Deck 12: Development Over the Lifespan

Question 1

As a researcher,Dr.Drahota wants to test a sample of 10-year-olds and then retest them every five years,up to the age of 40,to ensure that everyone is exposed to the same historical time frame.This type of research design is called:

A) sequential.
B) longitudinal.
C) cross-sectional.
D) meta-analysis.

Answer 1

longitudinal.

Question 2

The broad concept in developmental research that examines whether development is gradual and uninterrupted or progresses through qualitatively distinct stages is called:

A) nature and nurture.
B) critical and sensitive periods.
C) continuity versus discontinuity.
D) stability versus change.

Answer 2

continuity versus discontinuity.

Question 3

The broad concept in developmental research that examines whether characteristics remain constant as individuals age is called:

A) nature and nurture.
B) critical and sensitive periods.
C) continuity versus discontinuity.
D) stability versus change.

Answer 3

stability versus change.

Question 4

In a sequential research design,________________ is/are tested ____________.

A) several age cohorts;only once
B) several age cohorts;repeatedly
C) a single age cohort;only once
D) a single age cohort;repeatedly

Question 5

An age range during which certain experiences must occur for development to proceed normally or along a certain path is a ____________ period.

A) natural
B) sensitive
C) critical
D) developmental

Question 6

The fertilized egg is called a zygote in the ____________ stage,whereas it is referred to as a fetus in the ___________ stage.

A) germinal;embryonic
B) germinal;fetal
C) embryonic;fetal
D) embryonic;germinal

Question 7

Roberta and Paul are the proud parents of a new baby girl.This means that when they conceived their child,the 23^rd chromosome in Roberta's egg cell was a(n)____,and the 23^rd chromosome in Paul's sperm cell was a(n)____.

A) X;X
B) X;Y
C) Y;X
D) Y;Y

Question 8

According to the text,sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and HIV are examples of ____________ that can cause abnormalities in fetal development.

A) toxins
B) teratogens
C) antigens
D) antibodies

Question 9

Dr.Constantine has decided that he wants to study hearing,language,and cognitive development in children.He tests infants and then retests them every year until they are 20 years old.He also begins to test a new group of infants a few years later.Again,Dr.Constantine tests these new infants and then retests them every year until they are 20 years old.Dr.Constantine looks for developmental trends and also compares the hearing,language,and cognitive development between the two groups.This experiment uses which research design?

A) longitudinal
B) sequential
C) cross-sectional
D) meta-analysis

Question 10

An infant is born with facial irregularities and a small,malformed brain.As the child grows up,she shows symptoms of mental retardation and tends to be both irritable and hostile.It is most likely that this infant's abnormalities are the product of:

A) HIV.
B) untreated syphilis.
C) fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) nicotine.

Question 11

The preferential looking procedure is most strongly associated with which of the following?

A) intellectual impairment caused by brain damage
B) infant perceptual abilities
C) the serial position effect
D) colour vision

Question 12

In developmental research,a(n)_____________ period is an age range during which specific experiences must take place if normal development is to occur.This is in contrast to a ___________ period,where it is optimal but not necessarily essential for these experiences to occur.

A) sensitive;critical
B) critical;receptive
C) critical;sensitive
D) explicit;sensitive

Question 13

An optimal age range for certain experiences is a ______________ period but if those experiences occur at another time,normal development will still be possible.

A) natural
B) sensitive
C) critical
D) developmental

Question 14

A broad issue that is investigated in developmental research includes examining to what extent our development is the product of heredity or the product of the environment.This broad issue is called:

A) nature and nurture.
B) critical and sensitive periods.
C) continuity versus discontinuity.
D) stability versus change.

Question 15

The area of psychology that examines biological,physical,psychological,and behavioural changes that occur with increasing age is called _____________ psychology.

A) clinical
B) developmental
C) social
D) physiological

Question 16

The benefit of using a cross-sectional research design is __________ and the limitation is that __________.

