Deck 9: Group Processes

Question 1

All of the members of a local church feel like their group is very cohesive. This church group is probably:

A) not a real group.
B) low in ingroup bias.
C) low in entitativity.
D) high in entitativity.

Answer 1

high in entitativity.

Question 2

Carla is a very accomplished violin player. Having an audience watch her play is most likely to:

A) enhance her performance.
B) impair her performance if the audience is small.
C) have no effect on her performance.
D) impair her performance if the audience is large.

Answer 2

enhance her performance.

Question 3

Deindividuation is the:

A) tendency to engage in ingroup bias when part of a large group.
B) tendency to dislike members of other groups.
C) tendency to engage in system justification.
D) tendency to lose one's sense of individuality when in a group or crowd.

Answer 3

tendency to lose one's sense of individuality when in a group or crowd.

Question 4

Disjunctive tasks:

A) increase the likelihood that skilled members will put in the most effort.
B) decrease the likelihood that skilled members will put in the most effort.
C) have not influence on who puts in the most effort.
D) increase the effort of all group members.

Question 5

People who take more than their fair share are:

A) high in social identity.
B) social loafers.
C) free riders.
D) social comparers.

Question 6

People are inclined to leave a group when group membership:

A) increases self-esteem.
B) increases uncertainty.
C) decreasing death anxiety.
D) increases the chance of survival.

Question 7

Which theory was based on an initial observation that cyclists were able to ride faster when racing others than when racing alone in time trials?

A) system justification theory
B) terror management theory
C) social identity theory
D) social facilitation theory

Question 8

According to ___________________, group polarization occurs as a function of normative social influence.

A) system justification theory
B) social comparison theory
C) persuasive arguments theory
D) social loafing theory

Question 9

Group cohesion:

A) increases deindividuation.
B) decreases self-esteem.
C) decreases social loafing.
D) increases uncertainty.

Question 10

Collective action represents the:

A) desire to increase self-esteem by standing up for one's group.
B) efforts by groups to resist and change the status quo in the service of group goals.
C) tendency to compare oneself to lower status groups.
D) desire to work within the system to advance oneself.

Question 11

Which of the following tactics would NOT help improve group decision making?

A) increasing group diversity
B) discouraging individuality
C) decreasing the emphasis on group cohesiveness
D) encouraging individuality

Question 12

People high in _________ tend to accept an unequal distribution of power.

A) power distance
B) system justification
C) ingroup bias
D) social facilitation

Question 13

Jim does not work as hard when he is working as part of a group. Jim's behavior is an example of:

A) ingroup bias.
B) social loafing.
C) social facilitation.
D) collective action.

Question 14

Mark values social hierarchy. That is, he believes everyone has a place in the social order. Mark is probably:

A) high in social dominance.
B) suffering from low self-esteem.
C) low in power distance.
D) high in uncertainty.

Question 15

Social facilitation theory asserts that the presence of others:

A) increases ingroup bias.
B) increases a person's dominant response.
C) increases social loafing.
D) self-esteem.

Question 16

The evolutionary perspective suggests that groups exist because they:

A) provide feelings of certainty.
B) have proven important for survival.
C) promote ingroup bias.
D) increase entitativity .

Question 17

The tendency to favor the group we belong to over the group we don't is:

A) ingroup bias.
B) collective action.
C) relative deprivation.
D) ingroup harmony.

Question 18

According to terror management theory, groups help:

A) increase collective action
B) reduce social comparison
C) counter concerns about individual mortality
D) facilitate social hierarchies

Question 19

Which of the following theories helps explain why low status people sometimes accept the status quo?

A) terror management theory
B) social identity theory
C) system justification theory
D) social facilitation theory

Question 20

Social dominance theory suggests that:

A) people identify with groups to gain self-esteem.
B) groupthink is the result of group cohesiveness.
C) people have a general tendency to endorse beliefs that legitimatize a social hierarchy.
D) groups reduce uncertainty.

Question 21

Describe social identity theory. According to social identity theory why do people join groups?

Question 22

How does group diversity influence group decision making? Explain how group diversity can be fostered in a group decision making setting.

Question 23

What happens when a group member cannot view their group positively?

Question 24

Discuss the terror management theory perspective on the function of groups.

Question 25

What is social dominance orientation? Explain the role legitimizing myths play in maintaining this orientation.

Question 26

Describe the three characteristics of transformational leaders.

Question 27

How does power distance influence employee commitment to their jobs?

