Deck 18: Endocrine Glands

Question 1

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)is also called vasopressin because at high concentrations it causes

A)increased urine output.
B)constriction of blood vessels.
C)increased potassium secretion by the kidneys.
D)decreased sodium retention by the kidneys.
E)dilation of blood vessels.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The posterior pituitary

A)has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus.
B)is controlled by releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus.
C)produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
D)stores lipotropins.
E)is not related to fluid balance in the body.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Releasing hormones

A)travel through axons to the posterior pituitary.
B)increase anterior pituitary secretion.
C)cause action potentials to be generated by anterior pituitary cells.
D)decrease secretions of the anterior pituitary.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The hypothalamus

A)rests in the sella turcica.
B)is also called the neurohypophysis.
C)is located inferior to the pituitary gland.
D)regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland.
E)is located superior to the thalamus.

Question 5

The hypothalamohypophysial portal system carries hormones from the

A)anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus.
B)posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus.
C)hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
D)hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
E)anterior pituitary to posterior pituitary.

Question 6

An increase in ADH (antidiuretic hormone)secretion will cause

A)the intestines to absorb more water.
B)the kidney tubules to retain more water.
C)a person to drink more water.
D)All of the choices could occur.

Question 7

The embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary gland is

A)epithelium from the oral cavity.
B)nervous tissue from the area of the hypothalamus.
C)an outpocket of the nasal cavity.
D)glandular tissue from the cerebrum.

Question 8

The hypothalamohypophysial tract connects the hypothalamus to the

A)anterior pituitary.
B)posterior pituitary.
C)adenohypophysis.
D)infundibulum.

Question 9

A decrease in blood volume will result in

A)decreased blood pressure.
B)increased ADH (antidiuretic hormone)secretion.
C)decreased urine volume.
D)All of the choices will occur.

Question 10

Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by

A)hormones of the thalamus.
B)neurohormones of the hypothalamus.
C)itself (anterior pituitary)because it is the master gland of the body.
D)the overall rate of metabolism.
E)neurons from the hypothalamus.

Question 11

A function of the hypothalamohypophysial tract is to

A)move ADH from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
B)move releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
C)carry action potentials to the posterior pituitary causing the release of oxytocin.
D)cause the release of insulin from the anterior pituitary.
E)form a vascular connection from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

Question 12

The connecting stalk between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is the

A)tectum.
B)cerebral peduncle.
C)hippocampus.
D)infundibulum.

Question 13

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)is secreted in response to

A)overhydration.
B)increased volume of the body fluids.
C)increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids.
D)high blood pressure.
E)increased blood volume.

Question 14

Arrange the following in the sequence in which releasing hormones travel through them. (1)secondary capillary network
(2)primary capillary network
(3)hypothalamohypophysial portal vessels

A)1,2,3
B)3,2,1
C)2,3,1
D)3,1,2
E)2,1,3

Question 15

The embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary gland is

A)epithelium from the oral cavity.
B)nervous tissue from the area of the hypothalamus.
C)an outpocket of the nasal cavity.
D)glandular tissue from the cerebrum.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?

A)Regulates water balance by controlling the solute concentration of the blood.
B)Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength.
C)Regulates satiation and the breakdown of food into individual nutrients.
D)Regulates the rate of metabolism.
E)Regulates the levels of nutrients such as glucose in the blood.

Question 17

The two functional portions of the pituitary gland are the

A)infundibulum and neurohypophysis.
B)pars nervosa and pars tuberalis.
C)neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis.
D)adenohypophysis and infundibulum.
E)infundibulum and hypothalamohypophysial portal system

Question 18

The hypothalamohypophysial tract carries

A)neurohormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
B)neurohormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
C)neurons from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
D)neurons from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
E)neurons from the anterior pituitary to posterior pituitary.

Question 19

Hormones are released from the posterior pituitary when posterior pituitary cells are stimulated by

A)hypothalamic releasing hormones.
B)hormones from the anterior pituitary.
C)action potentials from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons.
D)the primary capillary network.
E)the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?

A)Regulates the rate of metabolism.
B)Controls development and functions of the reproductive system.
C)Regulates equilibrium and balance from the inner ear.
D)Prepares the body for physical activity and stress.
E)Regulates heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 21

Which of the following will inhibit the secretion of growth hormone?

