Deck 13: Behaviour in a Social Context

Question 1

All of the following were mentioned by Harold Kelley as factors that determine the attributions we make,EXCEPT:

A) context.
B) consistency.
C) distinctiveness.
D) consensus.

Answer 1

context.

Question 2

When explaining our own behaviour,if we make more personal attributions for successes and more situational attributions for failures,___________ occurs.

A) the fundamental attribution error
B) the social facilitation
C) the attributional polarization
D) the self-serving bias

Answer 2

the self-serving bias

Question 3

The fundamental attribution error refers to how people tend to __________ the importance of personal factors and ___________ the importance of situational factors when explaining other people's behaviour.

A) overestimate;overestimate
B) overestimate;underestimate
C) underestimate;overestimate
D) underestimate;underestimate

Answer 3

overestimate;underestimate

Question 4

According to your text,one reason for the relative absence of the fundamental attribution error in collectivistic cultures might be:

A) more holistic thinking.
B) less holistic thinking.
C) more academic thinking.
D) less academic thinking.

Question 5

People with depression are more likely to display which of the following attribution patterns?

A) fundamental attribution error
B) opposite to the fundamental attribution error
C) opposite to the self-serving bias
D) self-serving bias

Question 6

You are in the process of buying a new car and are discussing your future purchase with your friend Chris.With regard to a Ford car that you are considering,Chris tells you that he dislikes it very much;but of the other friends you have talked to,he is the only person who feels this way about the car.Chris has also told you that he also dislikes every other car you are considering.Assuming that Chris continues to feel this way about the Ford,you would most likely make a:

A) personal attribution that Chris is overly critical of cars.
B) situational attribution that the car you are considering is not a good one.
C) personal attribution that the car you are considering is not a good one.
D) situational attribution that Chris is overly critical of cars.

Question 7

Your new roommate leaves dirty laundry all over her room and you assume that she must be a slob.You ignore the fact that she is currently taking the finals and working 40 hours per week.You would be making the:

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) universality mistake.
C) confirmation bias.
D) availability heuristic.

Question 8

You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl.You would be making the fundamental attribution error if you assumed that he:

A) has a volatile personality.
B) just missed a putt.
C) was thrown off by the flash of camera.
D) has a blister from new shoes.

Question 9

A generalized belief about a group or a category of people is best known as a ________________.

A) social norm
B) mental set
C) schema
D) stereotype

Question 10

Within the context of a person trying to explain why she did well on a psychology exam,a personal attribution is to a situational attribution as:

A) intelligence is to an easy test.
B) an easy test is to luck.
C) luck is to hard work.
D) hard work is to intelligence.

Question 11

The self-serving bias is to _______________ as the fundamental attribution error is to ______________.

A) others' behaviour;one's own behaviour
B) one's own behaviour;others' behaviour
C) primary;secondary
D) secondary;primary

Question 12

What are the two main types of attributions people make for behaviours?

A) collectivistic and individualistic
B) logical and illogical
C) upward and downward
D) personal and situational

Question 13

People make judgements about the causes of their own and other people's behaviours.For these judgements,psychologists specifically use the term ____________________.

A) attitudes
B) stereotypes
C) social norms
D) attributions

Question 14

The tendency to be more alert to the information that is received first and the tendency of using this initial information to shape how subsequent information is to be perceived are both most relevant while explaining:

A) the primacy effect.
B) social facilitation.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) the self-serving bias.

Question 15

When forming impressions of people,how people tend to attach more importance to initial information that is learned about a person refers to the ___________ effect.

A) recency effect
B) stereotype effect
C) primacy effect
D) source effect

Question 16

People tend to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of personal factors when explaining other people's behaviours,according to the ___________________.

A) fundamental attribution error
B) self-serving bias
C) self-perception theory
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 17

You believe that your roommate didn't clean the kitchen last night because he was exhausted after an unusually busy day at work.You would be making a(n)____________ attribution.

A) personal
B) situational
C) institutional
D) teleological

Question 18

Many studies suggest that the tendency to attribute other people's behaviour to personal factors may reflect Western society's emphasis on individualism.This finding is most useful when attempting to explain why the _________________ is less common in _______________ cultures.

