Deck 11: Responding to and Reducing Prejudice

Question 1

If an ethnic minority is conscious of being a member of a stigmatized group, he or she is likely to:

A) become less vigilant to signs of prejudice.
B) become more vigilant to signs of prejudice.
C) be less willing to cooperate with others.
D) be more willing to cooperate with others.

Answer 1

become more vigilant to signs of prejudice.

Question 2

When females perceive themselves as primarily being objects to be looked at and judged they are engaging in _________.

A) stereotype threat
B) self-objectification
C) ingroup bias
D) disidentification

Answer 2

self-objectification

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of Allport's four principal ingredients for positive intergroup contact?

A) equal status between groups in the situation
B) contact that is intimate and varied
C) institutional support
D) the motive to avoid being prejudiced

Answer 3

the motive to avoid being prejudiced

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Stereotype threat depletes cognitive resources.
B) Stereotype threat increases self-esteem.
C) Stereotype lift decrease self-esteem.
D) Stereotype threat improves intergroup relations.

Question 5

The multicultural ideology is a worldview in which:

A) group identities are ignored and people are treated solely as individuals.
B) groups are believed to naturally vary in their place in the social hierarchy.
C) cultural identities are changed so that everyone feels a sense of common humanity.
D) cultural identities and viewpoints are acknowledged and appreciated.

Question 6

Social identity threat is the feeling that:

A) you need to disidentify with your group.
B) everyone dislikes your group.
C) your group simply is not valued in a domain and that you do not belong there.
D) you should not identify with stigmatized groups.

Question 7

People who have a high tolerance of ambiguity tend to be:

A) low in the need for structured knowledge.
B) high in the need for structure knowledge.
C) low in self-esteem.
D) high in self-esteem.

Question 8

People who think the world would be better off if everyone knew and accepted their place in the social order are high in the trait of:

A) social dominance orientation.
B) conventionalism.
C) need for structure.
D) self-objectification.

Question 9

Stereotype lift is:

A) when one successfully does not engage in stereotypic thinking.
B) when people perform well despite the existence of a negative stereotype.
C) the result of ingroup bias.
D) when one gets a performance boost as the result of being reminded of a positive stereotype.

Question 10

The person-group discrimination discrepancy is:

A) the tendency to be more racist towards certain groups.
B) an example of ingroup bias.
C) an example of self-objectification.
D) the tendency for people to estimate that they personally experience less discrimination than is faced by the average member of their group.

Question 11

One of the speculated causes of self-objectification is:

A) a cultural worldview that promotes equal treatment of women.
B) body shame.
C) being exposed repeatedly to idealized images of women's bodies.
D) disordered eating.

Question 12

Climate change is something that affects all humans. Thus, seeking to combat climate change is an example of:

A) terror management.
B) a superordinate goal.
C) social dominance.
D) stereotype lift.

Question 13

According to rejection identification theory:

A) people want to reject being part of a minority group.
B) minority group status leads to lower feelings of belongingness.
C) people can gain a sense of psychological security by strongly identifying with their stigmatized group.
D) members of minority groups want to disidentify with these groups.

Question 14

Process 2 of the dual process approach to prejudice focuses on _________.

A) reflexive processes
B) reflective processes
C) coordinated processes
D) physiological processes

Question 15

When groups are equal in status, they are more likely to:

A) have negative attitudes toward one another.
B) get along.
C) discriminate against one another.
D) have low self-esteem.

Question 16

A master status is the perception that a person will:

A) strive to be superior to others.
B) be seen only in terms of a stigmatizing attribute rather than as the total self.
C) always be prejudiced by those who are more mature.
D) will define themselves largely based on the groups that he or she belongs to.

Question 17

Stereotype threat is:

A) the concern that one might do something to confirm a negative stereotype about one's group either in one's own eyes or the eyes of someone else.
B) the tendency to use stereotypes when one feels threatened.
C) the concern that stereotypes are ultimately true.
D) the tendency to believe stereotypes threaten one's sense of self-esteem.

Question 18

Research found that women are more likely to detect sexism-related words during a computer task if they:

A) are expecting to interact with a sexist man.
B) are high in social dominance orientation.
C) have low body-esteem.
D) are low in self-objectification.

Question 19

An engineering department at a university wants to increase the number of female engineering majors and graduates. Which of the following strategies would BEST help with this goal?

A) hiring female professors that could serve as role models
B) ignoring gender
C) hiring more male professors
D) asking professors to always make gender salient prior to any test

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors of right-wing authoritarianism?

A) authoritarian submission
B) colorblindness
C) conventionalism
D) authoritarian aggression

Question 21

What is the difference between stereotype threat and stereotype lift? Give one example of each.

Question 22

What type of long-term health effect does prejudice have on those who are the targets of prejudice? Include the effects on both psychological and physical health.

Question 23

What is a social identity threat? Give one example of a social identity threat.

Question 24

Based on what you know about stereotype threat, how is Lisa likely to perform on a difficult math test if her instructor informs the class prior to the test that females tend not to be as good at math as males?