Question 28

What is groupthink? Given one example of how groupthink might develop in a decision making setting.

Question 29

Describe three reasons that people join groups.

Question 30

Discuss uncertainty-identity theory. According to the uncertainty-identity theory, why do people join groups?

Question 31

Describe the concept of individual mobility. Give an example of a situation where individual mobility influences one's status.

Question 32

Describe the main proposal of social dominance theory? How does social dominance theory explain why some minority groups have difficulty changing their status in society?

Question 33

Henry was part of a crowd and ended up engaging in criminal behavior that he probably would not have engaged in had he been by himself. Discuss how being in a crowd influenced Henry's behavior.

Question 34

What is social loafing? Explain one research example of social loafing.

Question 35

Describe two factors that would increase group cohesion.

Question 36

Describe the main proposal of relative deprivation theory. Give an example of relative deprivation in practice.

Question 37

Describe the concept of complementary stereotypes. How are these stereotypes used to maintain the status quo?

Question 38

Describe at least two ways to reduce social loafing.

Question 39

Describe the main proposal of system justification theory.

Question 40

How does power influence empathy?

Question 41

___________________ is the degree to which a collection of people feels like a cohesive group.

A) Entitativity
B) Ingroup bias
C) Social facilitation
D) Social identity

Question 42

The Prisoner's Dilemma is an example of:

A) an uncertainty threat.
B) system justification.
C) ingroup bias.
D) a social dilemma.

Question 43

Free riders are:

A) people who give more than they take.
B) people who take more than their fair share.
C) people who adopt a tit-for-tat strategy.
D) people who adopt a win-stay, lose-shift strategy.

Question 44

Ingroup bias is:

A) a tendency to self-enhance on traits associated with our group identity.
B) the need to reduce uncertainty.
C) the efforts groups use to resist change.
D) a tendency to favor groups we belong to rather than those we don't.

Question 45

When interacting with strangers, people from collectivist cultures:

A) cooperate more than people from individualistic cultures.
B) cooperate less than people from individualistic cultures.
C) cooperate about the same as people from individualistic cultures.
D) do not cooperate at all.

Question 46

According to the evolutionary perspective, people belong to groups because:

A) groups increase self-esteem.
B) groups provide feelings of certainty.
C) groups have proven central to the development and survival of our species.
D) groups promote entitativity.

Question 47

Social dilemmas result:

A) when people have to weigh their own self-interest against a larger goal.
B) when people have to choose between two groups.
C) when people have to choose between two friends.
D) when people have to decide how much time to spend socializing.

Question 48

Which of the following theories proposes that group identities are an important part of self-definition and self-esteem?

A) social dominance theory
B) system justification theory
C) social identity theory
D) ingroup bias theory

Question 49

When people are reminded of their mortality they exhibit:

A) higher entitativity.
B) lower entitativity.
C) higher self-esteem.
D) lower self-esteem.

Question 50

In distribution games, people tend to:

A) give more money away than they keep.
B) keep more money than they give away.
C) keep all the money.
D) distribute money equally.

Question 51

People strongly identify with:

A) only the groups they are born into.
B) only the groups they join voluntarily.
C) both the groups they are born into and the groups they join voluntarily.
D) only the groups that they are genetically related to.

Question 52

Research using distribution games suggests that:

A) people ultimately value fairness.
B) people are greedy.
C) people do not know how to cooperate with others.
D) people are inconsistent in how they distribute resources.

Question 53

When interacting with friends, people from collectivist cultures:

A) cooperate more than people from individualistic cultures.
B) cooperate less than people from individualistic cultures.
C) cooperate about the same as people from individualistic cultures.
D) do not cooperate at all.

Question 54

A shared threat:

A) decreases perception of a common identity.
B) increases perception of a common identity.
C) has no influence on perception of a common identity.
D) decreases perceptions of a common bond.

Question 55

Chen feels uncertain about his future. According to _____________, this feeling of uncertainty might increase Chen's identification with a group.

A) uncertainty-identity theory
B) terror management theory
C) system justification theory
D) social dominance theory

Question 56

All of the members of a baseball team feel like the team is a very cohesive group. The baseball team is probably:

A) not a real group.
B) low in ingroup bias.
C) low in entitativity.
D) high in entitativity.

Question 57

_________________ and _______________ are features of groups that make them seem more cohesive.

A) Entitativity; common bond
B) Common bond; common identity
C) Entitativity; common identity
D) Uncertainty; common identity

Question 58

Which of the following theories proposes that people join and identify with groups in order to reduce negative feelings of uncertainty about the self and others?