A) fundamental attribution error;collectivistic
B) fundamental attribution error;individualistic
C) self-serving bias;collectivistic
D) self-serving bias: individualistic

Question 19

Your mother is confident that the reason you do well in school is because you are smart.She is making a(n)________________ attribution for your performance.

A) personal
B) situational
C) institutional
D) teleological

Question 20

aaa

Question 21

Which of the following occurs when people's incorrect expectations are confirmed when they relate to other people in a way that brings about the very behaviours they expect,thereby confirming their original beliefs?

A) Social facilitation
B) Informational social influence
C) Peripheral route persuasion
D) Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 22

Which of the following is most likely to generate attitude change?

A) counter-attitudinal behaviour that is freely chosen
B) counter-attitudinal behaviour that happens from social pressure
C) consistent attitudes and behaviours
D) consistent attitudes and emotions

Question 23

Attitudes are relatively good predictors of future behaviour when people have positive attitudes toward their behaviour,when subjective norms support their attitudes,and when they believe that their behaviour is under their personal control.This is known as:

A) the 'just world' phenomenon
B) the self-perception theory
C) the consonance theory
D) the theory of planned behaviour

Question 24

Suppose that someone has just opened a new restaurant near your school and you have been convinced to walk around for 3 hours on a very hot day carrying a big,obnoxious,heavy sign advertising this restaurant.According to ______________,you would probably rate this activity as the most enjoyable (or the least boring)if someone paid you _____ to do it.

A) the cognitive dissonance theory;$1
B) the self-fulfilling prophecy;$100
C) the self-fulfilling prophecy;$1
D) the cognitive dissonance theory;$100

Question 25

Studies have indicated that attitudes are good predictors of behaviours when people are ______________ of their attitudes and when the attitudes are _____________ held.

A) not aware;strongly
B) not aware;not strongly
C) aware;strongly
D) aware;not strongly

Question 26

The study conducted by Richard LaPiere in 1934 using a young Chinese couple as participants demonstrated that:

A) people in the United States were highly prejudiced against Asians at that time.
B) normative social influence is largely responsible for prejudiced attitudes.
C) people's attitudes did not correlate well with their actual behaviours.
D) much prejudicial behaviour appears to be motivated by stereotype threat.

Question 27

Most people have attitudes toward recycling,but people may not always be aware of these attitudes.If a city puts up several billboards that say "WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT RECYCLING?" (making people more aware of their attitudes),you would expect:

A) more recycling behaviours.
B) fewer recycling behaviours.
C) no change in recycling behaviours.
D) changes in driving habits.

Question 28

Bem's (1972)self-perception theory places an emphasis on:

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) evaluative dissonance.
C) observing our own behaviour.
D) attitudes predicting behaviour.

Question 29

The term "self-fulfilling prophecy" specifically refers to the instances in which people:

A) act in ways that confirm their beliefs about themselves.
B) act toward others in a way that brings about the expected behaviours.
C) tend to attribute their successes to personal factors.
D) tend to attribute their failures to situational factors.

Question 30

Cognitive dissonance theory is to self-perception theory as:

A) attribution is to attitude.
B) tension reduction is to behavioural observation.
C) norm is to information.
D) peripheral is to central.

Question 31

According to Leon Festinger,when two or more cognitions are inconsistent with or contradict one another,an uncomfortable state of tension called cognitive ______________ results.

A) friction
B) conflict
C) discord
D) dissonance

Question 32

Counter-attitudinal behaviours change attitudes because they generate an uncomfortable state of tension according to the theory of _______________,whereas the ________________ argues that the same changes are the product of logically inferring attitudes based on the observation of behaviour.

A) cognitive dissonance;self-perception theory
B) cognitive dissonance;theory of planned behaviour
C) self-perception;cognitive dissonance theory
D) realistic conflict;cognitive dissonance theory

Question 33

John is set up for a blind date.He hears that his date is friendly and fun.Because of these expectations he smiles when he meets her and he is relaxed.Because he smiles and is relaxed,she smiles and is relaxed.John thinks that,yes,she is friendly and fun.This would be an example of:

A) attributions.
B) self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) self-serving bias.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 34

According to the text,a(n)__________ is a positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus.