Question 25

What is the authoritarian personality? Give one example of how people with this personality might respond to social change.

Question 26

Is controlling prejudice easy? Why or why not? Give one example of controlling prejudice.

Question 27

What is attributional ambiguity? Give one example of the positive and negative outcomes of attributional ambiguity.

Question 28

What is the target empowerment model? Give an example that illustrates this use of this technique.

Question 29

Discuss how need for structured knowledge can influence prejudice. Give one example of how this need can influence prejudice.

Question 30

Define Process 1 and Process 2 of the dual process model of prejudice. Discuss the differences between Process 1 and Process 2.

Question 31

What effect might providing positive roles models have on members of stigmatized groups? Give one example of the effects of positive role models.

Question 32

What is the effect of teaching members of groups who face stereotype threat about the concept of stereotype threat? Give one example from research discussed in the text.

Question 33

Discuss the difference between the multicultural ideology and the colorblind ideology? Include in your explanation the example of the "melting pot" and "salad bowl" analogies.

Question 34

Discuss the effect that self-affirmation has on prejudice. Give one example from research discussed in the text.

Question 35

Describe the concept of stigma consciousness. Explain the role self-fulfilling prophecies play in stigma consciousness.

Question 36

Why does a common ingroup identity reduce prejudice?

Question 37

What is a master status? Give one example of how the master status effects one's identity.

Question 38

What is a superordinate goal? Give one research example in which a superordinate goal was created and reduced prejudice.

Question 39

How does the expectation of racial bias influence the amount of information that Black people are willing to disclose about themselves to White people?

Question 40

Describe at least three consequences of self-objectification.

Question 41

When people act in accord with stereotypes they are engaging in _______.

A) disidentification
B) stereotype threat
C) stereotype-confirming behavior
D) ingroup bias

Question 42

It is common for people to estimate that they personally experience:

A) little to no discrimination.
B) less discrimination than the average member of their group faces.
C) more discrimination than the average member of their group faces.
D) an unbearable amount of discrimination.

Question 43

Research shows that when Native American children and young adults are primed with Native American-themed sports mascot images:

A) their self-esteem increases.
B) their self-esteem decreases.
C) they feel better about their community.
D) they imagine themselves achieving more in the future.

Question 44

_________________________ is the expectation of being perceived by other people, particularly those in the majority group, in terms of group membership.

A) Stereotype threat
B) Disidentification
C) Stigma consciousness
D) Master status

Question 45

Self-objectification has been shown to _______.

A) decrease body shame
B) increase body shame
C) decrease anxiety
D) decrease self-disgust

Question 46

When people are conscious of being stigmatized, they:

A) become less vigilant to signs of prejudice.
B) become more vigilant to signs of prejudice.
C) are less willing to cooperate with others.
D) more willing to cooperate with others.

Question 47

A research study found that women expecting to interact with a sexist man were:

A) quicker to detect sexism-related words during a computer task.
B) slower to detect sexism-related words during a computer task.
C) unable to detect sexism-related words during a computer task.
D) less likely to judge ambiguous facial expressions as showing criticism.

Question 48

______________________ is the concern that one might do something to confirm a negative stereotype about one's group either in one's own eyes or the eyes of someone else.

A) Master status
B) Stereotype threat
C) Stigma consciousness
D) Disidentification

Question 49

When Jada interacts with White individuals, she suspects that their perceptions of her are based solely on her being African American. Jada is probably high in _______.

A) disidentification
B) self-objectification
C) stereotype threat
D) stigma consciousness

Question 50

Lisa believes that her most defining attributes relate to her physical attractiveness. Lisa is high in _______.

A) stereotype threat
B) ingroup bias
C) disidentification
D) self-objectification

Question 51

______________________ is a phenomenon whereby intense cultural scrutiny of the female body leads many girls and women to view themselves as objects to be looked at and judged.

A) Self-objectification
B) Stereotype threat
C) Stigma consciousness
D) Disidentification

Question 52

Experiencing prejudice is especially likely to lead to negative psychological effects such as depression when people:

A) blame themselves for their stigma.
B) blame others for their stigma.
C) are unaware that they are being stigmatized.
D) do not perceive negative outcomes as being the result of prejudice.

Question 53

Women who report being frequent targets of sexism:

A) show a greater physiological response when they believe they have not personally been targeted by bias.
B) show a greater physiological response when they believe they have been personally targeted by bias.
C) report an indifference toward bias.
D) show a greater psychological response but not physiological response when they believe they have been targeted by bias.

Question 54

Studies on the effects of stereotypic expectations have shown that teacher's stereotypic expectations of their students:

A) had no effect on actual student performance.
B) changed student behavior such that students performed in line with stereotypes.
C) changed student behavior such that students performed counter to stereotypes.
D) changed student behavior such that all students performed more poorly.

Question 55

The tendency for people to estimate that they personally experience less discrimination than is faced by the average member of their group is _______.

