Deck 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their nurse

A)heuristic.
B)prototype.
C)algorithm.
D)fixation.

Answer 1

prototype.

Question 2

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking,knowing,remembering,and communicating?

A)algorithm
B)heuristic
C)cognition
D)mental set

Answer 2

cognition

Question 3

When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles,we are using this word as a(n)

A)intuition.
B)heuristic.
C)concept.
D)algorithm.

Answer 3

concept.

Question 4

Insight refers to

A)a simple thinking strategy for solving problems quickly.
B)a sudden realization of the solution to a problem.
C)expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem.
D)solving problems by means of trial and error.

Question 5

Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left.Crossing his fingers,he decided to try the short hallway.His problem-solving strategy best illustrates

A)confirmation bias.
B)the framing effect.
C)trial and error.
D)belief perseverance.

Question 6

Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish

A)fixation.
B)heuristic.
C)algorithm.
D)prototype.

Question 7

A mental grouping of similar objects,events,ideas,or people is a(n)

A)algorithm.
B)prototype.
C)heuristic.
D)concept.

Question 8

Research participants were asked to identify a word that would form a compound word or phrase with each of three other words.Solutions that occurred with sudden insight were accompanied by a burst of activity in the brain's ________ lobe.

A)right temporal
B)left temporal
C)right occipital
D)left occipital

Question 9

Professor Pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks.Which specialty area does his research best represent?

A)developmental psychology
B)biological psychology
C)cognitive psychology
D)personality psychology

Question 10

With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?

A)A penguin is a bird.
B)A goose is a bird.
C)A robin is a bird.
D)An ostrich is a bird.

Question 11

Prototype is to category as ________ is to ________.

A)rose;flower
B)chair;table
C)man;woman
D)rope;weapon

Question 12

As he attempted to spell the word receive,Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c." Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of

A)trial and error.
B)insight.
C)an algorithm.
D)a heuristic.

Question 13

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem,Amira finally gave up.As she was trying to fall asleep that night,a solution to the problem popped into her head.Amira's experience best illustrates

A)belief perseverance.
B)the availability heuristic.
C)insight.
D)a fixation.

Question 14

In the process of classifying objects,people are especially likely to make use of

A)algorithms.
B)fixations.
C)prototypes.
D)telegraphic speech.

Question 15

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

A)the availability heuristic.
B)belief perseverance.
C)an algorithm.
D)framing.

Question 16

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called

A)fixations.
B)heuristics.
C)prototypes.
D)algorithms.

Question 17

An algorithm is a(n)

A)simple thinking strategy for making decisions quickly and efficiently.
B)testing method involving trial and error.
C)automatic,intuitive judgment.
D)methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.

Question 18

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

A)save time in solving problems.
B)yield more accurate solutions to problems.
C)minimize the overconfidence phenomenon.
D)involve greater reliance on convergent thinking.

Question 19

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

A)search for information that supports our preconceptions.
B)judge the likelihood of events on the basis of how easily we can remember examples of them.
C)overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
D)make judgments in a very inefficient,time-consuming fashion.

Question 20

A prototype is a

A)mental grouping of similar objects,events,ideas,or people.
B)step-by-step procedure for solving problems.
C)best example of a particular category.
D)simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently.

Question 21

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective is called

A)divergent thinking.
B)a fixation.
C)a heuristic.
D)framing.

Question 22

A reliance on quick intuitive judgments is best illustrated by our use of

A)convergent thinking.
B)algorithms.
C)trial and error.
D)heuristics.

Question 23

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning,our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

A)fixations.
B)aptitudes.
C)algorithms.
D)intuitions.

Question 24

The vivid memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel.This best illustrates the importance of

A)fixation.
B)the availability heuristic.
C)confirmation bias.
D)framing.

Question 25

Andy's new employer looks somewhat similar to a TV actor who played the role of a very dishonest politician.Without consciously realizing the similarity,Andy experienced an immediate gut-level distrust of his new employer.His reaction best illustrates the impact of

A)algorithms.
B)confirmation bias.
C)intuition.
D)extrinsic motivation.

Question 26

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls,Mrs.Zumpano,a second-grade teacher,watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior.Mrs.Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

A)the availability heuristic.
B)confirmation bias.
C)framing.
D)belief perseverance.

Question 27

Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done.This best illustrates the impact of

A)overconfidence.
B)framing.
C)confirmation bias.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 28

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

A)framing.
B)confirmation bias.
C)belief perseverance.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 29

Some people are unable to arrange six matchsticks to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement.This best illustrates the effects of ________ on problem solving.

A)fixation
B)heuristics
C)framing
D)overconfidence

Question 30

By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by winds from a hurricane,insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling expensive homeowners' policies.They are most clearly exploiting the influence of

A)belief perseverance.
B)an algorithm.
C)overconfidence.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 31

We fear too little those events that will claim lives

A)accidentally.
B)undramatically.
C)in the near future.
D)in a highly memorable way.