A) attitude
B) social norm
C) stereotype
D) attribution

Question 35

Self-perception theory appears to offer a better explanation of attitude change than dissonance theory does when the counter-attitudinal behaviour _________ a person's self-worth and when our attitudes are _________ to begin with.

A) threatens;weak or unclear
B) does not threaten;weak or unclear
C) threatens;strong
D) does not threaten;strong

Question 36

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son is very aggressive and loud.As a result of this initial expectation,the babysitter behaves in such a way that these very behaviours are evoked from the child,thus confirming what the sitter was initially told.This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called:

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) the self-serving bias.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) social loafing.

Question 37

Which theory predicts that counter-attitudinal behaviours generate physiological arousal?

A) self-perception theory
B) cognitive dissonance theory
C) self-fulfilling prophecy theory
D) Asch conformity theory

Question 38

If you wanted to predict whether someone would buy Tropicana orange juice,you should assess the attitudes toward:

A) fruit juices.
B) oranges.
C) orange juice.
D) Tropicana orange juice.

Question 39

Cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory are similar in that both:

A) are used to account for the attributions people make.
B) predict attitude change equally well when behaviours threaten people's self-images.
C) claim that attitudes are changed by unpleasant states of arousal.
D) assert that behaviours can influence people's attitudes.

Question 40

Cognitive dissonance is more likely to occur when a person feels that her actions are ___________ and when the counter-attitudinal behaviour __________ her sense of self-worth.

A) freely chosen;threatens
B) freely chosen;enhance
C) coerced;threatens
D) coerced;enhances

Question 41

Participants in a study freely engage in a behaviour that is contrary to their attitudes.This behaviour causes an increase in physiological arousal,but the experimenter tells the participants that this arousal is the product of a pill (actually a placebo)that they have taken.Under these conditions,we would not expect participants to change their attitudes to be more in line with their behaviour,a finding that is most consistent with:

A) self-perception theory.
B) cognitive dissonance theory.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) social exchange theory.

Question 42

Which of the following best represents the peripheral route of persuasion? A person is persuaded because:

A) of non-message factors such as communicator's attractiveness.
B) she has thought carefully about a message.
C) she finds a message to be logically sound and compelling.
D) a message evokes a moderate amount of fear and is moderately discrepant.

Question 43

Which of the following are Petty and Cacioppo's (1986)two routes to persuasion?

A) central and peripheral
B) systematic and holistic
C) cognitive and heuristic
D) constant and fluctuating

Question 44

Based on the observation that it has been identified by at least two different researchers as being important,which of the following factors that increase the impact of minority opinions may be the most influential factor?

A) being highly committed to an opinion
B) remaining independent in the face of majority pressure
C) maintaining a consistent opinion over time
D) appearing to have an open mind

Question 45

All of the following were mentioned as factors that increase the influence of a minority opinion,EXCEPT when the person with the minority opinion:

A) is consistent over time.
B) is attractive.
C) remains independent in the face of majority pressure.
D) appears to keep an open mind.

Question 46

You are conducting a conformity experiment patterned after the one utilized by Solomon Asch.Under which of the following conditions would you expect conformity to be the highest? When:

A) there are four people in the group.
B) there are three people in the group.
C) the target person is from an individualistic culture.
D) there is at least one dissenter in the group.

Question 47

An experiment by Sherif (1935)demonstrated the autokinetic effect,which occurs when:

A) a person sitting on one side of a room is able to move objects on the other side of the room through mental concentration.
B) children have greater kinesthetic powers than adults.
C) children are more vulnerable than adults to self-suggestion,resulting in the children's greater ability to be hypnotized.
D) a person stares at a dot of light projected on a screen in a dark room and begins to see the dot move,even though the dot is stationary.