A) stereotype threat
B) disidentification
C) common ingroup identity
D) person-group discrimination discrepancy

Question 56

When asked to describe themselves, students from an ethnic minority are:

A) equally likely to mention their group identity as students from the ethnic majority.
B) less likely to mention their group identity than students from the ethnic majority.
C) more likely to mention their group identity than students from the ethnic majority.
D) unlikely to mention any group membership.

Question 57

Body shame resulting from self-objectification:

A) increases self-esteem.
B) is a psychologically healthy motivator of weight loss.
C) can lead to disordered eating.
D) has not been shown to predict any long-term psychological problems.

Question 58

Being exposed to idealized images of women's bodies likely contributes to _______.

A) disidentification
B) master status
C) self-objectification
D) empowerment

Question 59

Individuals who score high on ______________ are likely to expect their interactions with others to go poorly.

A) stereotype threat
B) disidentification
C) stigma consciousness
D) master status

Question 60

__________________ is the perception that a person will be seen only in terms of a stigmatizing attribute rather than as the total self.

A) Master status
B) Stereotype threat
C) Stigma consciousness
D) Disidentification

Question 61

Instructing people to reappraise anxiety as a normal part of test-taking:

A) increases the effects of stereotype threat.
B) leads to disidentifying with academics.
C) decreases the effects of stereotype threat.
D) increases test anxiety.

Question 62

An African American deciding that school is not that important as a result of repeatedly experiencing stereotype threat is an example of _______.

A) self-objectification
B) stereotype threat
C) disidentification
D) ingroup bias

Question 63

______________ is when one gets a performance boost as the result of being reminded of a positive stereotype.

A) Stereotype threat
B) Stereotype confirmation
C) Empowerment
D) Stereotype lift

Question 64

Jenny always enjoyed computer programming but she has decided that she does not want to be a computer scientist because she feels like she would not fit in with other computer scientists. Jenny's decision to opt out of pursuing her interest in computer science is an example of _______.

A) self-objectification
B) stereotype lift
C) disidentification
D) ingroup bias

Question 65

Sharon is the only women in an advanced college Math class. If a negative stereotype about women's math ability is made salient during an exam, Sharon's performance could be influenced by _______.

A) self-objectification
B) stereotype threat
C) disidentification
D) ingroup bias

Question 66

______________________ is the feeling that your group simply is not valued in a domain and that you do not belong there.

A) Stereotype threat
B) Stereotype confirmation
C) Social identity threat
D) Stereotype lift

Question 67

Stereotype threat:

A) depletes cognitive resources.
B) increases self-esteem.
C) typically improves performance.
D) has not been tested experimentally.

Question 68

___________________________ is a model suggesting that targets of bias can employ strategies that deflect discrimination, as long as those methods aren't perceived as confrontational.

A) Terror management theory
B) Social identity model
C) Stereotype threat
D) Target empowerment model

Question 69

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual teens are ______________ likely to attempt suicide than their straight peers.

A) no more
B) two times more
C) three times more
D) three times less

Question 70

Stereotype threat is felt most acutely among those who:

A) are not part of a stigmatized group.
B) are not aware of a stereotype about their group.
C) care the most about being successful.
D) do not perceive the task as a diagnostic measure.

Question 71

Research found that ________________ can make White American participants more empathetic to concerns about prejudice voiced by Arab Americans.

A) mortality salience
B) self-affirmation
C) stereotype threat
D) ingroup bias

Question 72

Research found that when Black college freshmen expected others to have racial biases against them, they:

A) disclosed more information about themselves to their White dormitory roommates.
B) disclosed less information about themselves to their White dormitory roommates.
C) refused to interact with members of another race.
D) became confrontational toward members of another race.

Question 73

_______________________ is the process of disinvesting in any area in which one's group traditionally has been underrepresented or negatively stereotyped.

A) Stereotype threat
B) Disidentification
C) Social identity threat
D) Stereotype lift

Question 74

Research suggests that self-affirmation can:

A) decrease the effects of stereotype threat.
B) increase the effects of stereotype threat.
C) decrease self-esteem.
D) increase test anxiety.

Question 75

Teaching people that test anxiety may be the result of stereotype threat:

A) improves performance on tests.
B) leads to more anxiety.
C) has no effect on test performance.
D) decreases self-esteem.

Question 76

Which of the following is a way to change or reduce stereotypes?

A) behaving in ways that confirm the stereotype
B) ignoring the stereotype
C) making jokes about stereotypes
D) providing role models that do not support the stereotype

Question 77

A minority student being accused of "acting White" is an example of the effects of _______.

A) social identity threat
B) stereotype lift
C) empowerment
D) stereotype threat

Question 78

Research on identification with role models suggests that having a female calculus professor can:

A) increase the confidence of female students.
B) decrease the confidence of female students.
C) increase the confidence of male students.
D) decrease the confidence of male students.

Question 79

Research found that ______________ students performed significantly worse on verbal problems when those problems were described as being diagnostic of intelligence.

A) White
B) Asian
C) college
D) Black

Question 80

People who confront prejudice are often viewed by others _______.

A) as helpful
B) positively
C) negatively
D) as honest