A) uncertainty-identity theory
B) terror management theory
C) system justification theory
D) social dominance theory

Question 59

Research indicating that feelings of uncertainty increase identification with groups high in entitativity supports;

A) social dominance theory.
B) terror management theory.
C) system justification theory.
D) uncertainty-identity theory.

Question 60

How one responds in a Prisoner's Dilemma is often the result of:

A) trust.
B) self-esteem.
C) fear of death.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 61

When people feel like their efforts will not significantly impact the outcome of a group task they are:

A) less likely to engage in social loafing.
B) less likely to cooperate.
C) more likely to engage in social loafing.
D) more likely to cooperate.

Question 62

Research involving having children reel in a cord on a fishing rod as fast as they could either alone or competing with others provided support for:

A) system justification theory.
B) social facilitation theory.
C) social identity theory.
D) terror management theory.

Question 63

Social facilitation theory was based on the observation that:

A) cyclists were able to ride faster when racing others than when racing alone in time trials.
B) people cooperate more when there is a strong social norm for cooperation.
C) cyclists rode slower in the presence of others.
D) children don't try as hard when working with others.

Question 64

Research on cooperation suggests that:

A) cooperation is rare among humans.
B) there might be a universally evolved mechanism for fairness.
C) much more work is needed to determine whether or not people tend to be cooperative.
D) cooperation only occurs when people are being closely monitored.

Question 65

__________________________ is the theory that the presence of others increases a person's dominant response in a performance situation.

A) System justification theory
B) Social facilitation theory
C) Social identity theory
D) Terror management theory

Question 66

The dominant response is the response that:

A) occurs when people cooperate.
B) occurs when people compete.
C) is most likely when people are rewarded for competition.
D) is most likely for a person in a particular task.

Question 67

Jen is a professional ballet dancer. Having an audience watch her dance is most likely to:

A) enhance her performance.
B) impair her performance if the audience is small.
C) have no effect on her performance.
D) impair her performance if the audience is large.

Question 68

According to _______________________, the presence of others will improve performance on simple tasks.

A) social facilitation theory
B) system justification theory
C) social identity theory
D) relative depravation theory

Question 69

When group tasks are _________________, the ___________ skilled members of the group make the greatest effort.

A) conjunctive; most
B) disjunctive; most
C) disjunctive; least
D) unfair; least

Question 70

Research found that when Chinese Americans were primed to think about their Chinese identity they:

A) became more cooperative when playing with friends and strangers.
B) became more cooperative when playing with strangers but not with friends.
C) became more cooperative when playing with friends but not with strangers.
D) became less cooperative when playing with friends.

Question 71

Perceiving more trust:

A) increases competition.
B) decreases cooperation.
C) increases oxytocin.
D) decreases oxytocin.

Question 72

Which of the following theories helps explain under what conditions the presence of others will enhance or impair performance?

A) social facilitation theory
B) system justification theory
C) social identity theory
D) relative depravation theory

Question 73

According to _______________________, the presence of others will impair performance on difficult tasks.

A) social facilitation theory
B) system justification theory
C) social identity theory
D) relative depravation theory

Question 74

The Trier Social Stress Test allows researchers to assess responses to:

A) self-esteem threat.
B) ingroup bias.
C) resource dilemmas.
D) stress.

Question 75

Accountability:

A) increases social loafing.
B) decreases social facilitation.
C) decreases social loafing.
D) has not effect on social loafing.

Question 76

When assigning group projects, teachers should be sure to monitor individual performance as a way to:

A) decrease social loafing.
B) increase social loafing.
C) decrease ingroup bias.
D) decrease cooperation.

Question 77

Phil does not work as hard as he could when he is working with others. Phil might be engaging in:

A) social loafing.
B) terror management.
C) social facilitation.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 78

________________ most applies when people are performing in front of others and ______________ most applies when people are performing with others.

A) Social loafing; social facilitation
B) Social facilitation; social loafing
C) Social loafing; social bias
D) Social bias; social facilitation

Question 79

Social loafing is a:

A) tendency to cooperate with others on shared goals.
B) tendency to exert more effort when performing as part of a group.
C) tendency to exert less effort when performing as part of a group.
D) tendency to compete with others on shared goals.

Question 80

Which of the following theories concerns how the presence of others influences behavior?

A) system justification theory
B) social facilitation theory
C) social identity theory
D) terror management theory