A)growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
B)growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
C)somatomedins
D)a posterior pituitary-inhibiting hormone
E)T₃ and T₄

Question 22

Chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone as a child would result in

A)pituitary dwarfism.
B)acromegaly.
C)myxedema.
D)giantism.

Question 23

Which gland is located in the sella turcica?

A)thymus
B)adrenal
C)pineal
D)hypothalamus
E)pituitary (hypophysis)

Question 24

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A)ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
B)TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
C)CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)
D)FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
E)oxytocin

Question 25

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)is synthesized by the ____ while TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)is synthesized by the ____.

A)kidney; thyroid
B)posterior pituitary; thyroid
C)hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
D)kidney; anterior pituitary
E)posterior pituitary; hypothalamus

Question 26

A person working outside in the hot sun can perspire a great deal.This increase in perspiration results in an increase in water loss from the body.Increased water loss causes the blood osmolality to increase.This increased osmolality is "sensed" by the

A)kidneys.
B)osmoreceptors.
C)cerebral cortex.
D)anterior pituitary.
E)baroreceptors.

Question 27

Urine volume ____ when ADH (antidiuretic hormone)secretion decreases.

A)increases
B)decreases
C)is not affected
D)declines
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 28

Which of the following hormones promotes the breakdown of fatty acids?

A)lipotropins
B)somatotropins
C)gonadotropins
D)thyrotropins
E)fatotropins

Question 29

Growth hormone

A)increases amino acid uptake in cells.
B)decreases the use of fat as an energy source.
C)decreases the synthesis and storage of glycogen.
D)increases the use of glucose for energy.
E)facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.

Question 30

What role does oxytocin play in lactation?

A)ejection of milk
B)production of milk
C)storage of milk
D)stop production of milk

Question 31

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A)is produced by cells of the anterior pituitary.
B)is stored and released from the posterior pituitary.
C)has the uterus as its primary target.
D)travels on axons to its target tissue.
E)travels in the blood from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

Question 32

Oxytocin release is stimulated by

A)nursing a baby.
B)increased blood pressure.
C)increased urine output.
D)a hypothalamic-releasing hormone.
E)increased blood osmolality.

Question 33

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)secretion will increase when

A)blood osmolality increases.
B)blood pressure increases.
C)blood volume increases.
D)blood pressure decreases.
E)Both blood osmolality increases and blood pressure decreases are correct.

Question 34

Which hormone is sometimes given to women to induce labor?

A)glucagon
B)prolactin
C)progesterone
D)oxytocin
E)estrogen

Question 35

If GH (growth hormone)secretion is deficient in a newborn,the child will

A)develop acromegaly as an adult.
B)mature sexually at an earlier age.
C)be in constant danger of dehydration.
D)probably experience reduced bone growth.
E)probably experience increased bone growth.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a description of acromegaly?

A)enlargement of feet,hands and face
B)chronic hypoglycemia
C)no height increase
D)broad nose and enlarged tongue

Question 37

Anterior pituitary hormones

A)are all proteins or glycoproteins.
B)are transported in the hypothalamohypophysial portal system.
C)bind to intracellular receptor molecules.
D)have a half-life of hours.
E)are released as a direct result of action potentials.

Question 38

If fluid intake increases dramatically over a short time frame,

A)ADH (antidiuretic hormone)secretion increases.
B)ADH secretion decreases.
C)there is no effect on ADH secretion.
D)ADH secretion stops.
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 39

Oxytocin is responsible for

A)preventing release of insulin from the pancreas.
B)preventing the formation of goiters.
C)milk production by the mammary glands.
D)regulating blood calcium levels.
E)causing contractions of uterine smooth muscle during labor.

Question 40

Which of the following hormones is synthesized by the hypothalamus?

A)ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
B)MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
C)TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
D)ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
E)T3 and T4

Question 41

Removal of the anterior pituitary would affect the functioning of the

A)thyroid gland.
B)pancreas isles of Langerhans in the pancreas.
C)parathyroid gland.
D)adrenal medulla.
E)kidney.

