

Question 46

Research by Peter Lewinsohn revealed that after controlling 11 different psychosocial factors,there was still a substantial sex difference in the prevalence of anxiety disorders in men and women,indicating the possible role that _____________ factors may play with this disorder.

A) social
B) biological
C) cultural
D) psychological

Question 47

People who have panic disorder will often also develop ______________ because they fear having a panic attack in public.

A) social anxiety
B) agoraphobia
C) fear of heights
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 48

The physiological component of anxiety includes:

A) feelings of apprehension and fear.
B) worrisome thoughts.
C) muscle tension.
D) avoidance of certain situations.

Question 49

The subjective-emotional component of anxiety includes:

A) feelings of tension and apprehension.
B) worrisome thoughts.
C) an inability to cope.
D) avoidance of feared objects.

Question 50

You are driving to school and a car runs a red light and narrowly misses you as you slam on your brakes.Your heart beats very rapidly and your hands shake.Immediately after the accident,would you qualify for an anxiety disorder?

A) yes,because you are experiencing intense anxiety.
B) yes,because your anxiety is out of proportion to the situation.
C) no,because your anxiety is not out of proportion to the situation.
D) no,because you are not experiencing true anxiety.

Question 51

Panic disorder is different from generalized anxiety disorder in that with panic disorder,the feelings of anxiety are ______________ and are usually __________ intense.

A) quite predictable;less
B) quite predictable;more
C) unpredictable;less
D) unpredictable;more

Question 52

Obsession is to compulsion as:

A) subjective-emotional is to behavioural.
B) cognitive is to behavioural.
C) physiological is to cognitive.
D) behavioural is to subjective-emotional.

Question 53

Fear of _______ is the most common specific phobia for women,and fear of _______ is the most common specific phobia for men.

A) illness;injections
B) water;animals
C) heights;airplanes
D) animals;heights

Question 54

People with panic disorder have panic attacks that occur:

A) out of the blue.
B) in response to a feared object.
C) in social situations.
D) if they are prevented from completing a compulsion.

Question 55

Studies suggest that people suffering from anxiety disorders may have lower levels of ________ in their nervous systems,which may cause them to be overly sensitive to signals of threat.

A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 56

The cognitive component of anxiety includes:

A) avoidance of feared objects.
B) feelings of tension and apprehension.
C) a sense of inability to cope.
D) increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 57

Although they can occur independently,which of the following frequently accompany obsessions and appear to serve the function of reducing the anxiety created by such disturbing thoughts?

A) manias
B) hallucinations
C) compulsions
D) delusions

Question 58

A strong and intense irrational fear that is evoked in response to a particular situation is called a _________.

A) phobia
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) somatoform disorder
D) panic disorder

Question 59

Anxiety disorders:

A) occur more frequently in males than females.
B) occur more frequently in females than males.
C) are not very prevalent in the United States.
D) are not usually severe enough to interfere with a person's life.

Question 60

The state of tension and apprehension that is a natural response to perceived threat is called __________.

A) anxiety
B) a phobic disorder
C) depression
D) fear

Question 61

Anorexia and bulimia are:

A) more common in women than in men.
B) more common in men than women.
C) equally distributed among men and women.
D) nonexistent in men.

Question 62

Twin studies found that identical twins have a concordance rate of about ________ for clinical depression.

A) 15%
B) 53%
C) 67%
D) 80%

Question 63

Current estimates on the prevalence of depression indicate that about ___________ percent of Canadians over the age of 18 will suffer from major depression in their lifetimes.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 64

Depressed people have difficulty concentrating and making decisions,believe they are inferior,and feel incompetent.These are examples of _______ symptoms of depression.

A) motivational
B) somatic
C) cognitive
D) negative mood

Question 65

People with the eating disorder called ____________ have an intense fear of being fat and severely restrict their food intake,often to the point of starvation.

A) obesity phobia
B) bulimia
C) diet obsession-compulsion
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 66

According to Sigmund Freud,when the ego is threatened by unacceptable and potentially overwhelming impulses from the id,_________________ occurs.

A) unconscious phobias
B) defensive anxiety
C) repressive excitation
D) neurotic anxiety

Question 67

Bulimics tend to have all of the following EXCEPT:

A) depression.
B) anxiety.
C) low impulse control.
D) a need for perfection and control

Question 68

A person's mood is euphoric and cognitions are grandiose in a(n)_____________ state.

A) depressive
B) manic
C) schizophrenic
D) anxious

Question 69

Although they have stimulated much thought about the origin and treatment of anxiety disorders,the constructs and theories of anxiety derived from the ___________ perspective have received little empirical support.

A) biological
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) behavioural

Question 70

According to behavioural theory,people with specific phobias do not have to have had a traumatic experience in order to develop a phobia.They also may acquire a phobia through:

A) overestimating negative consequences of the feared object,situation,or activity.
B) a symbolic representation of an unacceptable impulse.
C) observational learning.
D) misinterpretation of bodily sensations.

Question 71

The cognitive researcher David Barlow speculates that panic attacks may be caused by _____________ misinterpretations of ______________ anxiety symptoms.

A) normal;normal
B) normal;abnormal
C) catastrophic;normal
D) catastrophic;abnormal

Question 72

Depression is a _____ experience among college students,with _______ experiencing mild depression at any given point in time.

A) rare;1%
B) rare;10%
C) common;25-30%
D) common;90%

Question 73

Which of the following best demonstrates how observational learning may account for the creation of an anxiety disorder?

A) a phobic's fear of dogs is maintained because he avoids dogs.
B) a person with panic disorder misinterprets her increased heart rate as a signal that she is about to have a heart attack.
C) a person with a genetic predisposition develops a phobia of natural weather phenomenon after seeing graphic pictures of people traumatized by a tornado.
D) a person has a bad fall from a tree as a child and learns to associate the fear evoked from this incident with all heights.

Question 74

Anorexic is to ____________ as bulimic is to ____________.

A) safer;less safe
B) less safe;safer
C) unstable personal identity;perfectionist identity
D) perfectionist identity;unstable personal identity

Question 75

A key difference between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder is that:

A) bipolar disorder includes manic symptoms,whereas major depressive disorder does not.
B) major depressive disorder includes manic symptoms,whereas bipolar disorder does not.
C) bipolar disorder includes depressive symptoms,whereas major depressive disorder does not.
D) major depressive disorder includes depressive symptoms,whereas bipolar disorder does not.

Question 76

Anorexia nervosa,Windigo,and koro are all examples of what are considered to be ______________ disorders.

A) culture-bound
B) eating
C) somatoform
D) mood

Question 77

Eating disorders are considered to have _____________ genetic cause.

A) no
B) a predisposing
C) a complete
D) minimal

Question 78

Which perspective would be most likely to emphasize the tendency to catastrophize about situational demands and magnify them into significant threats as a cause of anxiety disorders?

A) cognitive
B) behavioural
C) biological
D) psychodynamic

Question 79

Jane's friends have noticed that,for the past week or so,Jane has been speaking rapidly,getting very little sleep,buying hundreds of dollars' worth of new clothes,and has been irritable when prevented from carrying out her plans.Jane is showing signs of being in a(n)_______ episode.

A) depressive
B) schizophrenic
C) manic
D) anxious

Question 80

If left untreated,the typical depressive episode lasts for approximately ______________.Once a depressive episode has occurred,studies suggest that about _________ of the cases will never experience a depressive episode again.

A) 4 to 8 weeks;66%
B) 5 to 10 months;40%
C) 10 to 14 months;25%
D) 1 to 4 months;10%