Question 48

The increased tendency to perform one's dominant response in the mere presence of others is called:

A) social attribution
B) social facilitation
C) groupthink
D) risky shift

Question 49

The fact that Japanese individuals typically sit farther apart when conversing than Americans do and that the Greeks are more likely than the Western Europeans to touch during a social interaction are best considered as examples of:

A) groupthink.
B) stereotype threat.
C) social norms.
D) informational social influence.

Question 50

Alison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment.After carefully considering the presenter's arguments,Alison finds this person's idea sound and compelling and decides to invest.This example best demonstrates the:

A) peripheral route to persuasion.
B) norm of reciprocity.
C) central route to persuasion.
D) foot-in-the-door technique.

Question 51

According to the text,remaining independent in the face of pressure,being consistent over time,and appearing to maintain an open mind are all factors that are most relevant to:

A) maximizing minority influence.
B) increasing conformity.
C) decreasing the fundamental attribution error.
D) increasing obedience.

Question 52

According to the text,the sets of norms that specify how people in a particular social position are expected to behave are called the social ___________.

A) norms
B) standards
C) rules
D) roles

Question 53

When people are persuaded by an argument because they have thought carefully about it and find it compelling,the ________________ occurs.

A) peripheral route to persuasion
B) central route to persuasion
C) fundamental attribution error
D) social facilitation

Question 54

The central route to persuasion has been found to be the most effective for people who:

A) rely more heavily on communicator's attractiveness and similarity.
B) score high on measures of social loafing.
C) have a high need for cognition.
D) are more prone to cognitive dissonance.

Question 55

Participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience were first told that the study was about the effect of:

A) group size on conformity.
B) social roles on behaviour.
C) shock on obedience.
D) punishment on memory.

Question 56

Muzafer Sherif found that when groups of people viewed a stationary dot of light in a dark room,the people perceived the dot to move in a phenomenon called _____________.When comparing their experiences in small groups,after viewing the dot,groups came to slightly different conclusions regarding how much the dot had moved which provided some insight into how _________ are formed.

A) the autokinetic effect;social norms
B) the self-fulfilling prophecy;social roles
C) groupthink;prejudices
D) the mere exposure effect;attributions

Question 57

You make sure that you look really nice,buy your parents lunch,and then start sobbing in front of them begging for a car.Which route to persuasion are you using?

A) distributed
B) concentric
C) central
D) peripheral

Question 58

The mere presence of other people _________________.

A) improves performance
B) harms performance
C) increases arousal
D) All of these are correct.

Question 59

Solomon Asch demonstrated that a substantial percentage of participants conformed to obviously inaccurate line judgements made by several confederates.Follow-up interviews with the participants revealed that ______________________ responsible for these results.

A) only informational social influence appeared to be
B) only normative social influence appeared to be
C) neither informational nor normative social influence were
D) both informational and normative social influence were

Question 60

Conforming in order to be accepted by others or to avoid social rejection is known as the _____________ social influence,whereas when people conform to the behaviours or opinions of others because they believe that these others have accurate knowledge and know what is "right",this is the _____________ social influence.

A) normative;facilitative
B) normative;informational
C) facilitative;normative
D) facilitative;informational

Question 61

In the Solomon Asch research paradigm,all of the following factors serve to decrease a person's conformity,EXCEPT the:

A) presence of one dissenter.
B) group size.
C) fact that the person is from an individualistic culture.
D) fact that the person is from a collectivistic culture.

Question 62

Which of the following statements regarding physical attractiveness is FALSE?

A) More attractive people are viewed as more intelligent,moral,and sociable than less attractive people.
B) Evolutionary psychologists propose that we are biologically predisposed to be drawn to attractive people.
C) Physical attractiveness during the university years is unrelated to life satisfaction in middle age.
D) More-attractive people have higher self-esteem than less-attractive people.

Question 63

The way in which the average opinion of groups of like-minded individuals tends to become more extreme when they discuss an issue follows the principle of group _______________.

A) deindividuation
B) think
C) differentiation
D) polarization

Question 64

Having an authority figure who is physically close and who is perceived as legitimate are factors that are both most strongly associated with:

A) obedience.
B) conformity.
C) minority influence.
D) social facilitation.