Question 42

John Smith works outdoors in the winter at a ski resort.His thyroid hormone levels are

A)lower in the winter to conserve body heat.
B)higher in the winter to increase body temperature.
C)lowered in the summer after his job to decrease body temperature.
D)increased in the summer after his job to increase body temperature.
E)unaffected by his job.

Question 43

Which hormone is required for ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum?

A)FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
B)LH (luteinizing hormone)
C)TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
D)prolactin
E)MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

Question 44

Which of the following is a target tissue for parathyroid hormone?

A)thyroid
B)blood
C)pancreas
D)small intestine
E)stomach

Question 45

During a race,a long-distance runner twisted his ankle.He finished the race without feeling any pain in his ankle.This lack of the perception of pain could be the result of an increase in

A)gonadotropins.
B)lipotropins.
C)somatotropins.
D)epinephrine.
E)beta endorphins.

Question 46

Which of the following stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary?

A)ADH
B)prolactin
C)FSH
D)ACTH
E)LH

Question 47

Which of the following is involved in the regulation of thyroid hormone levels?

A)thyroglobulin in thyroid follicles
B)thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
C)positive feedback mechanisms
D)parathyroid hormone levels
E)blood calcium levels

Question 48

Which of the following would apply to the description of a thyroid follicle?

A)walls contain a single layer of parafollicular cells
B)center is called the isthmus
C)stores thyroid hormone
D)small capillary networks
E)spheres with walls of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 49

Which of the following ions is necessary for thyroid hormone production?

A)potassium
B)calcium
C)iodine
D)sodium
E)chlorine

Question 50

Which of the following events occurs last?

A)Enzymes break down thyroglobulin to release T₃ and T₄.
B)T₃ and T₄ are stored within thyroid follicles.
C)Iodine is bound to tyrosine molecules of thyroglobulin.
D)Thyroglobulin is taken into thyroid cells by endocytosis.
E)Iodide is actively transported into thyroid follicle cells.

Question 51

In the blood,

A)most T₃ and T₄ molecules are found bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).
B)T₃ and T₄ are rapidly metabolized.
C)T₃ is converted into T₄.
D)T₃ but not T₄ is bound to TSH.
E)most thyroid hormones are transported in a free form.

Question 52

Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus are involved in the secretion of

A)growth hormone.
B)aldosterone.
C)antidiuretic hormone.
D)adrenocorticotropic hormone.
E)parathyroid hormone.

Question 53

Thyroid hormone interacts with its target tissue by

A)using the intracellular mediator system.
B)binding to a membrane bound receptor.
C)increasing iodine uptake in the target cells.
D)releasing thyroglobulin.
E)binding to receptor molecules in the nucleus.

Question 54

The rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when

A)serum calcium levels increase.
B)serum calcium levels decrease.
C)serum levels of TSH decrease.
D)serum levels of TSH increase.
E)serum levels of sodium levels increase.

Question 55

Increased metabolic activity and weight loss are associated with

A)lack of iodine in the diet.
B)hyperthyroidism.
C)too little TSH.
D)cretinism.
E)hypothyroidism.

Question 56

Synthesis of progesterone in the ovary and testosterone in the testis is stimulated by

A)LH (luteinizing hormone).
B)MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone).
C)TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone).
D)ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
E)FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone).

Question 57

Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones causes increased metabolic rate,sensitivity to heat,weight loss,and exophthalmos?

A)parathyroid hormone
B)estrogen
C)cortisol
D)thyroid hormone
E)growth hormone

Question 58

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)regulates the release of

A)prolactin and oxytocin.
B)follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
C)estrogen and testosterone.
D)progesterone and prolactin.
E)thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Question 59

T₃ and T₄ are stored in the lumen of thyroid follicles as part of the _____ molecule.

A)thyrotropin
B)thyroid-stimulating hormone
C)thyroxine-binding protein
D)thyroglobulin
E)calcitonin

Question 60

Which of the following characteristics is associated with hyposecretion of thyroid hormones?

A)weight gain
B)exophthalmos
C)warm,flushed skin
D)increased heart rate
E)weight loss

Question 61

The glucocorticoids

A)stimulate gluconeogenesis.
B)increase the inflammatory response.
C)supplement the sex hormones from the gonads.
D)decrease synthesis of glycogen.
E)stimulate glycogenolysis.