A) different cohorts grew up in different historical periods;data can be collected relatively quickly
B) everyone is exposed to the same historical period;collecting data can be time-consuming
C) data can be collected relatively quickly;different cohorts grew up in different historical periods
D) data can be collected by numerous researchers;data is more reliable

Question 17

Which of the following is a method used by developmental psychologists to study the sensory capabilities and perceptual preferences of infants?

A) MRI
B) ultrasound
C) infant IQ tests
D) preferential looking procedure

Question 18

The wide variety of environmental agents that cause abnormalities in prenatal development are called:

A) antigens.
B) antibodies.
C) toxins.
D) teratogens.

Question 19

The germinal stage is to embryo as:

A) the fetal stage is to fetus.
B) zygote is to the embryonic stage.
C) fetus is to embryo.
D) the embryonic stage is to fetus.

Question 20

If a zygote receives a Y chromosome from its father,this means that the egg:

A) will be a female.
B) will be a male.
C) could be either a male or a female,depending on the contribution of the mother.
D) will have the characteristics of both a male and a female.

Question 21

Within a few days of birth,most infants are able to reproduce the facial expressions of an adult.This behaviour is likely the product of a simple,biologically based form of:

A) classical conditioning.
B) mechanisms that help them respond to caretakers.
C) operant conditioning.
D) social learning.

Question 22

Auditory pattern perception is _____________ in young infants,who can detect tiny changes in adult speech sounds that differentiate one word from another (called phonemes)by ___________ of age.

A) relatively advanced;1 to 2 months
B) better than average;3 months
C) relatively advanced;6 to 12 months
D) relatively poor;1 to 2 years

Question 23

The fact that human babies who are massaged show faster neurological development:

A) illustrates the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period.
B) presents yet another example of how Piaget underestimated the abilities of young children.
C) provides an example that is consistent with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.
D) indicates that human development can be significantly affected by the environment.

Question 24

At birth,the newborn's brain is far from mature and has reached only about 25 percent of its eventual adult weight.By six months of age,however,the brain reaches __________ of its adult weight.

A) 30 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 25

The organ that develops most dramatically during infancy and early childhood is the:

A) brain.
B) genitals.
C) heart.
D) stomach.

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding newborns and learning is TRUE? Newborns:

A) can acquire classically conditioned responses,but show no evidence of learning through imitation or operant conditioning.
B) can acquire classically and operantly conditioned responses,but show no evidence of learning through imitation.
C) show clear evidence of learning through classical conditioning,operant conditioning,and imitation.
D) show no evidence of learning through classical conditioning,operant conditioning,or imitation.

Question 27

Jean Piaget used the term __________ to refer to organized patterns of thought and action that guide children's interactions with the world.

A) norm
B) schema
C) hypothesis
D) mental representation

Question 28

Within weeks,newborns display the capability to learn through _________.For example,Meltzoff and Moore (1977)found that some newborns could reproduce simple facial expressions made by their mothers or another adult model.

A) classical conditioning
B) observation
C) operant conditioning
D) All of these

Question 29

Which one of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Biology sets limits on the display of genotypes.
B) Biological and environmental factors interact.
C) Environmental influences can be powerful.
D) Biology sets limits on environmental influences.

Question 30

Using the visual habituation procedure,where the same stimulus is presented repeatedly until infant looking time declines,researchers found that when a novel stimulus was presented,infants usually:

A) preferred the familiar stimulus
B) looked longer at the novel rather than the familiar stimulus
C) looked longer at white lights than coloured lights
D) showed classical extinction

Question 31

Laurel Trainor and colleagues at McMaster University studied music preferences in infants and found at 2 months of age:

A) infants can show preferences for musical over non-musical sounds
B) after listening to a short melody 15 times,infants can remember and discriminate it from a novel melody
C) infants can repeat simple melodies
D) infants can recognize as many as 20 different short melodies

Question 32

Susan is a young child and she happens to know that fish swim.One day at the zoo,Susan sees a penguin swimming in a pool.Susan turns to her mother and says,"Look,the black-and-white fish is swimming!" The fact that Susan calls the penguin a fish best illustrates:

A) the process of accommodation.
B) the process of assimilation.
C) egocentric thinking.
D) a failure to understand object permanence.

