Deck 14: Personality

Question 1

Which of the following techniques did Freud NOT use to access the unconscious mind?

A) hypnosis
B) free association
C) dream analysis
D) experimental research

Answer 1

experimental research

Question 2

Assuming that you are NOT currently thinking about these things,your memory for what you did during your last summer vacation would most likely reside in what Sigmund Freud considered the ____________ mind.

A) unconscious
B) preconscious
C) nonconscious
D) conscious

Answer 2

preconscious

Question 3

The _______ mind consists of mental events in current awareness,whereas the _______ mind contains a dynamic realm of wishes,feelings,and impulses beyond our awareness.

A) preconscious;conscious
B) conscious;preconscious
C) unconscious;preconscious
D) conscious;unconscious

Answer 3

conscious;unconscious

Question 4

A new theory is able to provide a comprehensive explanation of behaviour in a particular area,generates relatively accurate predictions,and stimulates the development of new knowledge.According to the text,personality theorists would consider such a theory to be ________________,which many theorists consider to be more important than the subjective "truth" of the theory.

A) confirmed
B) valid
C) useful
D) proven

Question 5

Sigmund Freud's observations of people with conversion hysteria convinced him of the power of:

A) sublimation.
B) the superego.
C) conscious defence mechanisms.
D) the unconscious mind.

Question 6

Although his original theory of personality has been and continues to be criticized,Sigmund Freud's ideas served to inspire the work of other personality theorists who made significant future contributions to the field.In this sense,Freud's theory could be considered "useful" because it:

A) stimulated the discovery of new knowledge.
B) suggested that personality is shaped by behaviours that appear to fit together.
C) allowed researchers to predict future events with relative accuracy.
D) provided a comprehensive framework to explain known facts.

Question 7

Sigmund Freud divided personality into three separate but interacting structures called:

A) the conscious,unconscious,and preconscious mind.
B) the id,ego,and superego.
C) repression,denial,and sublimation.
D) free association,hypnosis,and dream analysis.

Question 8

The distinctive and relatively consistent ways of thinking,feeling,and behaving that characterize a person's responses to various life situations defines the concept of ________________.

A) self-efficacy
B) internalization
C) personality
D) self-verification

Question 9

Sigmund Freud's initial ideas regarding the power of the unconscious were shaped largely by observations of people with which of the following disorders?

A) depression
B) conversion hysteria
C) schizophrenia
D) multiple personality

Question 10

Sigmund Freud argued that instinctual urges and desires continually give rise to ____________.The energy created by this process serves to power the mind and constantly needs to be released in either direct or indirect ways.

A) psychic energy
B) sublimation
C) repression
D) free association

Question 11

Ego is to id as ___________ mind is to ______________ mind.

A) unconscious;preconscious
B) unconscious;conscious
C) conscious;unconscious
D) conscious;preconscious

Question 12

When treating people with conversion hysteria,Sigmund Freud noticed that people with this disorder often appeared to improve when:

A) they re-experienced traumatic memories and feelings.
B) their superegos were strengthened.
C) their defence mechanisms became more balanced.
D) they sublimated their sexual and aggressive energies.

Question 13

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory appears to have been heavily influenced by the ____________ models of his time.

A) chemical
B) social
C) evolutionary
D) hydraulic

Question 14

Michelle tends to be shy when she is in class,when she is with friends in her dorm,and also when she is home with her family.This example best demonstrates the concept of behavioural _____________,which is thought to be one of the factors that shapes our notions of personality.

A) consistency
B) validity
C) internalization
D) individuality

Question 15

The activities of the ______________ are primarily governed by the pleasure principle.

A) id
B) ego
C) preconscious mind
D) superego

Question 16

Sigmund Freud would most likely draw an analogy between personality and a(n):

A) chemical reaction.
B) electrical current.
C) steam engine.
D) tree with many branches and deep roots.

Question 17

The ego functions primarily at the ___________ level of mind and operates according to the _____________.

A) conscious;unconscious mind
B) preconscious;pleasure principle
C) preconscious;reality principle
D) conscious;reality principle

Question 18

The psychodynamic perspective on personality was first proposed by:

A) Eysenck
B) Freud
C) Tellegen
D) Goldberg

Question 19

All of the following are characteristics of behaviours typically associated with the concept of personality,EXCEPT,they are viewed as:

A) components of identity.
B) being primarily caused by unconscious factors.
C) being primarily caused by internal factors.
D) fitting together in an organized fashion.

Question 20

According to the text,two common observations that give rise to the concept of "personality" are:

A) individuality and organization.
B) individuality and consistency.
C) organization and structure.
D) consistency and identity.

