Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

If Jenny practices golf because she really enjoys practicing,she is acting based on ________________ motivations.

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) psychodynamic
D) homeostatic

Answer 1

intrinsic

Question 2

The approach to motivation which proposes that motivated behaviour stems from a person's beliefs that particular behaviours will lead to a goal and from the worth that a person places on that goal is called ______________ theory.

A) drive
B) expectancy x value
C) intrinsic motivation
D) social exchange

Answer 2

expectancy x value

Question 3

Sara and Frank are competing for the same new job.They both very much want the job.Frank isn't sure that he has the interview skills needed to get the job and as a result,he puts a little less effort into his resume and job interview.Sara,on the other hand,believes that she has good interview skills and thinks that she has the talent to get the job.As a result,she prepares at bit harder for this position.The expectancy x value theory of motivation would most likely explain this difference in motivation as being a result of:

A) their different expectations regarding their goal-related behaviours.
B) their different growth needs.
C) the different values they place on the job.
D) their different internal drives.

Answer 3

their different expectations regarding their goal-related behaviours.

Question 4

Goal-directed behaviour is jointly determined by the strength of the person's expectation that particular behaviours will lead to a goal and by the incentive value the individual places on that goal according to ______________ theory.

A) drive
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) expectancy x value

Question 5

The body's tendency to maintain an internal state of physiological balance is referred to as the concept of _______________.

A) internal consistency
B) equilibrium
C) stasis
D) homeostasis

Question 6

According to Walter Cannon,one of the body's main drives is to maintain a constant physiological equilibrium,which is called:

A) self-actualization.
B) stress.
C) fear.
D) homeostasis.

Question 7

States of internal tension called __________ motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension,whereas __________ is a state of internal equilibrium that the body strives to maintain.

A) instincts;drives
B) drives;instincts
C) drives;homeostasis
D) homeostasis;drives

Question 8

The process that influences the direction,persistence,and vigour of goal-directed behaviour is called _________.

A) motivation
B) emotion
C) instinct
D) adaptation

Question 9

According to the expectancy x value theory of motivation,the worth that an individual places on a goal is often called the _________ value.

A) deficiency
B) growth
C) incentive
D) reinforcement

Question 10

According to Clark Hull's drive theory of motivation,various drives are produced when:

A) our specific instincts that are common to both humans and animals are triggered.
B) our growth needs are not being met.
C) there is a physiological disruption of homeostasis.
D) we value a goal and expect that certain behaviours will lead to its accomplishment.

Question 11

If Howard plays football only to increase his chance of getting a date with a cheerleader,he is acting based on ______________ motivations.

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) humanistic
D) homeostatic

Question 12

Some motivational researchers make an important distinction between _________ motivation,which involves performing an activity to obtain an external reward or prize,and ___________ motivation,which involves engaging in an activity for its own sake because it is enjoyable or engaging.

A) instinctual;drive
B) extrinsic;intrinsic
C) approach;internal
D) deprivation;growth

Question 13

Motivation based on performing an activity to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment is called __________,whereas performing an activity for its own sake is referred to as _______________ motivation.

A) extrinsic;intrinsic
B) intrinsic;extrinsic
C) internal;external
D) immature;mature

Question 14

If you knew how motivated your roommate was to study for her next test,you would know all the following information EXCEPT:

A) whether she would study or not.
B) how long she would study.
C) the intensity with which she would study.
D) how she felt about studying.

Question 15

The general processes that affect the direction,persistence,and strength of goal-directed behaviour are referred to by the broad term _____________.

A) incentive
B) motivation
C) instinct
D) drive

Question 16

If Alice is motivated to put on a sweater because her internal temperature has become too low,she is most likely being motivated to maintain:

A) expectancies.
B) growth needs.
C) homeostasis.
D) emotional composure.

Question 17

Homeostatic models are to incentive theories as:

A) instinct is to fixed action pattern.
B) push is to pull.
C) instrumental is to expressive.
D) expectancy is to value.

Question 18

According to the overjustification hypothesis,giving people extrinsic rewards to perform activities that they intrinsically enjoy may:

A) increase the enjoyment of performing the task
B) reduce intrinsic motivation
C) reduce the homeostatic motivation
D) create an incentive

Question 19

If all dogs growled every time a mail carrier came by,scientists might hypothesize that dogs had a(n)________________ to growl at postal workers.

A) emotion
B) instinct
C) learned response
D) homeostatic reaction

Question 20

A modern evolutionary theorist would most likely assert that humans are social creatures because social behaviour:

A) is instinctual.
B) enhances group survival.
C) is intrinsically motivating.
D) produces survival advantages.

