Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

For a hungry person,the consumption of food serves to

A)create an incentive.
B)create a drive.
C)maintain homeostasis.
D)eliminate homeostasis.

Answer 1

maintain homeostasis.

Question 2

Motivation is defined by psychologists as

A)an impulse to accomplish something of significance.
B)optimal performance resulting from moderate arousal.
C)a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.
D)the cause of behavior.

Answer 2

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.

Question 3

According to drive-reduction theory,a need refers to

A)a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.
B)anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior.
C)a desire to perform a behavior in order to avoid punishment.
D)optimal performance resulting from moderate arousal.

Answer 3

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

Question 4

Lack of nourishment is to hunger as ________ is to ________.

A)motivation;emotion
B)need;drive
C)homeostasis;hunger
D)incentive;arousal

Question 5

Nora is very cold so she puts on a coat.Nora's body temperature is a physiological state that has produced a motivational state.The physiological state is called

A)a need.
B)homeostasis.
C)a drive.
D)an incentive.

Question 6

An aroused,motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called

A)self-actualization.
B)an incentive.
C)a drive.
D)homeostasis.

Question 7

Motivations arise from the interplay between ________,the bodily "push," and ________,the "pulls" from our personal experiences,thoughts,and culture.

A)nature;nurture
B)nurture;nature
C)nature;homeostasis
D)incentives;homeostasis

Question 8

According to ________,physiological needs (such as hunger and thirst)create an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need.

A)arousal theory
B)drive-reduction theory
C)hierarchy of needs theory
D)two-factor theory

Question 9

Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger.Their behavior is best explained in terms of

A)arousal theory.
B)James-Lange theory.
C)drive-reduction theory.
D)Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 10

Homeostasis,which is the goal of drive reduction,is defined as

A)optimal performance resulting from moderate arousal.
B)an aroused tension state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
C)the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state.
D)a physical need that usually triggers motivational arousal.

Question 11

An aroused,motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called

A)a drive.
B)a need.
C)homeostasis.
D)an incentive.

Question 12

Psychologists have used three perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation.These include an emphasis on optimal arousal,a hierarchy of needs,and

A)drive-reduction.
B)homeostasis.
C)set point.
D)affiliation.

Question 13

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

A)homeostasis;thirst
B)incentive;drive
C)need;drive
D)pornography;lust

Question 14

Loretta is walking to class on an extremely cold and windy day.Halfway there she is shivering so much that she begins to run in order to reach the warmth of her classroom sooner.Which theory most clearly explains Loretta's behavior by emphasizing the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

A)two-factor theory
B)drive-reduction theory
C)arousal theory
D)hierarchy of needs theory

Question 15

For a thirsty person,drinking water serves to reduce

A)a drive.
B)stimulation.
C)an incentive.
D)homeostasis.

Question 16

Carlos is studying for his psychology exam.He is finding it more and more difficult to focus because he is hungry.His hunger becomes so distracting that he leaves his studies and heads to the nearest sandwich shop.Which of the following best explains Carlos' behavior?

A)drive-reduction theory
B)arousal theory
C)need for affiliation
D)two-factor theory

Question 17

Our body's temperature cools,our blood vessels constrict (to conserve warmth),and we seek to put on more clothes or seek a warmer environment.Our cooling body is an example of a(n)

A)incentive.
B)drive.
C)physiological need.
D)arousal.

Question 18

A lack of sleep is an example of a(n)

A)drive.
B)emotion.
C)need.
D)incentive.

Question 19

Dr.Garcia is studying how drug addiction drives addicts to perform illegal acts to obtain drugs.Dr.Garcia's area of research is

A)emotion.
B)cognition.
C)motivation.
D)self-actualization.

Question 20

Noah is extremely hungry after his 5-mile run,so he fixes a large breakfast.Noah's hunger is an example of

A)a drive.
B)a need.
C)homeostasis.
D)an incentive.

Question 21

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

A)incentive theory
B)drive-reduction theory
C)hierarchy of needs theory
D)arousal theory

Question 22

On some college football teams,players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets.This practice best illustrates the use of

A)arousal.
B)drive-reduction.
C)incentives.
D)homeostasis.

Question 23

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electric shocks?

A)arousal theory
B)hierarchy of needs theory
C)incentive theory
D)drive-reduction theory

Question 24

The tendency for optimal levels of performance to be associated with moderate levels of arousal is known as

A)drive-reduction.
B)homeostasis.
C)the Yerkes-Dodson law.
D)self-actualization.