Question 21

During a conversation with a friend,Al starts to get angry,but this is an emotion that he considers inappropriate and childish.As a result,instead of noticing his own anger,he unknowingly starts to believe that his friend is becoming angry and excited,even though she is doing no such thing.This example best demonstrates the defence mechanism of:

A) reaction formation.
B) projection.
C) sublimation.
D) displacement.

Question 22

When the fox cannot get the grapes,he decides that they were probably sour anyway.This would be an example of:

A) reaction formation.
B) repression.
C) rationalization.
D) sublimation.

Question 23

Freud's concept of the ego is most likely referred to as the "executive of the personality" because it:

A) is the first to form and therefore the most senior personality structure.
B) functions primarily in the conscious mind,which represents the highest level of mental functioning.
C) must balance the needs of the id,superego,and reality.
D) generates and provides the psychic energy on which the other personality structures depend.

Question 24

When the erogenous zones associated with various psychosexual stages are exposed to deprivations or overindulgences,a state of arrested development may occur that psychoanalytic theorists call:

A) compulsion.
B) fixation.
C) obsession.
D) repression.

Question 25

The superego incorporates ___________ into personality.

A) pleasure
B) goal-setting
C) morality
D) reality

Question 26

The ego operates according to the _____ principle,whereas the id operates according to the _____ principle.

A) pleasure;reality
B) pleasure;moral
C) reality;pleasure
D) moral;pleasure

Question 27

The process of identification with significant others,most often parents,causes the creation of _________________.

A) ego
B) id and ego
C) superego
D) id

Question 28

Which is the second stage of psychosexual development?

A) phallic
B) oral
C) anal
D) latent

Question 29

Karen develops an intense fear of mathematics while in college.She then volunteers to tutor grade-school children in math once a week and talks about how much she enjoys math while being mostly unaware of her underlying fear.This would be an example of:

A) sublimation.
B) repression.
C) intellectualization.
D) reaction formation.

Question 30

Which of the following is considered a significant shortcoming of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory? His:

A) theory failed to stimulate any further theoretical advances.
B) concepts were ambiguous and difficult to test.
C) theory was not complex enough.
D) theory was too specific and not comprehensive enough.

Question 31

Gene has just been diagnosed with terminal cancer.When he describes the diagnosis to his wife,he speaks unemotionally about the type of cellular mechanisms involved in the cancer.He is likely using the ____________ defense mechanism.

A) denial
B) reaction formation
C) intellectualization
D) displacement

Question 32

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the relationship between contemporary perspectives on the unconscious and Freud's perspective?

A) Contemporary science no longer believes in unconscious motivations.
B) Freud's unconscious has now received extensive support.
C) Unconscious motivations exist,but are not as exotic as described by Freud.
D) None of these

Question 33

A man who has had a rough day at work comes home and vents the anger created by his job on his children.Which of the following psychoanalytic concepts most readily explains this man's behaviour?

A) fixation
B) the reality principle
C) displacement
D) free association

Question 34

Psychoanalysts generally agree that the primary defence mechanism utilized by the ego to control the anxiety-generating urges created by the id is ______________.

A) sublimation
B) denial
C) repression
D) reaction formation

Question 35

According to Freud,the Oedipus complex takes place during the:

A) anal stage.
B) latency stage.
C) oral stage.
D) phallic stage.

Question 36

Which is the first stage of psychosexual development?

A) anal
B) oral
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 37

When confronted by potentially overwhelming urges,the ego may resort to what are called ________________ in order to reject or distort reality and thus effectively reduce the anxiety that accompanies these urges.

A) id conflicts
B) subliminal psychodynamic activations
C) archetypes
D) defence mechanisms

Question 38

Jeff has just turned 2 years old and often screams "Mine!" His desire to have everything he wants is likely being driven by his:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) reality principle.

Question 39

A person who refuses to acknowledge the anxiety-arousing aspects of the situation is demonstrating ______________.

A) denial
B) reaction formation
C) projection
D) displacement

Question 40

The ego uses some of its energy to prevent anxiety-arousing memories,feelings,and impulses from entering consciousness,in _______________.

A) sublimation
B) repression
C) intellectualization
D) reaction formation

Question 41

Jung believed humans possess a _______ unconscious based on their life experiences and also a __________ unconscious that consists of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race.

A) collective;personal
B) personal;collective
C) inherited;collective
D) collective;inherited

Question 42

The psychoanalysts who disagreed with certain aspects of Freud's thinking and developed their own theories are called the __________.