Question 21

Hunger researchers initially (incorrectly)assumed that the _____________ was a brain region responsible for initiating hunger and eating because when it was electrically stimulated,animals would begin to eat.

A) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
B) ascending reticular formation
C) paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
D) lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Question 22

Your intestines respond to the ingestion of food by releasing _____________,which travels to the brain and stimulates the receptor sites of brain regions that __________ eating.

A) glucose;increase
B) leptin;increase
C) glucose;decrease
D) cholecystokinin (CCK);decrease

Question 23

Which brain structure was identified in early experiments as a "master control centre" for hunger and eating?

A) basal ganglia
B) superior colliculus
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus

Question 24

Abraham Maslow's concept of ______________ specifically refers to his assumption that people are motivated to achieve their potentials by a range of needs,from basic biological needs for safety and nutrition to aesthetic and self-actualization needs.

A) progressive instincts
B) a need hierarchy
C) a motivation range
D) self-actualization

Question 25

Though the meaning has since been rethought,initial research found that when the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)of rats was destroyed,the rats:

A) became gluttons and their body weights frequently doubled or tripled.
B) refused to eat,often to the point of starvation.
C) experienced the normal signals of satiety.
D) began eating normally.

Question 26

Rats with mutations to the db gene become obese because:

A) they have excessive levels of leptin.
B) they suffer from a lack of leptin.
C) the receptors in their brains are insensitive to leptin.
D) the receptors in their brains are overly sensitive to leptin.

Question 27

Fat cells in the body actively regulate the processes of food intake and weight regulation by secreting the hormone ____________,which is known to decrease appetite.

A) glucose
B) corticosteroid
C) androgen
D) leptin

Question 28

Psychodynamic theories would suggest that much of human behaviour is motivated by:

A) incentives.
B) unconscious motives.
C) homeostasis.
D) growth needs.

Question 29

According to Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy,people must first satisfy their need for __________ before they can turn their attention to their need for ___________.

A) affiliation and love;food
B) beauty and order;affiliation and love
C) security and safety;affiliation and love
D) spirituality;knowledge and understanding

Question 30

Some researchers theorize that there is a fixed internal standard called a __________,around which a person's body weight is regulated.

A) critical point
B) metabolically ideal weight
C) homeostatic weight
D) set point

Question 31

If you damaged or destroyed a rat's lateral hypothalamus,what would you expect to happen? The rat would:

A) show a decrease in aggression
B) show an increase in aggression
C) become generally unresponsive to external stimuli,not just to food
D) show a decrease in appetite

Question 32

Phil is shipwrecked on a desert island.Assuming he can find food and water (physiological needs),his next need would be:

A) self-actualization.
B) cognitive.
C) safety.
D) belongingness.

Question 33

One potential criticism of Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy is that people may still pursue their need for ___________,even when presumably lower needs,such as the need for _____________,have not yet been satisfied or met.

A) love and affiliation;security
B) esteem and the respect of others;self-actualization
C) food and water;security
D) security;love and affiliation

Question 34

Carlos decides to go on a diet.Once he begins to lose weight,he notices that his appetite has increased and he feels hungrier.This increase may be a result of a decrease in _______________ because of his diet.

A) testosterone
B) estrogen
C) leptin
D) cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 35

Homeostatic mechanisms for eating are designed to:

A) react when we begin to run out of energy
B) link hunger to immediate energy needs
C) prevent us from running low on energy in the first place
D) change the set point to match energy needs

Question 36

Abraham Maslow,a humanistic theorist,believed that human motivation could be described with:

A) a hierarchy of physiological and safety needs.
B) intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
C) a hierarchy of growth and deficiency needs.
D) expectancy,value,and incentive needs.

Question 37

Leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK)are similar in that they are both:

A) related to feelings of satiety.
B) related to feelings of hunger.
C) androgens.
D) estrogens.

Question 38

Higher levels of leptin are associated with:

A) increased anger.
B) decreased anger.
C) increased appetite.
D) decreased appetite.

Question 39

According to self-determination theory,people are most fulfilled when they satisfy which three fundamental needs?

A) hunger,thirst,and sex
B) hunger,security,and love
C) competence,autonomy,and relatedness
D) hunger,esteem,and achievement

Question 40

If you were to give hungry animals an injection of _________,they would most likely stop feeding or reduce the size of their meals.

A) androgen
B) glucose
C) cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) estrogen

Question 41

Most research on sexual activities tends to be done with:

A) naturalistic observation.
B) laboratory experiments.
C) surveys.
D) hidden cameras.

