Deck 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval

Question 1

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

A) "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants"
B) "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants"
C) "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"
D) "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"

Answer 1

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"

Question 2

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

A) repeating it over and over.
B) linking the new word to a previously learned concept.
C) using it in a sentence.
D) thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

Answer 2

repeating it over and over.

Question 3

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building.The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand.The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

A) implicit memory during learning
B) an organizational context during learning
C) deep processing during retrieval
D) imagery

Answer 3

an organizational context during learning

Question 4

Elementary school students in the U.S.are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides an example of

A) a self-reference effect.
B) repetition priming.
C) implicit memory.
D) elaborative rehearsal.

Question 5

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

A) Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
B) Deciding how many vowels each word has
C) Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered
D) Repeating the words over and over in your mind

Question 6

Jenkins and Russell presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants.In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented.This result occurred because of the

A) tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
B) effect of proactive interference.
C) way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually.
D) way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.

Question 7

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is

A) state-dependent learning.
B) encoding.
C) memory consolidation.
D) transfer-appropriate processing.

Question 8

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on

A) the number of vowels in a word.
B) the meaning of a word.
C) the pleasantness of a word.
D) the category of a word.

Question 9

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

A) Retrograde
B) Encoding
C) Retrieval
D) Processing

Question 10

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

A) research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response.
B) the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.
C) imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
D) pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.

Question 11

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.

A) rehearsal
B) organization
C) depth of processing
D) forming connections with other information

Question 12

In Slameka and Graf's (1978)study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word.The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

A) spacing effect.
B) generation effect.
C) cued recall effect.
D) multiple trace hypothesis.

Question 13

The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is

A) simple.
B) complex.
C) neutral.
D) vague.

Question 14

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?

A) Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years.
B) Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement.
C) Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.
D) Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Question 15

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is

A) encoded.
B) stored.
C) retrieved.
D) all of the above

Question 16

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years.She is now learning salsa dancing.Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance.This strategy suggests reliance on

A) the self-reference effect.
B) a mass practice effect.
C) the integrative experience effect.
D) semantic memory.

Question 17

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

A) Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology.
B) Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.
C) Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
D) For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.

Question 18

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

A) Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory.
B) Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events.
C) Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing.
D) People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

Question 19

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat")rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle").This probably occurs because the complex sentence

A) causes more rehearsal.
B) takes longer to process.
C) creates more connections.
D) is more interesting.

Question 20

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

A) Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
B) Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.
C) Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances.
D) Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.

Question 21

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

A) short but all on a single day.
B) long and all on a single day.
C) short and across several days.
D) long and across several days.

Question 22

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

A) by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective.
B) by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective.
C) using visual images.
D) by the person whose memory will be tested.

Question 23

Graded amnesia occurs because

A) remote memories are more fragile than recent memories.
B) recent memories are more fragile than remote memories.
C) emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories.
D) nonemotional memories are more fragile than emotional memories.

Question 24

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

A) organization
B) highlighting
C) making up questions about the material
D) feedback

Question 25

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the

A) presynaptic neuron.
B) postsynaptic neuron.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) synapse.

Question 26

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval.This is called

A) transfer-appropriate processing.
B) episodic-based processing.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) personal semantic memory.

Question 27

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit)reflect

A) a failure of memory consolidation.
B) disrupted long-term potentiation.
C) temporary post-traumatic stress disorder.
D) Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 28

The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as

A) memory consolidation.
B) repetition priming.
C) encoding specificity.
D) a self-reference effect.

Question 29

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with

A) changes at the synapse.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) changes in specialized areas of the brain.
D) both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

Question 30

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

A) Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
B) Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family.
C) Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
D) Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

Question 31

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for memories.

A) remote
B) recent
C) anterograde
D) emotional

Question 32

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory.However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.

A) semantically; auditorially
B) auditorially; auditorially
C) auditorially; semantically
D) semantically; visually

Question 33

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class.They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period.Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam.What could you predict about their performances?

A) Katie and Inez should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis).
B) Inez will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.
C) Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.
D) State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period.

Question 34

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination.As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place.This common experience best illustrates the principle of

A) the self-reference effect.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) levels of processing theory.
D) encoding specificity.

Question 35

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

A) the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues.
B) the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.
C) there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material.
D) imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.

Question 36

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam.You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam.Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home.Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

A) excited
B) calm
C) nervous
D) neutral

Question 37

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

A) an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons.
B) enhanced firing in the neurons.
C) larger electrical impulses in the synapse.
D) the growth of new dendrites in neurons.

Question 38

The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location.The suggestion solves a problem raised by

A) the encoding specificity principle.
B) the spacing effect.
C) levels of processing.
D) the distributed practice effect.

Question 39

The medial temporal lobe (MTL), involved in memory consolidation, includes all of the following structures EXCEPT the

A) perirhinal cortex.
B) amygdala.
C) parahippocampal cortex.
D) entorhinal cortex.

Question 40

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

A) long-term potentiation
B) retrieval cues
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) mass practice

Question 41

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album.As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears.Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her

A) thalamus.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) amygdala.
D) medial temporal lobe.

Question 42

Your text makes the statement that "memories are stored at the synapses." Develop a discussion to explain the evidence that learning and memory are represented in the brain by physiological changes at the neuronal level.

Question 43

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

A) levels of processing.
B) depth of processing.
C) transfer-appropriate processing.
D) reconsolidation.

Question 44

____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

A) Remote
B) Standard
C) Systems
D) Synaptic

Question 45

Your text describes the process of consolidation regarding forming memories in the brain. Early research on consolidation led to the proposal of the standard model of consolidation.Begin your essay by explaining what the standard model claims about the role of the hippocampus in consolidation and the experimental results to support it.Then, describe the more recent research and experimental results that pose a challenge to the standard model.

Question 46

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

A) fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
B) memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
C) when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
D) memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.

Question 47

Define state-dependent learning and encoding specificity.Then, explain three ways a student might apply these principles to enhance her learning in college courses.Using the results of experimental research, state why these suggestions for learning are likely to be successful.

Question 48

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

A) strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated.
B) strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated.
C) strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
D) uninvolved in memory consolidation.

Question 49

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment employed three conditions (or groups of participants)where the conditions yielded quite different results.Describe the three conditions as well as the results of each.What do these results predict about students studying from their own notebooks vs.studying from notes borrowed from a classmate?

Question 50

____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

A) Amnesia
B) Encoding specificity
C) Cued-recall
D) Consolidation

Question 51

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam.Both girls are tired of studying.Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed.What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

A) Lourdes performs better because of reactivation.
B) Kim performs better because of reactivation.
C) Lourdes performs better because of encoding specificity.
D) Kim performs better because of encoding specificity.

Question 52

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.

A) recent and remote episodic
B) recent and remote semantic
C) recent episodic
D) remote semantic

Question 53

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of

A) remote, episodic memories.
B) remote, semantic memories.
C) remote procedural memories.
D) state-dependent memories.

Question 54

Your text explains what memory research tells us about studying.Name and describe the five techniques for improving learning and memory given in the text's discussion, and what experimental result supports each technique.

Question 55

Describe and compare maintenance and elaborative rehearsal, including a discussion of the "procedures" associated with each type.Indicate separate examples for which each type of rehearsal is best suited.Also, describe experimental results that illustrate how effective each type of rehearsal is at establishing durable long-term memories.

Question 56

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in

A) procedural memory.
B) long-term memory storage.
C) working memory.
D) long-term memory acquisition.

Question 57

Compare and contrast levels-of-processing theory with transfer-appropriate processing.Describe experimental results for both and highlight their significance to our understanding of memory.