Question 62

The adrenal medulla

A)plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity.
B)decreases its secretions during stress.
C)has acetylcholine as its major secretory product.
D)is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
E)is the outer layer of the adrenal glands.

Question 63

Adrenal androgens

A)are produced in the adrenal medulla.
B)stimulate growth of pubic hair in females.
C)reduce the inflammatory response.
D)cause reabsorption of potassium ions by the kidney.
E)decrease the sex drive.

Question 64

An injection of epinephrine would

A)increase heart rate,increase blood pressure,and increase gastric tract motility.
B)decrease heart rate,decrease blood pressure,and increase gastric tract motility.
C)increase heart rate,increase blood pressure,and decrease gastric tract motility.
D)decrease heart rate,decrease gastric motility,and increase blood pressure.
E)have no effect on the heart or the GI tract.

Question 65

Julie was diagnosed with an aggressive tumor of the thyroid.Surgery was performed to remove the thyroid.However,post-operatively,Julie's blood calcium levels began declining to life-threatening levels.This decline is most likely due to

A)thyroid hormone replacement therapy after the surgery.
B)damage to the anterior pituitary during surgery.
C)accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery.
D)improper laboratory handling of blood samples.
E)post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 66

In hypocalcemia,

A)incidence of bone fractures increases.
B)muscular weakness is common.
C)cardiac arrhythmias occur.
D)constipation becomes a problem.
E)the nervous system becomes depressed.

Question 67

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A)tends to inhibit osteoclasts.
B)decreases blood calcium levels.
C)allows the kidneys to retain calcium.
D)increases calcium excretion by the intestine.
E)stimulates kidneys to excrete calcium.

Question 68

What condition may be the cause of hyperglycemia,depressed immune system,and redistribution of fats from limbs to the face,neck,and abdomen?

A)Addison disease
B)hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids
C)hyposecretion of cortisol
D)Cushing syndrome

Question 69

The major secretory products of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex are

A)glucocorticoids.
B)mineralocorticoids.
C)androgens.
D)catecholamines.
E)cortisol and ADH.

Question 70

The primary stimulus for release of adrenal medullary hormones comes from

A)the kidneys.
B)aldosterone.
C)the anterior pituitary.
D)the parasympathetic nervous system.
E)the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 71

Which of these hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A)cortisol
B)norepinephrine
C)androgens
D)aldosterone
E)glucocorticoids

Question 72

Which of the following situations might be the result of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids?

A)weight loss
B)hypoglycemia
C)depression of the immune response
D)increased plasma levels of ACTH
E)proteins and fats are unused

Question 73

The endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys are the

A)thyroid glands.
B)vestibular glands.
C)adrenal glands.
D)parathyroid glands.
E)renal glands.

Question 74

If both ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)and cortisol levels increase,which of the following would occur?

A)ACTH production is increased even more by positive feedback.
B)High cortisol levels will begin to cause ACTH levels to decline.
C)High ACTH levels will begin to cause cortisol levels to decline.
D)Aldosterone levels will increase.
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 75

A tumor in the adrenal cortex causes excessively high levels of aldosterone.The high aldosterone levels cause

A)hyponatremia.
B)acidosis.
C)hypokalemia.
D)hypocalcemia.
E)hyperkalemia.

Question 76

Overall,PTH (parathyroid hormone)_____ blood phosphate levels.

A)increases
B)decreases
C)elevates
D)enhances
E)has no effect on

Question 77

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands secretes the hormone

A)androstenedione.
B)aldosterone.
C)cortisol.
D)epinephrine.
E)ADH.

Question 78

What condition could have the following symptoms: polyuria,acidosis,hyponatremia,and tetany of skeletal muscles?

A)hyposecretion of glucocorticoids
B)hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids
C)hyposecretion of androgens
D)hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids

Question 79

Which of the following will decrease glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex?

A)hypoglycemia and stress
B)increased CRH production
C)increased plasma levels of cortisol
D)increased plasma levels of ACTH
E)decreased plasma levels of cortisol

Question 80

Which of the following is true?

A)The effects of epinephrine are long-lasting (days to weeks).
B)Epinephrine increases blood pressure.
C)Epinephrine decreases heart rate.
D)Epinephrine increases GI tract activity.
E)Epinephrine is a chemical of the parasympathetic nervous system.