Question 42

In trying to understand activity anorexia,researchers studied rats given opportunities to run on an exercise wheel and found that:

A) rats would not run on the wheel when hungry
B) rats with lesions ran on the wheel regardless of hunger status
C) electrically stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus caused wheel running
D) wheel running activated the opioid neurotransmitter system

Question 43

Research conducted by April Fallon and Paul Rozin (1985)demonstrated that college women ____________ how thin they should be to conform to men's preferences,and that men _____________ how bulky they should be to conform to women's preferences.

A) underestimated;underestimated
B) underestimated;overestimated
C) overestimated;underestimated
D) overestimated;overestimated

Question 44

When asked their reasons for having sex,adolescents are more likely to cite:

A) peer pressure than sexual gratification.
B) reproduction than sexual gratification.
C) sexual gratification than peer pressure.
D) reproduction than peer pressure.

Question 45

Initial research suggested that the ________________ was a "hunger on" centre in the brain,but more-recent research has revealed that neurons in the ______________ play an important role in triggering and reducing hunger.

A) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH);lateral hypothalamus (LH)
B) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH);paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
C) lateral hypothalamus (LH);paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
D) lateral hypothalamus (LH);ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Question 46

A recent large survey in the U.S.found that men and women have sex with a partner about equally often,and men masturbate and fantasize about sex:

A) more often than women
B) less often than women
C) only when they do not have a regular sex partner
D) about the same amount as women

Question 47

The case of the Pima Indians of Arizona discussed in the text was presented to demonstrate how:

A) genetic factors largely determine obesity.
B) personality and genetic factors can interact to produce obesity.
C) genetic and environmental factors can interact to produce obesity.
D) environmental and personality factors can interact to produce obesity.

Question 48

All of the following statements on the possible psychological causes of obesity are false EXCEPT:

A) lack of willpower is consistently responsible for obesity.
B) obese people are more sensitive to emotional disturbances.
C) the evidence suggesting that psychological factors cause obesity is rather mixed and inconsistent.
D) obesity is primarily caused by people overeating to cope with stress.

Question 49

Researchers have determined that people tend to eat more food when they eat ______________.This most likely happens because under these conditions,the meals usually ___________.

A) with other people;last longer
B) with other people;are shorter
C) the same thing repeatedly;are shorter
D) alone;last longer

Question 50

Which of the following is a factor that makes it more difficult for people to lose weight?

A) Obese people have lower levels of insulin in their bodies.
B) Dieting tends to increase basal metabolism.
C) The bodies of overweight people tend to respond to food deprivation with increased energy expenditure.
D) Substantial weight gain makes it difficult to exercise vigorously.

Question 51

Which of the following describes the trends in premarital sex over the last 50 years? The amount of premarital sex:

A) has been declining
B) had been increasing but has levelled off
C) has been increasing and likely will continue to increase
D) has stayed about the same

Question 52

One of the things that makes it difficult for obese people to lose weight is that they have higher levels of _________ in their system,which functions to increase the conversion of food nutrients into fat cells.

A) glucose
B) androgen
C) insulin
D) leptin

Question 53

Research on Playboy magazine centrefolds and Miss America contestants between the 1950s and 1980s has revealed a trend for a _______________ "ideal" body shape for women.

A) thinner and increasingly unrealistic
B) thinner and more realistic
C) larger and increasingly unrealistic
D) larger and more realistic

Question 54

Which of the following most directly demonstrates that genetics play an important role in obesity?

A) Scientists have determined that most of the time,a single gene appears to determine obesity.
B) Identical twins raised apart are about as similar in body mass as identical twins raised together.
C) Technological advances have decreased the need for daily physical activity.
D) Obesity rates in the United States and Canada have increased rapidly in the past few years.

Question 55

We can learn to associate the smell and sight of food with its taste and,thus,these stimuli can serve to trigger a hunger response,through the process of __________________________.

A) operant conditioning
B) modelling
C) avoidance conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Question 56

If Sarah wanted to increase the weight of her pet rat for a "giant rat contest," what might she do?

A) inject the rat with neuropeptide Y
B) lesion the lateral hypothalamus
C) electrically stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamus
D) inject the rat with cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 57

Changing social norms and a tendency to delay marriage are two factors that are most relevant to which of the following?

A) sexual dysfunction
B) sexual motivation
C) the prevalence of homosexuality
D) the increase in premarital sex

Question 58

The cluster of neurons packed with receptor sites for various transmitters that stimulate or reduce appetite is called the _________________.

A) basal ganglia
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
C) thalamus
D) paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Question 59

Which of the following explains why rates of premarital sex may be declining in recent years?

A) prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (e.g. ,AIDS)only
B) cultural emphasis on deeper relationships only
C) both the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (e.g. ,AIDS)and the cultural emphasis on deeper relationships
D) reduction of sex scenes in movies and television only

Question 60

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN)regulates many short-term and long-term signals that affect appetite.One of these signals is via regulation of:

A) neuropeptide Y.
B) neuropeptide Q.
C) leptin.
D) cholecystokinin (CCK).