Question 33

In young infants,the 'walking reflex' refers to the behavioural process where an infant will:

A) stand and walk without support up until about 2 months of age.
B) actually crawl or swim when placed on their stomach.
C) lift each leg in alternation when held upright with their feet touching a surface.
D) grasp objects with feet and toes and move them.

Question 34

The process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas is called __________,and the process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change is called __________.

A) accommodation;assimilation
B) observation;schematization
C) assimilation;accommodation
D) accommodation;observation

Question 35

Research by Robert Fantz (1961)found that infants preferred:

A) hearing their mother's voice over the voice of a stranger.
B) looking at complex patterns more than simpler patterns.
C) smelling their mother's nursing pad more than pads from strangers.
D) the feel of softness rather than coarse materials.

Question 36

Jean Piaget proposed that children's thinking changes in a ________ manner with age,and it differs from the way that adults think.

A) quantitative
B) continuous
C) qualitative
D) meditative

Question 37

The genetically programmed biological process that governs human growth is called:

A) development.
B) maturation.
C) the cephalocaudal principle.
D) progression.

Question 38

Maurer and Lewis (2001)summarized the results of their long-term longitudinal study of infants born with congenital cataracts (opaque lens preventing pattern vision)in one or both eyes who therefore suffered some visual deprivation and were then treated.The most devastating impact on later visual processing appears to occur following even short periods of visual deprivation in the first year of life,but the sensitive/critical period for visual deprivation effects extends until about ____________,after that cataracts produce no permanent deficits when vision is restored.

A) 2 years of age
B) 7 years of age
C) 10 years of age
D) 21 years of age

Question 39

The term "proximodistal" is most consistent with which of the following?

A) outermost then inner most
B) innermost then outermost
C) head then feet
D) feet then head

Question 40

The fact that a baby will suck on a finger that is placed in her mouth best illustrates which of the following?

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) modelling
D) a reflex

Question 41

A psychologist taking an information-processing approach to developmental psychology would likely show the LEAST interest in which of the following?

A) information-processing speed
B) information-search strategies
C) theory of mind
D) memory capabilities

Question 42

Consistent with the concept of _____________________,a study found that children over age three who grew up with older brothers or sisters performed _________ on a cognitive task than did children with no siblings or younger siblings.

A) a zone of proximal development;better
B) egocentrism;worse
C) conservation;better
D) irreversibility;worse

Question 43

Whereas Piaget only investigated children's independent exploration of the physical world,Vygotsky investigated how:

A) the brain matures.
B) sociocultural factors interact with the brain's biological maturation.
C) the brain's maturity is influenced by teratogens.
D) social development relates to cognitive stages.

Question 44

Which of the following placements of a hypothetical third eye would be most characteristic of a child in the concrete operational stage?

A) between her other two eyes
B) on her hand
C) on the back of her head
D) on top of her head

Question 45

The stage in which children represent the world symbolically through words and mental images but do not yet understand basic mental operations or rules is called the:

A) concrete operational stage.
B) preoperational stage.
C) formal operational stage.
D) conservation stage.

Question 46

Results from studies examining the information-processing abilities of young children are often used to argue that cognitive development is _____________.

A) determined by sensitive periods
B) schema-driven
C) discontinuous and in stages
D) continuous and gradual

Question 47

Research has determined that children in various cultures progress through Jean Piaget's stages in ___________ and that children learn many cognitive skills at a(n)_______ age than Piaget originally assumed.

A) the same order;earlier
B) the same order;later
C) different orders;earlier
D) different orders;later

Question 48

Research studies examining the information-processing speeds of children have consistently found that processing speeds improve ______________ with age,and that the most rapid rate of change occurs between the ages of __________.

A) continuously;4 and 6
B) discontinuously;10 and 14
C) continuously;8 and 12
D) discontinuously;5 and 9

Question 49

Children can perform basic mental operations such as reversibility and conservation that concern problems with tangible objects and situations in the _________ stage.