Question 25

Janice spends several hours a day practicing basketball and playing for two travel teams.Her goals are to eventually earn a college scholarship and play in the WNBA.Janice's goals are examples of

A)drive-reduction.
B)incentives.
C)an arousal.
D)homeostasis.

Question 26

John is going on a long bike ride.John knows there is a Dairy Queen at the 25-mile mark,and he plans on stopping there to buy a sundae as a reward for making it 25 miles.The sundae is a(n)________ for riding 25 miles.

A)arousal
B)drive-reduction
C)incentive
D)set point

Question 27

________ is a theory in which a physiological need creates an aroused state than motivates us to satisfy a need.

A)Drive-reduction theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)James-Lange theory
D)Schachter-Singer theory

Question 28

Which of the following is clearly NOT an example of an incentive?

A)$1000
B)threat of punishment
C)smell of popcorn
D)dehydration

Question 29

Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called

A)needs.
B)incentives.
C)arousals.
D)drives.

Question 30

Ten-year-old Malik is bored unless he is active or playing with other children.Realizing his needs,his parents have involved him in after-school sports and summer camps,and they allow him to play outside with other children as much as possible.His parents understand Malik's high need for

A)arousal.
B)homeostasis.
C)incentives.
D)drive-reduction.

Question 31

Randy is a bold person who enjoys stimulating and risky activities.His latest activity involved skydiving off mountainous cliffs.Randy is likely seeking

A)arousal.
B)self-transcendence.
C)an incentive.
D)self-actualization.

Question 32

Adventurous people who relish the pursuit of novel and intense experiences are said to be seeking

A)arousal.
B)self-transcendent.
C)incentive seekers.
D)self-actualized.

Question 33

Tyra's mouth is dry and she realizes that she hasn't had anything to drink all morning.She feels thirsty,so she immediately stops what she is doing and heads for the nearest water fountain.Which of the following can be used to explain why she is motivated to get a drink of water?

A)drive-reduction theory
B)homeostasis
C)arousal theory
D)set point

Question 34

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

A)incentive theory
B)drive-reduction theory
C)arousal theory
D)Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

Question 35

While we are pushed to reduce ________,we are pulled by ________,which can be positive or negative environmental stimuli that lure or repel us.

A)incentives;homeostasis
B)drives;incentives
C)drives;needs
D)homeostasis;drives

Question 36

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is ________.

A)best;moderate
B)worst;moderate
C)best;very low
D)best;very high

Question 37

The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of

A)needs.
B)homeostasis.
C)arousal.
D)incentives.

Question 38

Lack of body fluids is to cold water as ________ is to ________.

A)need;incentive
B)need;drive
C)stimulus;incentive
D)homeostasis;stimulus

Question 39

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of

A)homeostasis.
B)negative stimuli.
C)hunger.
D)boredom.

Question 40

Which of the following examples would contradict drive-reduction theory?

A)Marshall is hungry but has not eaten all day so he can eat more during Thanksgiving dinner.
B)John is thirsty and spends money for a bottle of water.
C)Virginia is sleepy and decides to take a nap.
D)Jessica exercises very hard and eats a snack when she arrives home.

Question 41

Research on the physiological basis of hunger has indicated that

A)stomach contractions are unrelated to feelings of hunger.
B)hunger continues in humans whose stomachs have been removed as a treatment for cancer.
C)rats whose stomachs have been removed must be force-fed to prevent starvation.
D)less ghrelin is secreted when the stomach is empty.

Question 42

Thaddeus will perform in a band concert at his school tomorrow.According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,his musical performance is likely to be ________ if his physiological arousal during the performance is ________.

A)best;very low
B)worst;moderate
C)best;very high
D)best;moderate

Question 43

Working with Walter Cannon,A.L.Washburn used a balloon to show that feelings of hunger are accompanied by

A)rising blood glucose levels.
B)reduced secretions of ghrelin.
C)a rising set point.
D)stomach contractions.

Question 44

Manny is a goalie for his college soccer team.The day of his team's first match Manny was so anxious about his upcoming performance that he could not eat breakfast or lunch.His performance was indeed very poor,so much so that he had to be replaced at halftime.Which of the following would have best predicted Manny's performance?