Question 61

Children in the Marquesas Islands of French Polynesia have ample opportunity to observe the sexual behaviour of their parents.It is also typical when they reach adolescence for a middle-aged adult of the opposite sex to instruct them in sexual behaviour and to have sexual intercourse with them.This example best demonstrates how ___________ factors can have an impact on sexual behaviour.

A) genetic
B) personal psychological
C) cultural
D) biological

Question 62

In men,the orgasm phase of the sexual response cycle includes:

A) rhythmic contractions of muscles.
B) increases in vasocongestion.
C) rhythmic contractions of internal organs and projection of semen.
D) resolution.

Question 63

The refractory period,during which males are temporarily unable to have an orgasm,occurs during the _________ phase of the sexual response cycle.

A) orgasm
B) plateau
C) excitement
D) resolution

Question 64

If a person views violent pornography,the social learning perspective would expect _____________ in sexually aggressive behaviour.

A) no change
B) a sharp decrease followed by an increase
C) a decrease
D) an increase

Question 65

Physiological arousal builds rapidly and blood flow increases to the organs in and around the genitals during the ____________ phase of the sexual response cycle.

A) plateau
B) excitement
C) arousal
D) resolution

Question 66

A person's ____________ specifically refers to his or her emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex.

A) gender
B) gender identity
C) sexual response cycle
D) sexual orientation

Question 67

Men's bodies produce ____________ and women's bodies produce __________.

A) only androgens;only estrogens
B) only estrogens;only androgens
C) both androgens and estrogens;both androgens and estrogens
D) only testosterone;only progesterone

Question 68

In the usual development of the male embryo,there is _________________ activity that allows the typical male pattern of genital,brain,and reproductive development to occur.

A) sufficient androgen
B) a lack of androgen
C) sufficient estrogen
D) a lack of estrogen

Question 69

According to the results of a study conducted by Laumann and his colleagues (1994),about _________ of men and about _________ of women fantasize about sex at least once a day.

A) 50%;20%
B) 20%;50%
C) 80%;50%
D) 50%;50%

Question 70

In humans,daily fluctuations in sex hormones are:

A) associated with desire for both men and women.
B) not strongly associated with sexual desire for either men or women.
C) associated with sexual desire only for men.
D) not strongly associated with sexual desire only for women.

Question 71

A man who has difficulty maintaining an erection or a woman who has difficulty lubricating or becoming aroused may have what is called ______________,which is caused ________________.

A) sexual inhibition;primarily by psychological factors such as performance anxiety
B) sexual dysfunction;by a multitude of biological,environmental,and psychological factors
C) sexual deficiency;by a multitude of biological,environmental,and psychological factors
D) sexual dysfunction;primarily by psychological factors such as performance anxiety

Question 72

If someone has achieved sexual arousal but has not achieved orgasm,he or she is in the ____________ stage of the sexual response cycle.

A) excitement
B) plateau
C) stagnant
D) refractory

Question 73

In women,the orgasm phase of the sexual response cycle includes:

A) rhythmic contractions of the outer third of the vagina.
B) rapid increases and decreases in lubrication.
C) resolution.
D) increases in vasocongestion.

Question 74

Pornographic material containing which of the following themes would be most likely to produce the strongest negative effect?

A) women initiating sex
B) violence
C) highly explicit material
D) consensual sex

Question 75

If there is an absence of androgen activity during development,an embryo will:

A) develop the organs,brain,and reproductive systems of a male.
B) eventually also suffer from lower levels of estrogen.
C) develop the organs,brain,and reproductive systems of a female.
D) trigger the release of extra estrogen to compensate.

Question 76

The fact that both men and women rate watching their partners undress as very appealing demonstrates how _______________ can affect sexual arousal.

A) biological factors
B) cultural factors
C) personality factors
D) environmental stimuli

Question 77

Male human embryo is to female human embryo as:

A) organizational effects are to activational effects.
B) estrogens are to androgens.
C) the lack of androgens are to estrogens.
D) androgens are to the lack of androgens.

Question 78

Exposure to pornography _______ viewers' satisfaction with their own sexual partner.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) has no effect on
D) decreases only male

Question 79

If a person views violent pornography,the psychodynamic catharsis principle would expect _____________ in sexually aggressive behaviour.

A) no change
B) a sharp decrease followed by an increase
C) a decrease
D) an increase

Question 80

Research with sex offenders shows that they are ______ aroused by violent pornography and are _______ likely to act sexually after viewing violent or even nonviolent pornography.

A) more;less
B) more;more
C) less;less
D) less;more