A) proanalysts
B) behaviourists
C) neoanalytic theorists
D) meta-analysts

Question 43

According to Jung,memories associated with the collective unconscious were termed:

A) archetypes.
B) transactions.
C) complexes.
D) fixations.

Question 44

Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behaviour? People are primarily motivated by:

A) their desires to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
B) factors of which they are not consciously aware.
C) their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings.
D) sexual and aggressive instincts.

Question 45

Which attachment style is described by the following? "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me."

A) anxious ambivalent
B) avoidant
C) secure
D) easy to warm up

Question 46

Gerald constantly feels as if he should be doing better in school,although his grades are often above average.Adler would likely suggest that Gerald has a(n):

A) underactive id.
B) overactive ego.
C) inferiority complex.
D) fear of his personal unconscious.

Question 47

A central concept in Carl Rogers's theory is our consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about ourselves and is referred to as _______________.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) the need for positive self-regard
C) the self
D) self-actualization

Question 48

Which attachment style is described by the following? "I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me or won't want to stay with me."

A) anxious/ambivalent
B) avoidant
C) secure
D) needy depressive

Question 49

Which of the following best summarizes the orientation of the object relations approach? It focuses on:

A) childhood sexuality and defence mechanisms.
B) the mental images created by significant early experiences with caregivers.
C) people's motives to advance the welfare of others and to compensate for real or imagined defects.
D) our innate tendencies for growth and self-actualization.

Question 50

Sarah has the belief that she is good in math,but she has just received her first "D" grade in her freshman calculus class.This inconsistency will most likely generate what Carl Rogers termed:

A) self-actualization.
B) a condition of worth.
C) a threat.
D) a need for unconditional self-regard.

Question 51

Theorists that focus on the mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experiences with caregivers are called _________ theorists.

A) developmental
B) behaviourist
C) collective unconscious
D) object relations

Question 52

Carl Rogers would most likely claim that well-adjusted individuals respond to the threat created by experiences that are inconsistent with the self by:

A) modifying their self-concept so that it is consistent with experience.
B) altering the experience so that it is consistent with their self-concept.
C) increasing their conditions of worth.
D) realizing their total potential.

Question 53

Doris had an abusive father and now has a difficult time relating to men.From the perspective of _______________ theories,she has likely developed a negative internal representation of intimate relationships with men based on her experience with her father.

A) behaviourist
B) Freudian
C) object relations
D) None of these

Question 54

Adler departed from Freud in that he viewed humans as:

A) savage animals.
B) driven by external rewards/punishments.
C) motivated to advance the welfare of others.
D) guided by a collective unconscious.

Question 55

John Bowlby's attachment theory is most strongly associated with which of the following approaches?

A) Erik Erickson's life-span development approach
B) Alfred Adler's inferiority complex model
C) object relations theory
D) Carl Jung's theory of analytic psychology

Question 56

According to Rogers,congruence is achieved when:

A) different facets of the self are not in conflict.
B) self-perceptions are consistent with experience.
C) self-perceptions are consistent with archetypes.
D) different facets of the self are contained in the unconscious.

Question 57

Which attachment style is described by the following? "I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others;I find it difficult to trust them completely,difficult to allow myself to depend on them."

A) anxious ambivalent
B) avoidant
C) secure
D) paranoid

Question 58

According to Carl Rogers and other humanistic theorists the active process of realizing our total human potential is referred to as self-_____________.

A) actualization
B) efficacy
C) enhancement
D) verification

Question 59

Whereas Sigmund Freud maintained that human behaviour is directed by _______________,Carl Rogers asserted that people's actions are determined by ______________.

A) unconscious forces;mental images of significant caregivers
B) the collective unconscious and archetypes;our current experience of self and environment
C) mental images of significant caregivers;the collective unconscious and archetypes
D) unconscious forces;our current experience of self and environment

Question 60

Jung's concept of the archetype is most strongly associated with which of the following?

A) repression
B) the inferiority complex
C) the collective unconscious
D) attachment

Question 61

Jennifer thinks she is not very good at academics.She thinks she is often more confused than others,and has to work very hard to understand the simplest of concepts.She hopes to be able to complete her coursework for a program but she often reminds herself not to expect much of her intellectual abilities.In the last term,Jennifer received an 'A+' grade in a difficult course and her instructor commented that her paper was excellent and insightful.If Jennifer gives a congruent explanation for this outcome,she might say:

A) "I guess I am good at academics after all."
B) "The instructor is just trying to be nice,my work wasn't that good."
C) "Thank goodness,I will be able to finish my program."
D) "My goal now is to get two A+ this term!"