A)drive-reduction
B)homeostasis
C)the Yerkes-Dodson law
D)self-actualization

Question 45

Professor Sing is taking a sabbatical this semester and will stay in a Buddhist monastery to try to find meaning in his life and strive for purpose beyond the self.According to Maslow,Professor Sing is motivated to seek

A)belongingness.
B)self-esteem.
C)self-transcendence.
D)self-actualization.

Question 46

In poorer nations,feelings of well-being are especially likely to be influenced by satisfaction with one's ________.In wealthier countries,feelings of well-being are especially likely to be influenced by satisfaction with one's ________.

A)financial circumstances;home life
B)physical appearance;financial circumstances
C)personal achievements;personal safety
D)sexual desires;financial circumstances

Question 47

Nikita comes from Nicaragua,a country with a relatively low average income.Francoise lives in Switzerland,where the standard of living is fairly high.Nikita's feelings of well-being are especially likely to be influenced by satisfaction with her ________.Francoise's feelings of well-being are especially likely to be influenced by satisfaction with her ________.

A)financial circumstances;home life
B)physical appearance;financial circumstances
C)personal achievements;personal safety
D)sexual desires;financial circumstances

Question 48

In an experiment by Ancel Keys,36 male volunteers cut their food intake in half for six months.In response to this semistarvation,the volunteers

A)did not stabilize their weight,even though they were taking in half their previous calories.
B)stabilized at 25 percent of their normal weight,while taking in half their previous calories.
C)reduced their energy expenditure,and their body weights stabilized at about 25 percent below their starting weights.
D)increased their energy expenditure and their basal metabolic rate.

Question 49

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,very high levels of physiological arousal would be most likely to interfere with effectively

A)solving a crossword puzzle.
B)reciting the alphabet.
C)riding a bicycle.
D)washing dishes.

Question 50

According to Maslow,our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________.

A)love;food
B)adequate clothing;self-esteem
C)self-actualization;friendship
D)political freedom;economic security

Question 51

Carmen has plenty of food and lives in a nice house in a safe neighborhood.Now,she feels she needs to find a soulmate,or even a close friend or two,with whom she can share her life.According to Maslow,she is now motivated by

A)self-actualization needs.
B)esteem needs.
C)safety needs.
D)belongingness and love needs.

Question 52

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,the level of physiological arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be

A)lower on tasks that are well-learned.
B)higher on tasks that are difficult.
C)lower on tasks that are easy.
D)lower on tasks that are difficult.

Question 53

Madison,who is an accountant,has been complemented by her supervisor for her good work.As a result,Madison feels a sense of achievement and competence.According to Maslow,Madison is motivated by

A)belongingness needs.
B)self-esteem needs.
C)self-transcendence needs.
D)self-actualization needs.

Question 54

People become obsessed with water when thirsty and obsessed with food when hungry.This illustrates that activated motives

A)increase basal metabolic rate.
B)lower the set point.
C)are not culturally influenced.
D)dominate consciousness.

Question 55

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for

A)self-esteem.
B)love and friendship.
C)religious fulfillment.
D)food and water.

Question 56

Alana worked hard to make enough money to support herself and afford an apartment in a safe neighborhood.She feels confident and really good about her accomplishments.Recently,she has entered a committed relationship.According to Maslow,Alana is moving through

A)drive-reduction.
B)homeostasis.
C)the hierarchy of needs.
D)incentives.

Question 57

Two-year-old Jada is bored.She has been stuck in her car seat for 30 minutes,has played with every toy available to her,and has looked at everything in the car.She wants desperately to escape.She is motivated to escape the car seat to

A)maintain her level of arousal.
B)decrease her arousal.
C)increase her arousal to an optimum level.
D)reach homeostasis.

Question 58

Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as

A)belongingness needs.
B)self-esteem needs.
C)self-transcendence needs.
D)self-actualization needs.

Question 59

Monica is motivated to reach her unique potential in both her personal and professional life.According to Maslow,Monica is motivated by

A)self-actualization needs.
B)esteem needs.
C)safety needs.
D)belongingness and love needs.

Question 60

On the basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs,one would be LEAST likely to predict that a

A)starving person might sell his or her child to obtain food.
B)teacher with high self-esteem might seek a career change to use his or her abilities more fully.
C)successful business executive might show greater concern for his or her family relationships than for becoming president of his corporation.
D)prisoner might choose to die rather than betray his or her country.