A) concrete operational
B) preoperational
C) formal operational
D) operational

Question 50

Talwar at McGill and Kang Lee at the University of Toronto (2002)studied lying in Canadian three- to seven-year-olds.Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Neither parents nor strangers could tell if the older children were lying when they reviewed the children's videotaped answers.
B) Police and customs officers trained in lie-detection failed to discriminate between lie- and truth-tellers.
C) 80 percent of the older children in their study lied.
D) Young children were unable to tell elaborate lies.

Question 51

The concept of a zone of proximal development is most closely associated with which of the following theorists?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) Erik Erickson

Question 52

Infants understand their world primarily through sensory experiences and physical interactions with objects in the _________ stage.During this stage,________ is achieved.

A) sensitive period;permanence
B) sensorimotor;accommodation
C) preoperational;assimilation
D) sensorimotor;object permanence

Question 53

A young girl driving past a farm sees a cow and says,"Doggie!" Her older brother,who used to do the same thing when he was her age,informs her that this isn't a dog but is actually a cow.In fitting the cow into a pre-existing schema,the sister shows that she is using the process of ____________.Because her brother was able to modify his schemas and create a new one for cows,he is demonstrating the use of _______________.

A) assimilation;assimilation as well
B) accommodation;accommodation as well
C) assimilation;accommodation
D) accommodation;assimilation

Question 54

Which of the following is most strongly associated with Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

A) object permanence
B) conservation
C) egocentrism
D) transformation

Question 55

An infant who interprets her world primarily through her physical interactions with objects is most likely in Jean Piaget's ____________ stage.

A) preconventional
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor

Question 56

Children are able to easily solve the conservation problems that confused them earlier in life during the _______________ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) conventional

Question 57

Although Jean Piaget assumed that children under the age of _______ have great difficulty understanding other people's mental states,recent studies have suggested that children have some understanding that other people's perspectives can differ from their own by the age of ________.

A) 8 to 9;7
B) 6 to 7;4
C) 4 to 5;3
D) 3;2

Question 58

All of the following could be considered as examples of cognitive limitations that are characteristic of Jean Piaget's preoperational stage,EXCEPT:

A) transformation
B) lack of object permanence.
C) egocentrism.
D) lack of conservation.

Question 59

Children in the _________ stage,the last of Piaget's stages,are able to think logically and systematically about both concrete and abstract problems,form hypotheses,and test them in thoughtful ways.

A) concrete operational
B) preoperational
C) formal operational
D) operational

Question 60

A person's beliefs about the "mind" and their ability to understand other people's mental states is referred to by the theory of ______________.

A) accommodation
B) metacognition
C) mind
D) egocentrism

Question 61

Harry Harlow presented infant monkeys with two "surrogate mothers." One was a bare wire cylinder with a feeding bottle,whereas the other was a wire cylinder covered with soft terry cloth that had no feeding bottle.The results of his experiments revealed that:

A) infant monkeys became attached to the bare wire mother.
B) infant monkeys became attached to the terry cloth mother.
C) infant monkeys did not become attached to either mother and showed strong symptoms of anxiety.
D) some monkeys became attached to the bare wire mother,whereas others became attached to the terry cloth mother.

Question 62

A young child who is showing a great deal of interest in and curiosity about the world would most likely be said to be in Erik Erikson's _____________ stage.

A) basic trust versus basic mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 63

John Bowlby's ____________ attachment behaviour phase typically begins around three months of age and,during this phase,the infant tends to direct its attachment behaviours toward _____________.

A) indiscriminate;everyone
B) discriminate;familiar caregivers
C) specific;regular caregivers
D) differentiation;particular caregivers

Question 64

The strong emotional bond that develops between human children and their primary caregivers is called __________.Its creation appears to be governed by a ___________ period,because it is most easily established during the first one to two years of a child's life.

A) attachment;sensitive
B) attachment;critical
C) imprinting;sensitive
D) imprinting;critical

Question 65

A biologically based predisposition to react to the environment in specific behavioural and emotional ways is the way the text defines _________________.