Question 65

The fact that the guards in the Stanford Prison study,who did not know that they were being observed,did not use their actual names,and wore reflective sunglasses that prevented direct eye contact,all suggest that _____________ may have played a key role in producing the results obtained in this experiment.

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy
B) social facilitation
C) the perceived legitimacy of the authority figures
D) deindividuation

Question 66

Research suggests that which of the following faces would be rated as most attractive?

A) A face in which the distinctive features of the face have been digitally enhanced.
B) A face with an unusually small forehead and unusually large lips.
C) A face with unusually small ears and unusually large eyes.
D) A composite face of multiple faces that have been digitally blended to produce an "average" face.

Question 67

People may want to be positively judged by the company they keep and people may make positive assumptions about the other traits that are presumably associated with it.These are two possible reasons why _________________ has/have a positive impact on attraction.

A) strong morals
B) proximity
C) physical beauty
D) sexuality

Question 68

When a persuader gets you to commit to some action and then-before you actually perform the behaviour-the cost is increased,s/he is using the _________________ technique.

A) reciprocity norm
B) consistency norm
C) lowballing
D) highballing

Question 69

In friendships,dating relationships,and marriages,greater emotional involvement and relationship satisfaction are associated with more extensive and intimate __________.

A) discussion
B) shared activities
C) consistency
D) self-disclosure

Question 70

Repeated exposure to a stimulus tends to increase people's liking for it,according to a phenomenon called ________________________.

A) the mere exposure effect
B) redundant attraction
C) the proximity effect
D) repetitive affiliation

Question 71

The norm of reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique are similar in that they both:

A) are examples of the central route to persuasion.
B) start by making a small request to someone.
C) are methods for changing attitudes.
D) are persuasion techniques that can be used to manipulate behaviour.

Question 72

Which of the following would be the LEAST likely to reduce or prevent the possibility of groupthink?

A) regularly encourage critical thinking
B) create groups that are high in cohesion
C) create subgroups to see if they independently reach the same conclusions
D) bring in outsiders to offer their opinions

Question 73

A phenomenon known as the _______________ effect refers to how people appear to prefer having a dating partner or spouse who is of ______________________.

A) mere exposure;greater attractiveness than themselves
B) "birds of a feather";greater attractiveness than themselves
C) matching;similar attractiveness to themselves
D) "opposites attract";differing attractiveness to themselves

Question 74

If you have five people competing as one team in a tug-of-war contest,their combined effort level is likely to be:

A) more than the sum of their individual abilities.
B) less than the sum of their individual abilities.
C) the same as the sum of their individual abilities.
D) the same for men,but different for women.

Question 75

When presented with Stanley Milgram's experimental design,a group of experts and lay people estimated that approximately 1% of the participants would be completely obedient,but the results from his study indicated that ______ of his male and female participants obeyed the experimenter until the conclusion of the experiment.

A) 55%
B) 65%
C) 75%
D) 85%

Question 76

Social loafing is to ______________ as social compensation is to ______________.

A) central;peripheral
B) peripheral;central
C) more;less
D) less;more

Question 77

Ken and Susan have a satisfying relationship,but Ken keeps thinking that there might be a "better woman out there" for him.Which relationship outcome standard would help predict whether Ken and Susan will stay together or end their relationship?

A) comparison level
B) conflict level
C) comparison level for alternatives
D) commitment level

Question 78

The technique that involves an initial large request followed by a smaller request is a(n)__________________ technique.

A) lock-and-key
B) in-through-the-window
C) foot-in-the-door
D) door-in-the-face

Question 79

The average attitude of generally like-minded people in a group becomes even more liberal over time in large part because several members of a group want to avoid the disapproval of other key group members.This tendency for attitudes to become more extreme is called the _________________,and in this case,it appears to have been produced by the _________________.

A) deindividuation;informational social influence
B) group polarization;normative social influence
C) normative social influence;informational social influence
D) groupthink;group polarization

Question 80

Under which of the following conditions would you expect the LEAST likelihood of social loafing? When:

A) the group is less important to the person
B) the task is simple and the person's input is redundant
C) there is an all-female group
D) the person is fatigued