Question 62

A psychoanalytic theorist who wants to criticize humanistic theories of personality but does NOT want to be critical of his own perspective would most likely point out which of the following? Humanistic theories:

A) rely too heavily on people's conscious reports of their experiences.
B) have too many concepts that are hard to operationally define.
C) have failed to generate any additional research.
D) engage in circular reasoning by confusing explanation and description.

Question 63

Within any given culture,gender ______________ provide specific information about gender-role socialization and inform us about the appropriate attributes and behaviours of men and women.

A) norms
B) schemas
C) standards
D) ideals

Question 64

Consistent with the self-enhancement motive,most people attribute success to _____________ and failure to ___________.

A) ability;environment
B) environment;ability
C) conscious;unconscious
D) unconscious;conscious

Question 65

Rogers's notion of self-enhancement refers to people's need to:

A) maintain their self-image through self-consistency and congruence.
B) realize their full human potential.
C) receive sympathy and love from other people.
D) gain and preserve a positive self-image.

Question 66

Because there are over 17,000 trait words in the English language,in order to reduce that large number into a smaller number of categories,personality researchers use ___________________.

A) meta-analysis
B) quantitative synthesis
C) factor analysis
D) analysis of variance

Question 67

According to Rogers,a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behaviour is likely to develop:

A) conditions of worth.
B) positive self-regard.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) high self-esteem.

Question 68

In Western cultures,research examining gender differences suggests that the self-concepts of women are more ____________ than those of men.

A) collectivistic
B) self-actualized
C) achievement-oriented
D) individualistic

Question 69

Carl Rogers suggested the negative outcome called 'conditions of worth' could be prevented by:

A) the need for positive regard.
B) the need for positive self-regard.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) high self-esteem.

Question 70

Josh believes that he is socially outgoing.He just met several new people,some of whom have told him that he seems to be a very social person,whereas a few others have made comments to Josh that he seems to be quite shy and reserved.According to the construct of self-verification,which of the following would we expect in the future? Josh will:

A) have a poor memory for both the congruent and incongruent feedback.
B) have a good memory for both the congruent and incongruent feedback.
C) remember the congruent feedback better than the incongruent feedback.
D) remember the incongruent feedback better than the congruent feedback.

Question 71

Carl Rogers believed that ____________ can produce serious negative consequences for people by creating significant _____________ between self-perceptions and experience along with a need to distort or alter important experiences.

A) self-consistency;congruence
B) incongruence;self-consistency
C) conditions of worth;incongruence
D) a need for positive regard;inconsistency

Question 72

Unstable or unrealistically high self-esteem may be even more dangerous to the individual and society than __________.

A) low self control
B) high self-verification
C) low self-congruence
D) low self-esteem

Question 73

According to humanistic theory,a child who receives ____________ from her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____________,which determine the circumstances under which people approve or disapprove of themselves.

A) unconditional positive regard;self-actualization needs
B) conditions of worth;positive self-regard needs
C) self-consistency;threats
D) unconditional positive regard;conditions of worth

Question 74

When growing up,John's parents became very uncomfortable every time that John happened to be sad.As a result,John now disapproves of his own sad feelings,even when they are appropriate.Carl Rogers and other humanistic theorists would consider John's attitude toward his sad feelings as an example of a(n):

A) condition of worth.
B) inferiority complex.
C) need for positive self-regard.
D) need for positive regard.

Question 75

Rogers's concepts of self-consistency and congruence are most closely associated with which motive? Self -_________________.

A) regulation
B) verification
C) enhancement
D) regard

Question 76

Higher measures of happiness,fewer relationship difficulties,and higher achievement levels are correlated with a high score on measures of self-____________________.

A) efficacy
B) verification
C) consistency
D) esteem

Question 77

Despite evidence to the contrary,Alice thinks that she is probably smarter than most people.Her beliefs are consistent with which motive? Self- _______________.

A) regulation
B) verification
C) enhancement
D) regard

Question 78

According to Carl Rogers,fully functioning people have no fear of behaving __________ and are mostly free of _________.

A) spontaneously and creatively;conditions of worth
B) incongruently;sense of self
C) incorrectly;unconditional self-regard
D) congruently;the need for conditional regard

Question 79

In his research with psychotherapy clients,Carl Rogers observed that the discrepancy between clients' ______________ is usually large at the beginning of therapy but tends to decrease with time.

A) verified and enhanced selves
B) need for positive regard and need for positive self-regard
C) self-actualization needs and their conditions of worth
D) ideal and perceived selves

Question 80

Which statistical tool identifies clusters of specific behaviours that correlate so highly that they can be considered as reflecting the same basic dimension?

A) Quantitative synthesis
B) Meta-analysis
C) Factor analysis
D) Analysis of variance