Question 61

Sonya has had classes all morning.Because she hasn't eaten since breakfast,she is now extremely hungry.Sonya's hunger is being triggered by the hormone _____,which is secreted by the _____.

A)orexin;hypothalamus
B)leptin;hypothalamus
C)PYY;stomach
D)orexin;stomach

Question 62

Jorge,who just finished a large dinner an hour before,is offered a slice of pizza by his roommate.Jorge says,"No thanks.I'm not hungry." The digestive track hormone ________ is sending the "I am not hungry" signal to Jorge's brain.

A)ghrelin
B)orexin
C)serotonin
D)PYY

Question 63

In addition to secreting the hunger-triggering hormone orexin,the ________ monitors levels of the body's other appetite hormones.

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)cerebellum
D)hypothalamus

Question 64

Which area of the hypothalamus is a neural arc with a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones and another center that secretes appetite-suppressing hormones?

A)stomach
B)pancreas
C)arcuate nucleus
D)liver

Question 65

The role of insulin in hunger regulation is to

A)increase ghrelin levels.
B)control blood glucose levels.
C)increase PYY levels.
D)control orexin levels.

Question 66

When people with severe obesity undergo surgery that seals off or removes part of the stomach,the remaining stomach then produces much less

A)PYY.
B)orexin.
C)ghrelin.
D)insulin.

Question 67

Leptin is a hunger-dampening hormone secreted by

A)the adrenal gland.
B)the pancreas.
C)fat cells.
D)the hypothalamus.

Question 68

Emma worked for five straight hours on her psychology paper and did not stop to eat.After finishing her paper she felt extremely hungry.One reason for her hunger is that her

A)leptin levels are high.
B)blood glucose level has increased.
C)blood glucose level has dropped.
D)ghrelin production is low.

Question 69

We experience hunger when the level of

A)ghrelin in our blood is low.
B)leptin in our blood is low.
C)glucose in our blood is low.
D)PYY in our blood is high.

Question 70

The set point is

A)the basal metabolic rate after eating a meal.
B)the body temperature of a healthy organism,for example,98.6 degrees Fahrenheit in humans.
C)the point at which energy expenditures from exercise and from metabolism are equal.
D)the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods.

Question 71

________ is the main source of energy in your body.

A)Glucose
B)Leptin
C)Insulin
D)Ghrelin

Question 72

Jason is on his school's wrestling team.He hasn't eaten since early this morning because he is trying to make weight.It is now time for dinner.His stomach is growling and he feels very hungry.One reason for his hunger is that his

A)blood glucose level has dropped.
B)blood glucose level has increased.
C)leptin levels are high.
D)ghrelin production is low.

Question 73

Destruction of an appetite-suppressing area within the hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to

A)lower the rat's set point for body weight.
B)cause the rat to become extremely fat.
C)lower the rat's blood insulin levels.
D)increase the rat's basal metabolic rate.

Question 74

________ is a hormone secreted by an empty stomach;it sends the "I am hungry" signal to the brain.

A)PYY
B)Orexin
C)Ghrelin
D)Insulin

Question 75

Sonya has just finished a large birthday dinner.When the waiter offers to give her a complementary birthday dessert,she explains that she is not feeling hungry at the moment.This is likely because her

A)PYY levels are low.
B)ghrelin levels are low.
C)blood glucose level has dropped.
D)level of orexin is high.

Question 76

Insulin,a hormone that influences appetite,is secreted by the

A)hypothalamus.
B)pancreas.
C)stomach.
D)liver.

Question 77

Feelings of hunger are decreased by the hormone

A)ghrelin.
B)orexin.
C)serotonin.
D)PYY.

Question 78

Dan was severely obese,so his physician suggested that he undergo bypass surgery to seal off part of the stomach.After the surgery,the remaining stomach will produce much less

A)PYY.
B)orexin.
C)ghrelin.
D)insulin.

Question 79

Orexin is a ________ hormone secreted by the ________.

A)hunger-arousing;hypothalamus
B)hunger-suppressing;hypothalamus
C)hunger-arousing;stomach
D)hunger-suppressing;stomach

Question 80

Surgeons removed a sizable part of Tom's stomach to prevent the spread of a cancerous tumor.Following a successful recovery,Tom's reduced appetite for food is most likely because his stomach produces much less

A)PYY.
B)leptin.
C)ghrelin.
D)epinephrine.