Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

The term working memory represents psychologists' newer understanding of

A)long-term memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)short-term memory.
D)sensory memory.

Answer 1

short-term memory.

Question 2

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.

A)repressed memory
B)sensory memory
C)flashbulb memory
D)long-term memory

Answer 2

sensory memory

Question 3

While shopping for groceries,Abby realized she had misplaced her shopping list.By mentally visualizing the aisles she had walked and the items she had looked at,she was able to recall the exact shelf space where she had placed the list.Her mental visualization most clearly involved

A)iconic memory.
B)working memory.
C)implicit memory.
D)automatic processing.

Answer 3

working memory.

Question 4

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

A)chunking.
B)massed practice.
C)visual encoding.
D)memory.

Question 5

Conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information requires ________ memory.

A)implicit
B)working
C)flashbulb
D)echoic

Question 6

The process of encoding refers to

A)the persistence of learning over time.
B)the recall of information previously learned.
C)getting information into memory.
D)a momentary sensory memory lasting less than a second.

Question 7

Automatic processing most clearly occurs without

A)encoding.
B)conscious rehearsal.
C)implicit memory.
D)chunking.

Question 8

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

A)implicit memory.
B)iconic memory.
C)echoic memory.
D)working memory.

Question 9

The retention of encoded information over time refers to

A)effortful processing.
B)implicit memory.
C)the spacing effect.
D)storage.

Question 10

Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires

A)implicit memory.
B)automatic processing.
C)working memory.
D)spaced practice.

Question 11

Long-term memory refers to

A)the conscious active processing of incoming visual and auditory information.
B)the retention of learned facts rather than learned skills.
C)a photographic or picture-image sensory memory.
D)the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Question 12

The process of getting information out of memory is called

A)encoding.
B)relearning.
C)retrieval.
D)rehearsal.

Question 13

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her.During this time their names were stored in her ________ memory.

A)echoic
B)implicit
C)short-term
D)iconic

Question 14

Jeremy can accurately process and store new information,but when he is tested on what he has learned,he becomes so anxious that he can't easily recall the new information.Jeremy most clearly demonstrates difficulty with

A)iconic memory.
B)encoding.
C)echoic memory.
D)retrieval.

Question 15

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory.

A)sensory;working
B)working;sensory
C)working;long-term
D)long-term;working

Question 16

Your activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

A)short-term
B)implicit
C)mood-congruent
D)explicit

Question 17

The original Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model focused on how we

A)engage in automatic processing.
B)process our explicit memories.
C)form implicit memories.
D)develop classically conditioned associations without conscious awareness.

Question 18

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among

A)recall,recognition,and relearning.
B)proactive interference,retroactive interference,and repression.
C)sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory.
D)the serial position effect,the spacing effect,and the testing effect.

Question 19

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

A)recognition;recall
B)rehearsal;retrieval
C)retention;acquisition
D)explicit memory;implicit memory

Question 20

To help think about the processes involved in memory,some memory researchers have developed

A)flashbulb memory.
B)information-processing models.
C)the serial position effect.
D)massed practice.

Question 21

The distinction between automatic and effortful processing most clearly highlights the nature of

A)the two-track mind.
B)the serial position effect.
C)sensory memory.
D)mood-congruent memory.

Question 22

Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called

A)massed practice.
B)effortful processing.
C)distributed practice.
D)priming.

Question 23

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.

A)echoic
B)short-term
C)iconic
D)implicit

Question 24

The effortful processing of information

A)cannot occur simultaneously with automatic processing.
B)refers to the process of getting information out of memory storage.
C)can become automatic through practice.
D)occurs less frequently among adults than children.

Question 25

Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates

A)implicit memory.
B)echoic memory.
C)effortful processing.
D)the serial position effect.

Question 26

Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the sights,sounds,and smells of a remembered baseball game best illustrates

A)distributed practice.
B)implicit memory.
C)parallel processing.
D)chunking.

Question 27

You are most likely to automatically encode information about

A)politicians' names.
B)friends' birthdays.
C)new web addresses.
D)the sequence of your day's events.

Question 28

Memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.

A)working
B)implicit
C)sensory
D)explicit

Question 29

Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood.However,whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea.Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n)________ memory.

A)working
B)echoic
C)iconic
D)implicit

Question 30

The encoding of many aspects of a remembered event simultaneously best illustrates our brain's capacity for

A)massed practice.
B)automatic processing.
C)distributed practice.
D)parallel processing.

Question 31

The ability to unconsciously process how many times you looked at Facebook during the past 24 hours best illustrates

A)working memory.
B)automatic processing.
C)iconic memory.
D)distributed practice.

Question 32

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory.

A)working
B)short-term
C)implicit
D)sensory

Question 33

Information about where,when,and how often you ate a meal in the last couple of days is likely to be

A)a working memory.
B)an iconic memory.
C)automatically processed.
D)an echoic memory.

Question 34

When experimental participants viewed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second,they

A)recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them.
B)recalled only about seven of the letters because of storage limitations.
C)had a momentary sensory memory of all nine letters.
D)formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter.

Question 35

We encode implicit memories by means of

A)recall.
B)working memory.
C)automatic processing.
D)mnemonics.

Question 36

Explicit memory is also known as

A)echoic memory.
B)working memory.
C)declarative memory.
D)iconic memory.

Question 37

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n)________ memory.

A)iconic
B)explicit
C)flashbulb
D)nondeclarative

Question 38

During her psychology test,Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term mnemonics.Surprisingly,however,she accurately remembered that the term appeared toward the bottom of a right-hand page in her textbook.Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

A)automatic processing.
B)the spacing effect.
C)echoic memory.
D)effortful processing.

Question 39

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________.

A)iconic memory;echoic memory
B)automatic processing;effortful processing
C)short-term memory;long-term memory
D)the spacing effect;the testing effect

Question 40

Explicit memories are

A)classically conditioned associations that are automatically processed.
B)memories of physical skills such as how to ride a bike.
C)memories of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved.
D)memories that are formed by massed practice rather than by distributed practice.

Question 41

An iconic memory is a ________ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)working
D)long-term

Question 42

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY.She is using a memory aid known as

A)chunking.
B)the spacing effect.
C)automatic processing.
D)the serial position effect.

Question 43

Chunking refers to

A)getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery.
B)the organization of information into meaningful units.
C)the unconscious encoding of incidental information.
D)the tendency to recognize names we can't recall.

Question 44

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark,Mr.Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp.His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

A)short-term
B)iconic
C)implicit
D)echoic

Question 45

Tim,a third-grader,learns the sentence "George eats old gray rats and paints houses yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using

A)a mnemonic technique.
B)the spacing effect.
C)implicit memory.
D)the serial position effect.

Question 46

The testing effect refers to the enhanced memory resulting from

A)retrieving information from memory.
B)the automatic processing of information.
C)combining information into larger chunks.
D)rereading previously studied information.

Question 47

The use of mnemonics,which often rely on vivid imagery,illustrates

A)automatic processing.
B)flashbulb memory.
C)effortful processing.
D)echoic memory.

Question 48

Jamille is taking French in school.She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test.This illustrates what is known as

A)the spacing effect.
B)state-dependent memory.
C)chunking.
D)automatic processing.

Question 49

Researchers have demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as

A)12 seconds.
B)1 minute.
C)12 minutes.
D)1 hour.

Question 50

After being asked to remember three consonants,participants in a research study counted aloud backward by threes to prevent

A)source amnesia.
B)iconic memory.
C)encoding failure.
D)rehearsal.

Question 51

Echoic memory refers to

A)the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory.
B)a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.
C)the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
D)a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

Question 52

Some of the information in our ________ memory is encoded into ________ memory.

A)iconic;short-term
B)short-term;sensory
C)working;echoic
D)long-term;iconic

Question 53

We are more likely to remember the words "bicycle,cigarette,and fire" than the words "void,process,and inherent." This best illustrates the value of

A)the spacing effect.
B)implicit memory.
C)imagery.
D)iconic memory.

Question 54

Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material.This best illustrates

A)implicit memory.
B)the serial position effect.
C)chunking.
D)the spacing effect.

Question 55

To retain a newly introduced group of three consonants such as CHJ in our working memory,it is most clearly necessary to engage in

A)chunking.
B)proactive interference.
C)rehearsal.
D)automatic processing.

Question 56

A mnemonic is a

A)sensory memory.
B)test or measure of memory retention.
C)long-term memory.
D)memory aid.

Question 57

The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention of memories is best illustrated by

A)the testing effect.
B)implicit memory.
C)classically conditioned associations.
D)iconic memory.

Question 58

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen,but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address.To his surprise,however,he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit ZIP code.His experience best illustrates ________ memory.

A)iconic
B)implicit
C)echoic
D)flashbulb

Question 59

George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitute the capacity of ________ memory.

A)short-term
B)explicit
C)long-term
D)implicit

Question 60

The ability to retain more information after sleep and to be a creative problem solver has been found to be most closely associated with a large ________ memory capacity.

A)iconic
B)implicit
C)echoic
D)working

Question 61

Consciously recalling an event that you experienced during your last year of high school best illustrates

A)state-dependent memory.
B)episodic memory.
C)context-dependent memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 62

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn

A)to ride a bike.
B)to eat with a fork.
C)a classically conditioned fear response.
D)the names of newly introduced people.

Question 63

Recalling the stunning visual images of a Broadway musical and holding them in working memory would most clearly require activation of the

A)basal ganglia.
B)right frontal lobe.
C)cerebellum.
D)amygdala.

Question 64

Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?

A)hypothalamus
B)basal ganglia
C)cerebellum
D)hippocampus

Question 65

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized,they often replace some of the words on the original list with similar but more familiar words.This best illustrates the impact of

A)automatic processing.
B)distributed practice.
C)encoding meaning.
D)echoic memory.

Question 66

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook,Susan often relates it to her own life experiences.Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it involves

A)iconic memory.
B)meaningful encoding.
C)implicit memory.
D)massed practice.

Question 67

Memory consolidation refers to the neural ________ of a long-term memory.

A)encoding
B)priming
C)retrieval
D)storage

Question 68

During the day,Bekah learned a lot of information about World War II.During her sleep that night,memories of this history were transferred from her hippocampus to areas within her brain's cortex.This transfer best illustrates

A)working memory.
B)the spacing effect.
C)episodic memory.
D)memory consolidation.

Question 69

In experiments,rats have learned the location of a tasty new food.But if their ________ is removed 3 hours after they locate the food,they will not form a long-term memory of the food's location.

A)amygdala
B)basal ganglia
C)hippocampus
D)cerebellum

Question 70

Answering questions about what she had read in her psychology textbook improves Shauna's memory of the material more effectively than rereading the textbook material.This best illustrates

A)parallel processing.
B)the serial position effect.
C)automatic processing.
D)the testing effect.

Question 71

Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the

A)right frontal lobe.
B)left frontal lobe.
C)right cerebellum.
D)left cerebellum.

Question 72

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge is known as

A)episodic memory.
B)state-dependent memory.
C)semantic memory.
D)context-dependent memory.

Question 73

The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for long-term storage to other regions of the brain is called

A)priming.
B)memory consolidation.
C)the serial position effect.
D)implicit memory.

Question 74

Episodic memory is best described as ________ memory of ________.

A)implicit;facts and general knowledge
B)implicit;personally experienced events
C)explicit;facts and general knowledge
D)explicit;personally experienced events

Question 75

After recovering from a stroke,Farina was able to learn how to hit a tennis ball.She is unable,however,to learn and remember the name of the rehabilitation therapist who has been working with her each day to develop her tennis swing.Farina is most likely to have suffered damage to her

A)cerebellum.
B)hypothalamus.
C)basal ganglia.
D)hippocampus.

Question 76

A good night's sleep is most likely to improve exam grades by supporting the process of

A)priming.
B)proactive interference.
C)memory consolidation.
D)mood-congruent memory.

Question 77

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

A)working memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)flashbulb memory

Question 78

Ebbinghaus found that memorizing familiar words required much less effort than memorizing nonsense syllables.This best illustrates the advantage of

A)the spacing effect.
B)implicit memory.
C)the serial position effect.
D)meaningful encoding.

Question 79

Research on the storage of memory indicates that

A)our brain can store new memories only if it discards some old memories.
B)our capacity for storing information in our short-term working memory has no real limit.
C)we do not process and store memories in only one spot in the brain.
D)once memories are consolidated in storage,they can never be forgotten.

Question 80

Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is explained to them.This best illustrates the value of

A)iconic memory.
B)encoding meaning.
C)state-dependent memory.
D)source amnesia.