Question 32

One reason people fear flying more than driving is that the two activities involve differences in

A)convergent thinking.
B)belief perseverance.
C)confirmation bias.
D)perceived control.

Question 33

Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses.This practice most directly serves to reduce

A)the framing effect.
B)divergent thinking.
C)confirmation bias.
D)algorithms.

Question 34

A fixation is most likely to inhibit

A)confirmation bias.
B)overconfidence.
C)creativity.
D)belief perseverance.

Question 35

Public fears of gun violence tend to increase dramatically for a brief time after highly publicized mass shootings.This best illustrates the impact of

A)confirmation bias.
B)fixation.
C)the availability heuristic.
D)belief perseverance.

Question 36

A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr.White's perception of how widespread hunger is than did a statistical chart summarizing the worldwide scope of the problem.This suggests that his understanding of the world hunger problem was influenced by

A)belief perseverance.
B)an algorithm.
C)confirmation bias.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 37

During high school,Charlie found it easy to get away with cheating on his tests.College is a different story,so Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion.Charlie's shortsightedness best illustrates the consequences of

A)an algorithm.
B)a fixation.
C)confirmation bias.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 38

Business managers are often overly confident of their own hiring ability because they are more likely to monitor the successes of people they hired than the achievements of those they rejected.This illustrates that overconfidence may be encouraged by

A)an algorithm.
B)prototypes.
C)the framing effect.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 39

Overconfidence refers to the tendency to

A)cling to our initial beliefs,even though they have been proven wrong.
B)search for information that supports our preconceptions.
C)underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are wrong.
D)judge the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory.

Question 40

A single memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule.This illustrates that judgments are influenced by

A)confirmation bias.
B)overconfidence.
C)belief perseverance.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 41

Implicit knowledge of what we've learned but can't fully explain is most clearly reflected in our

A)intrinsic motivation.
B)algorithms.
C)intuitions.
D)prototypes.

Question 42

The value of making a good first impression when you begin work for a new employer is best underscored by the research on

A)overconfidence.
B)the framing effect.
C)belief perseverance.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 43

Although intuition can at times hinder rationality,it is often adaptive because it facilitates

A)framing.
B)quick decisions.
C)belief perseverance.
D)fixation.

Question 44

People are very likely to decide to be organ donors when the assumed answer on their renewable drivers' license form is Yes,but they can choose to opt out.They are much less likely to decide to be organ donors if the assumed answer is No,but they can choose to opt in.This best illustrates the effects of

A)framing.
B)overconfidence.
C)confirmation bias.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 45

People who err on the side of overconfidence are especially likely to

A)use algorithms to solve problems.
B)think creatively.
C)avoid confirmation bias.
D)live more happily.

Question 46

People are often positively impressed by research that supports their own point of view.Asking them whether they would have been equally impressed by the same research if it had provided results that disputed their point of view is likely to inhibit

A)divergent thinking.
B)concept formation.
C)belief perseverance.
D)insight.

Question 47

One of Kaylee's new college professors has a slightly high-pitched voice very similar to one of her high school teachers whom Kaylee disliked.Without consciously realizing the voice similarity,Kaylee's gut-level reaction to the voice led her to form an unduly negative first impression of her new professor.This best illustrates the impact of

A)intuition.
B)confirmation bias.
C)overconfidence.
D)belief perseverance.

Question 48

A $100 coat marked down from $150 can seem like a better deal than the same coat priced regularly at $100.This best illustrates the importance of

A)belief perseverance.
B)confirmation bias.
C)framing.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 49

Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that it evokes a desired judgment is called

A)framing.
B)confirmation bias.
C)belief perseverance.
D)an algorithm.

Question 50

When Larina started college,she was certain that she would never use illegal drugs.By the end of her freshman year,however,Larina had used an illegal drug on three different occasions.Larina's experience best illustrates

A)the availability heuristic.
B)confirmation bias.
C)overconfidence.
D)the framing effect.

Question 51

Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is

A)"Try to justify your positions."
B)"Consider the opposite."
C)"Don't draw hasty conclusions."
D)"Be as objective as possible."

Question 52

People with a superficial understanding of proposals for political change often express excessively strong pro or con views.This best illustrates the impact of

A)overconfidence.
B)divergent thinking.
C)the framing effect.
D)an algorithm.

Question 53

Underestimating the time and cost necessary to complete a project best demonstrates

A)divergent thinking.
B)the framing effect.
C)the availability heuristic.
D)overconfidence.

Question 54

An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

A)the availability heuristic.
B)trial and error.
C)belief perseverance.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 55

Lenore's kitchen remodeling project ended up taking her nearly twice as much time as she had anticipated.This best illustrates

A)confirmation bias.
B)overconfidence.
C)belief perseverance.
D)the framing effect.

Question 56

When Quang couldn't find his wallet,he began to wonder about his roommate's honesty.Although Quang later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his car,he continued to doubt his roommate's honesty.Quang's irrational thinking best illustrates

A)confirmation bias.
B)an algorithm.
C)belief perseverance.
D)framing.

Question 57

Master chess players can make correct game moves at such speed that their acquired expertise feels like

A)an algorithm.
B)a prototype.
C)extrinsic motivation.
D)intuition.

Question 58

On Monday,the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain,so Sheryl took her umbrella to work.On Friday,he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain,so Sheryl left her umbrella at home.Sheryl's behavior illustrates the effect of

A)confirmation bias.
B)overconfidence.
C)the availability heuristic.
D)framing.

Question 59

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

A)belief perseverance.
B)confirmation bias.
C)the availability heuristic.
D)framing.

Question 60

People with opposing views of the death penalty reviewed mixed evidence regarding whether it is effective in lowering the crime rate.As a result,their opposing views differed more strongly than ever.This best illustrates

A)the framing effect.
B)convergent thinking.
C)belief perseverance.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 61

Forest-dwelling chimpanzees use a light,flexible stick for fishing for termites.This illustrates their naturally developed use of

A)prototypes.
B)tools.
C)heuristics.
D)algorithms.

Question 62

Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem illustrates

A)the availability heuristic.
B)fixation.
C)belief perseverance.
D)divergent thinking.

Question 63

One group of chimpanzees slurp termites directly from a stick;another group picks them off the stick one by one.One group of chimpanzees breaks nuts with a stone;another group does this with a piece of wood.These food-gathering practices best illustrate differences in

A)algorithms.
B)heuristics.
C)belief perseverance.
D)local customs.

Question 64

Convergent thinking involves

A)a sudden realization of a problem's solution.
B)searching for information that supports our preconceptions.
C)narrowing down the available solutions to a problem.
D)clinging to our initial conceptions despite contradictory evidence.

Question 65

If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way,we may-without consciously recalling the earlier experience-react warily.This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by

A)fixations.
B)algorithms.
C)intuition.
D)overconfidence.

Question 66

Allowing time for complex ideas to hatch outside of conscious awareness is most likely to promote

A)extrinsic motivation.
B)confirmation bias.
C)algorithms.
D)creativity.

Question 67

Part of Mark's creative success as a mechanical engineer is his eagerness to consider novel design ideas and invest time and effort in overcoming serious obstacles in highly challenging engineering projects.Mark's bold dedication best illustrates

A)belief perseverance.
B)the framing effect.
C)a venturesome personality.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 68

Environments that maximize creativity are likely to be those that foster

A)convergent thinking.
B)focused awareness.
C)belief perseverance.
D)extrinsic motivation.

Question 69

Five ingredients of creativity were identified by ________ and his colleagues.

A)Peter Wason
B)Robert Sternberg
C)Daniel Kahneman
D)Wolfgang Köhler

Question 70

A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates

A)the framing effect.
B)divergent thinking.
C)the availability heuristic.
D)convergent thinking.

Question 71

The most creative scientists are those who

A)investigate issues about which they have very little previous knowledge.
B)are intrinsically motivated to solve problems.
C)have little tolerance for ambiguity.
D)have a timid personality.

Question 72

A period of distraction that enables people to process complex information unconsciously can improve decision making.This best illustrates the value of

A)algorithms.
B)belief perseverance.
C)intuition.
D)trial and error.

Question 73

Notable achievements that are driven more by personal interest than by external pressures to perform best illustrate the impact of

A)the framing effect.
B)belief perseverance.
C)intrinsic motivation.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 74

Kristina,a high school English teacher,is eager to promote creativity in her writing class students.Which of the following reminders is likely to do the most to accomplish her goal?

A)"Your final essay will be evaluated by a well-known author."
B)"Many of the best jobs demand good writing skills."
C)"You can produce interesting insights through your writing."
D)"Admission to the most well-known colleges demands some creative ability."

Question 75

Intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of

A)creativity.
B)heuristics.
C)an algorithm.
D)intuition.

Question 76

In Wolfgang Köhler's experiments,the chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to retrieve a longer stick,which he then used to reach a piece of fruit.The chimpanzee appeared to display

A)insight.
B)fixation.
C)trial and error.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 77

By learning to classify cats and dogs,chimpanzees demonstrate a capacity to form

A)heuristics.
B)algorithms.
C)rules of syntax.
D)concepts.

Question 78

Alex was an African Grey parrot who displayed

A)self-awareness.
B)numerical ability.
C)algorithms.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 79

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called

A)convergent thinking.
B)belief perseverance.
C)framing.
D)creativity.

Question 80

Convergent thinking is to academic aptitude as divergent thinking is to

A)belief perseverance.
B)the availability heuristic.
C)a fixation.
D)creativity.