A) temperament
B) egocentrism
C) a zone of proximal development
D) conservation

Question 66

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,the four crises that occur in infancy and childhood,in order,are:

A) autonomy versus initiative,basic trust versus mistrust,initiative versus guilt,and industry versus inferiority.
B) basic trust versus mistrust,autonomy versus shame and doubt,initiative versus guilt,industry versus inferiority.
C) basic trust versus mistrust,industry versus inferiority,initiative versus guilt,autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D) initiative versus guilt,autonomy versus shame and doubt,basic trust versus mistrust,industry versus inferiority.

Question 67

The adaptive significance of ______________ may be that it prevents infants from straying too far from their caregivers when they start to crawl and eventually walk.

A) separation anxiety
B) contact comfort
C) object permanence
D) egocentrism

Question 68

Around the age of 18 months,infants can recognize themselves in a mirror.Developmental psychologists take this as evidence that these children have developed:

A) object permanence.
B) a sense of self.
C) egocentrism.
D) concrete operational thinking.

Question 69

Erik Erikson (1968)proposed that personality develops through confronting __________,each of which involves a different conflict over how individuals view themselves in relation to other people and the world.

A) cognitive developmental stages
B) psychosexual stages
C) psychosocial stages
D) attachment stages

Question 70

In their research investigating the impact of temperament on psychological development,Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess found that infants who they classified as _________ were more likely to suffer from behavioural and emotional problems over a 10-year period

A) ill-tempered
B) overly friendly
C) slow to warm up
D) difficult

Question 71

The phenomenon of imprinting is most relevant the concept of:

A) sensitive periods.
B) critical periods.
C) a zone of proximal development.
D) contact comfort.

Question 72

The process by which an individual evaluates and modifies emotional reactions is called emotional:

A) display.
B) development.
C) regulation.
D) competence.

Question 73

Jake,a two-year-old toddler,is left with a babysitter while his parents go out to dinner.Surprisingly,he isn't particularly upset when they leave though he hangs onto his teddy bear.In addition to the fact that Jake has learned that his parents don't cease to exist when they are out of his sight,Jake's response is most likely a result of:

A) object permanence.
B) his developing emotion regulation skills.
C) egocentrism.
D) the process of accommodation.

Question 74

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that they appeared to develop more of an emotional bond with a "surrogate mother" who _________,a finding that has strong implications regarding the nature of ____________.

A) was made of soft terry cloth;attachment
B) was made of soft terry cloth;conservation
C) provided food;attachment
D) provided food;separation anxiety

Question 75

The psychologist Mary Ainsworth used ____________ to examine different types of infant attachment.

A) wire cylinder monkeys
B) the Strange Situation Test
C) moral dilemmas
D) conservation problems

Question 76

Around six months of age,infants begin to express:

A) joy,surprise,and differentiated expressions of distress
B) their sense of self
C) their biologically based temperament
D) emotional competence

Question 77

Which of following statements about the attachment process is TRUE?

A) Neither separation anxiety nor stranger anxiety show similar patterns cross-culturally.
B) Separation anxiety shows a similar pattern across cultures but stranger anxiety does not.
C) Stranger anxiety shows a similar pattern across cultures but separation anxiety does not.
D) Both separation anxiety and stranger anxiety show similar patterns across cultures.

Question 78

In his work examining the stability of shyness in early childhood,Jerome Kagen and his colleagues have found that the behavioural inhibition temperament variable is:

A) completely unrelated to future behaviour patterns.
B) highly consistent and stable for the vast majority of children.
C) related to future behaviour patterns,but only for children rated as being extremely uninhibited.
D) related to future behaviour patterns,but only for children rated as being extremely uninhibited or extremely inhibited.

Question 79

Although he previously showed no problems with strangers,little Joey has become more apprehensive around them when he's upset,and he frequently is inconsolable until his mother or father picks him up.John Bowlby would most likely classify Joey as being in the __________ attachment behaviour phase.

A) indiscriminate
B) definitive
C) precise
D) specific

Question 80

How adequately a person's needs are met and how much love they receive determine the amount of faith that he or she has in the world according to Erik Erikson's __________________ stage of psychosocial development.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) basic trust versus basic mistrust
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority