Deck 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States

Question 1

________ is an example of a depressant drug.

A)Marijuana
B)Alcohol
C)Mescaline
D)Heroin

Answer 1

Alcohol

Question 2

Delta waves are characteristic of:

A)REM sleep.
B)NREM sleep.
C)paradoxical sleep.
D)waking.

Answer 2

NREM sleep.

Question 3

An example of a biological event that follows a circadian rhythm is:

A)the migration of birds.
B)the female menstrual cycle.
C)body temperature.
D)daydreaming.

Answer 3

body temperature.

Question 4

A ________ drug causes disruption of normal thought processes such as the perception of time and space.

A)stimulant
B)depressant
C)psychoactive
D)psychedelic

Question 5

________ is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night's sleep.

A)Narcolepsy
B)Insomnia
C)Sleep apnea
D)Internal desynchrony

Question 6

________ refers to the fact that our circadian rhythms occur in phase with external events such as daylight and darkness.

A)External synchronization
B)Entrainment
C)Endogeny
D)Desynchrony

Question 7

The dissociation theory of hypnosis was proposed by:

A)Ernest Hilgard.
B)Nathaniel Kleitman.
C)Allan Hobson.
D)Rosalind Cartwright.

Question 8

There is no convincing empirical support for the ________ theory of dreaming.

A)psychoanalytic
B)cognitive
C)activation-synthesis
D)problem-solving

Question 9

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?

A)Hypnotized people can be made to do things against their will.
B)Hypnosis increases the accuracy of memory.
C)Hypnosis can be used to produce age-regression.
D)Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing people during dental procedures,surgery,and childbirth.

Question 10

REM sleep first occurs about ________ minutes after sleep onset.

A)30
B)45-50
C)60
D)70-90

Question 11

The ________ theory of dreaming suggests that dreaming is simply a continuation of our daytime thinking.

A)psychoanalytic
B)cognitive
C)activation-synthesis
D)problem-solving

Question 12

Most psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on:

A)hormones.
B)the hypothalamus.
C)neurotransmitters.
D)the autonomic nervous system.

Question 13

The body's biological clock,the suprachiasmatic nucleus,is located in the:

A)pituitary gland.
B)pineal gland.
C)thalamus.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 14

________ is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months.

A)SAD
B)SCN
C)PMS
D)REM

Question 15

In ________,a person experiences sudden unpredictable and irresistible attacks of sleepiness during the day.

A)narcolepsy
B)insomnia
C)sleep apnea
D)internal desynchrony

Question 16

In very large doses,________ drugs can cause convulsions,heart failure,and death.

A)depressant
B)stimulant
C)opiate
D)psychedelic

Question 17

The pineal gland secretes ________,a hormone that helps to keep the biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle.

A)cortisol
B)progesterone
C)serotonin
D)melatonin

Question 18

________ refers to a person's expectations about the effects of a drug.

A)Tolerance
B)Dissociation
C)Mental set
D)Perceptual bias

Question 19

Which of the following statements about PMS is true?

A)About 20% of females suffer from PMS.
B)A clear connection exists between PMS and behaviour.
C)There is no relation between stage of the menstrual cycle and emotional symptoms.
D)PMS can be successfully treated using testosterone.

Question 20

There are ________ stages of NREM sleep.

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 21

While the most common biological rhythms people experience are circadian,humans:

A)also have some longer cycles that are about a month in length.
B)also have some shorter cycles that are about 90 minutes in length.
C)also experience both longer and shorter cycles.
D)experience some shorter cycles,but don't experience seasonal rhythms like some animals do.

Question 22

A biological clock,located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the ________ controls circadian rhythm.

A)spinal cord
B)neurons
C)axon
D)hypothalamus

Question 23

Biological rhythm is defined as:

A)a periodic,more or less regular,fluctuation in a biological system.
B)an awareness of oneself and the environment.
C)a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
D)a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Question 24

Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock,a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells called the:

A)pineal gland.
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C)thalamus.
D)hippocampus.

Question 25

The structure that serves as our biological clock is the:

A)heart with its pace-maker cells.
B)pituitary gland.
C)pineal gland.
D)suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus.

Question 26

When people live in an environment free of any time cues and are allowed to sleep,eat,and work whenever they want,they typically follow a:

A)28.0-hour cycle.
B)22.8-hour cycle.
C)24.3-hour cycle.
D)26.0-hour cycle.

Question 27

Melatonin treatments have been useful in the treatment of:

A)adolescents showing extreme delays in the onset of puberty.
B)survivors of trauma who experience persistent flashbacks of the terror.
C)depressed individuals who are in need of increased blood-sugar levels.
D)disturbed sleep-wake cycles in blind people who lack light perception.

Question 28

Entrainment refers to the fact that:

A)we experience a series of distinct states of consciousness during the day that predictably follow one another.
B)our biological rhythms are synchronized with external events such as temperature and daylight.
C)our biological rhythms are internally generated and synchronized by the beating of our heart.
D)a person can be trained to control biological rhythms and to change them when necessary.

Question 29

Melatonin helps to:

A)regulate our biological rhythms independent of the light-dark cycle.
B)regulate the secretions of the pineal gland.
C)regulate the secretions of the pituitary gland.
D)keep our biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle.

Question 30

________,a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms,is secreted by the pineal gland.

A)Norepinephrine
B)Testosterone
C)Estrogen
D)Melatonin

Question 31

Stefania Follini spent four months in a New Mexico cave as part of a study on biological rhythms.During that time,she tended to stay awake for about ________ hours and then sleep for ________ hours.

A)12; 5
B)16; 8
C)20; 10 that seems to contradict the 24.3 hours mentioned in previous question though.
D)35; 15

Question 32

When researchers have tested the accuracy of biorhythm charts by examining occupational accidents in light of the charts' predictions,they have found the charts to be:

A)useful only for those working in outdoor occupations.
B)useful only for women and not for men.
C)useful only for healthy individuals with no chronic illnesses.
D)useless.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate according to studies of internal desynchronization?

A)When people fly across several time zones,sleep and wake patterns take several days to return to normal.
B)When people fly across several time zones,temperature and hormone cycles can take several days to return to normal.
C)At present,there is no reliable way to avoid a period of jet lag when flying across several time zones.
D)When an occupation requires a rotating work schedule,then workers should be switched as infrequently as possible.

Question 34

When we say that biological rhythms are endogenous,we mean that they are:

A)generated by an internal biological clock.
B)influenced by our environment.
C)produced by our heart's rhythm.
D)determined by an individual's experience and therefore vary from person to person.

Question 35

Biological rhythms are said to be endogenous.This means that they are generated:

A)by changes in temperature.
B)from within with no external cues.
C)by changes in daylight.
D)by changes in clock time.

Question 36

Circadian rhythm is defined as:

A)a fluctuation in a biological system,synchronized with external cues.
B)an awareness of oneself and the environment.
C)a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
D)a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Question 37

Entrainment is defined as:

A)the synchronization of biological rhythms with external cues.
B)an awareness of oneself and the environment.
C)a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
D)a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Question 38

Melatonin is a hormone:

A)that fluctuates on about a 90-minute cycle.
B)that is secreted largely during hours of darkness.
C)that is secreted largely during hours of daylight.
D)produced by the pituitary gland that triggers sleep.

Question 39

Which of the following provides the best definition of consciousness?

A)a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
B)awareness of ourselves and the environment
C)memory of personally experienced events
D)the intentional recollection of an item of information

Question 40

Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock,located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)thalamus.
C)corpus callosum.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 41

Jennifer has been studying day and night for so many weeks that she is chronically sleep deprived.She is likely to experience all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:

A)hallucinations and delusions.
B)extreme irritability.
C)reduced levels of the hormone cortisol.
D)the loss of mental flexibility and creativity.

Question 42

Narcolepsy involves:

A)unpredictable daytime attacks of sleep.
B)inability to breathe while sleeping.
C)a need for 12 to 14 hours of sleep each night.
D)a need for only 5 to 6 hours of sleep each night.

Question 43

Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that less than ________ of women have PMS symptoms predictably over their cycles.

A)5%
B)15%
C)25%
D)35%

Question 44

The incidence of seasonal affective disorder in Canada is approximately:

A)3%.
B)5%.
C)20%.
D)10%.

Question 45

________ is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Non-REM sleep

Question 46

________ is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

A)Entrainment
B)Internal desynchronization
C)Seasonal affective disorder
D)Dissociation

Question 47

For most people,mild forms of sleep deprivation are likely due to:

A)hormonal imbalances in the body.
B)internal desynchronization.
C)narcolepsy.
D)insomnia.

Question 48

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person:

A)suddenly falls asleep without warning during the day.
B)has difficulty waking from sleep in the morning.
C)periodically stops breathing during sleep.
D)experiences bursts of aggressive behaviour during sleep.

Question 49

Controlled studies indicate that:

A)phototherapy is effective in alleviating most cases of SAD.
B)low levels of negative ions are effective in most cases of SAD.
C)phototherapy is not effective in alleviating symptoms of SAD.
D)SAD is not a true disorder.

Question 50

Chronic insomnia affects about ________ of all adults.

A)5%
B)10%
C)25%
D)35%

Question 51

The use of light treatment:

A)has not been fraught with methodological problems for people who suffer from SAD.
B)works well with shift workers but not with people who travel across time zones.
C)has resulted in some symptom reduction for people who suffer from SAD.
D)works well with females,but not with males suffering from SAD.

Question 52

Some of the world's most serious industrial accidents,including Three Mile Island,Chernobyl,and the Exxon Valdez disaster have in common the speculation that key personnel suffered from:

A)insomnia.
B)internal desynchronization.
C)hallucinations and delusions.
D)insufficient sleep.

Question 53

PMS and SAD are related in that:

A)women who suffer from SAD also tend to suffer from PMS.
B)both appear to be most prevalent in non-Western cultures.
C)both are easily treated with over-the-counter medications.
D)both seem to be less common than is typically believed.

Question 54

________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep,causing the person to choke,gasp,and momentarily awaken.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Non-REM sleep

Question 55

Kiyoshi planned to take over-the-counter melatonin supplements in order to restore the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle that was typical before she began college.After reading her psychology textbook,Kiyoshi decided that she:

A)should refrain from taking the supplements since research with melatonin has had mixed results.
B)supplements would be most effective if she were to take them on a long-term basis.
C)should check and make sure her supplements meet the federal standards for quality.
D)should check and make sure her supplements meet the federal standards for dosage.

Question 56

Sleep deprivation can result in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)decline of hormones necessary for proper immune system.
B)decline in mental flexibility,attention,and creativity.
C)occurrence of hallucinations and delusions.
D)increased muscle pain and lack of coordination.

Question 57

In a study of mood changes in men and women,researchers found that:

A)women had twice the number of mood swings as did men over the course of a month.
B)no relation exists between stage of the menstrual cycle and emotional symptoms.
C)women and men differ in the emotional symptoms that they report.
D)women's work efficiency dropped during the premenstrual period.

Question 58

Because of genetics,some people:

A)have longer than normal circadian rhythms.
B)have shorter than average circadian rhythms.
C)have circadian rhythms that vary in length from day to day.
D)are early birds and others are night owls.

Question 59

Research concerning internal desynchronization done by Stanley Cohen at the University of British Columbia found that:

A)the spring shift to daylight savings time produced a short-term increase in the likelihood of accidental death,but the fall shift had little effect.
B)the fall shift to daylight savings time produced a short-term increase in the likelihood of accidental death,but the spring shift had little effect.
C)small desynchronizations had little effect on safety in the workplace.
D)both the spring and fall shifts of time increased the likelihood of accidental deaths.

Question 60

A meta-analysis of initial SAD studies suggests that:

A)more people have SAD than is commonly believed.
B)there are no effective treatments for SAD.
C)phototherapy may work,although many of the studies have been flawed.
D)SAD is more common in Asia than it is in North America.

Question 61

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every ________ minutes or so.

A)30
B)90
C)150
D)210

Question 62

During the night:

A)REM sleep periods become longer.
B)Delta waves increase.
C)dreaming decreases in frequency.
D)NREM sleep periods involve a more and more active EEG.

Question 63

On average,REM sleep periods last about:

A)5 minutes.
B)20 minutes.
C)30 minutes.
D)90 minutes.

Question 64

The average adolescent needs about ________ hours of sleep a night.

A)6
B)8
C)10
D)12

Question 65

It is estimated that ________ of all North Americans get fewer than the recommended hours of sleep a night.

A)one-third
B)half
C)two-thirds
D)three-fourths

Question 66

An EEG is recording Joe's brain while he sleeps.The pattern of brain waves exhibits occasional short bursts of rapid,high-peaking waves,and he isn't disturbed by some of the noise the experimenter in the sleep lab makes during this time.

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 67

Although you do not typically remember your dreams,this morning you remembered a very bizarre and vivid one.It is most likely that this dream occurred:

A)during stage 4 of the sleep cycle.
B)shortly before you woke up.
C)during REM sleep.
D)approximately 90 minutes after you fell asleep.

Question 68

NREM sleep is characterized by:

A)slow,rolling eye movements.
B)vivid,unrealistic dreams.
C)slow brain waves called delta waves.
D)muscle paralysis.

Question 69

Sleep appears to be necessary for ________,a process by which recently stored memories become durable and stable.

A)consolidation
B)reinforcement
C)encoding
D)preservation

Question 70

James has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid,irregular waves.His blood pressure rises,his heart rate increases,and his skeletal muscles go limp.Which of the following is the most likely conclusion?

A)James is chronically sleep deprived,and his sleep,like his daytime activities,is abnormal.
B)James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal for the third stage of sleep.
C)James is experiencing unusual sleep because earlier he engaged in strenuous physical activity.
D)James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during paradoxical sleep.

Question 71

Judith is startled when her six-year-old daughter,Laura,sleepwalks into the family room and begins to talk.It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A)REM
B)first
C)third
D)fourth

Question 72

Mitch emphatically states that he never dreams.If Mitch spent the night in a sleep laboratory,it would be most likely that:

A)Mitch would report a dream if awakened during a period of rapid,irregular brain activity.
B)instead of dreaming,Mitch would engage in sleepwalking during REM sleep.
C)Mitch's sleep cycle would include four stages of non-REM sleep but no stage of REM sleep.
D)Mitch's electroencephalogram would show only slow,rolling eye movements.

Question 73

You are trying to wake up your partner,but it is virtually impossible.It's likely that she is in:

A)REM sleep.
B)stage 1 sleep.
C)stage 2 sleep.
D)stage 4 sleep.

Question 74

Although the purpose of REM sleep is still a matter of debate,the authors point out that it clearly does have a purpose because people who lose REM sleep will:

A)spend more time than usual in the REM phase.
B)spend less time than usual in the REM phase.
C)eventually begin to experience hallucinations and delusions.
D)often recall dreams that are more vivid and strange than usual.

Question 75

REM sleep occurs for the first time:

A)within 10 minutes of falling asleep.
B)after about an hour of sleep.
C)about 70 to 90 minutes after sleep onset.
D)after about 3 to 4 hours of sleep.

Question 76

During the night,two types of sleep alternate with each other; they are:

A)alpha sleep and delta sleep.
B)stage 1 and stage 2 sleep.
C)REM and NREM sleep.
D)relaxed sleep and alert sleep.

Question 77

When researchers studied whether or not dreaming occurs in non-REM sleep they found that:

A)it does,but the dreams are shorter and less vivid than in REM sleep.
B)it does,but the dreams are longer and more fantastical than in REM sleep.
C)it does not,unless the person has been chronically sleep deprived.
D)it does not,unless the person is a patient with a severed corpus callosum.

Question 78

REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because:

A)the brain is very active,yet the body is entirely inactive.
B)the body is very active and restless,but the brain is very inactive.
C)the eyes are open,though the person remains asleep.
D)colourful dreams occur,in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep.

Question 79

The cycles of sleep progress through the following sequence of stages:

A)1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > REM > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1.
B)1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1 > REM.
C)4 > 3 > 2 > 1 > REM > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1.
D)4 > 3 > 2 > 1 > REM > 1 > 2 > 3 > 4.

Question 80

The reason that REM sleep occurs is:

A)to allow the mind to solve the day's problems during sleep.
B)to allow memories to form.
C)to release tensions from the previous day.
D)unknown.