Deck 19: Medicine and Health

Question 1

There is an international black market in human organs regulated by supply and demand.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Disease and death are as much social indicators as they are biological events.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The U.S. Congress exempted itself from the medical system they are enforcing on the "common" people through the Affordable Care Act, opting to keep their luxurious, government-paid system of medical care.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Defensive medicine is practiced for the benefit of the doctor, not the patient.

Question 5

Medical specialists, pharmaceutical companies, and medical equipment corporations have all been associated with medical fraud.

Question 6

Since 1997, Oregon and Washington are the only U.S. states where doctors can legally write prescriptions to assist terminally ill patients take their own life.

Question 7

Polarity feedback, biotherapy, and other types of alternative medicine have proven to be ineffective in treating patients of Western culture.

Question 8

The leading causes of death for Americans have been heart disease and cancer throughout the twentieth century.

Question 9

The concepts of health and illness vary from culture to culture and in a pluralistic society, from group to group.

Question 10

When first introduced to the American colonies, medicine was an apprenticeship program where an aspiring doctor was trained by someone already qualified as a doctor.

Question 11

The professionalism of medicine created by the Flexner report actually resulted in fewer medical schools.

Question 12

The United States has the lowest infant mortality rate in the industrialized world.

Question 13

AIDS has killed 40 million people worldwide since the disease was discovered, but globally the number of deaths due to AIDS is stabilizing.

Question 14

Physicians do not take women's health complaints as seriously as they do the complaints of men.

Question 15

Marijuana is the most popular recreational drug in the United States.

Question 16

Physician incompetence has been virtually eliminated in modern Western medicine, due in part to the extensiveness of diagnostic testing.

Question 17

Hospitals have the right to discharge or utilize patient dumping with unprofitable patients.

Question 18

Parents and physicians are the primary gatekeepers to the sick role.

Question 19

Cancer is one of the top two leading causes of death in the United States today.

Question 20

Health and illness are medical absolutes.

Question 21

In the United States, what organization initiated efforts to professionalize medicine by evaluating medical schools?

A) the American Medical Association
B) the Carnegie Foundation
C) the U.S. Congress
D) Harvard University

Question 22

Based on gender differences, why do women invoke the sick role more than men?

A) Men see a conflict between the sick role and the macho role.
B) Women notice the symptoms of sickness more easily.
C) Women accept the view they are the weaker sex.
D) Women enjoy being waited on more then men.

Question 23

Because the sociology of medicine focuses on how cultural beliefs, lifestyle and social class influence health and illness, the sociology of medicine is a(n) ________ field of sociology.

A) applied
B) biological
C) clinical
D) theoretical

Question 24

What is the relationship between industrialization and life expectancy?

A) It is an indirect relationship.
B) It is a direct relationship.
C) It is a null relationship.
D) It is a spurious relationship.

Question 25

The ________ controls the education and licensing of physicians in the United States.

A) U.S. government
B) American Medical Association
C) Center for Disease Control
D) American Physician Coalition

Question 26

Who are the primary gatekeepers of the sick role?

A) parents and physicians
B) teachers and work supervisors
C) social constructionists and moral entrepreneurs
D) nutritionists and dieticians

Question 27

Payment to a physician in exchange for diagnosis and treatment is called ________.

A) fee-for-service
B) socialized medicine
C) holistic medicine
D) homeopathic medicine

Question 28

What was the contribution Talcott Parsons made as a sociologist to the understanding of health and medicine?

A) He explained the influence of religion on health.
B) He introduced the concept of the sick role.
C) He showed how physical and mental illness are interrelated.
D) He addressed the effects of living in the inner city on health.

Question 29

Nook, a member of a tribal society, is feeling dizzy and nauseous after eating some fermented fruit. Who will he go to in search of a cure for his hangover?

A) an alienist
B) a shaman
C) a berdache
D) a griot

Question 30

Of the following nations, which one has the highest infant mortality rate?

A) South Korea
B) Canada
C) the United States
D) France

Question 31

There is a major exam scheduled in today's sociology class, but Donald has a serious case of the flu. Donald's professor excused him from the exam. Donald then made an appointment with the health center, and spent the next three days in bed. This is an example of ________ in practice.

A) the medicalization of deviance
B) socialized medicine
C) the conflict perspective
D) the sick role

Question 32

According to symbolic interactionists, how did physicians in the United States work to eliminate midwives from assisting in childbirth?

A) Physicians became more politically powerful than midwives.
B) Physicians learned more about childbirth than the midwives.
C) Physicians did not allow midwives to buy medicines.
D) Physicians redefined pregnancy and childbirth as a medical condition.

Question 33

What is society's standard way of dealing with illness and injury?

A) pharmacy
B) science
C) apothecary
D) medicine

Question 34

What is the relationship sociologists have discovered when examining mental health problems and social class?

A) a positive correlation
B) an inverse correlation
C) no relationship
D) a spurious relationship

Question 35

The definition of health and illness varies from culture to culture and group to group. This variance in definition is most aligned with which sociological perspective?

A) functionalism
B) the conflict perspective
C) symbolic interactionism
D) the feminist perspective

Question 36

The perception of health varies considerably among societies of the world. The definition of what constitutes health and illness is most defined by which of the following variables?

A) the culture of society
B) the life expectancy of members of the society
C) the life span of members of the society
D) the extent of medical services within a society

Question 37

What is epidemiology?

A) the practice of medicine by indigenous tribes
B) how nations are stratified on the basis of the health care they receive
C) the training and preparation of physicians in a given society
D) the study of disease and disability patterns in a population

Question 38

Who was the educator that evaluated medical schools and was responsible for these schools developing higher standards and eventual professionalization?

A) Horace Mann
B) John Dewey
C) Abraham Flexner
D) John B. Watson

Question 39

Which society would be home to a medical expert known as a shaman?

A) tribal
B) urban
C) rural
D) industrial

Question 40

Of the following statements, which one is least accurate as it pertains to the professionalization of health care in the United States?

A) Prior to 1800, virtually anyone could be a physician by simply proclaiming themselves as one.
B) There were more medical schools in the United States in the 1800s than in the early 1900s.
C) Prior to 1900, medical training was brief and did not even require a high school diploma.
D) When medicine became a profession, it immediately increased the availability of health care by licensing more doctors.

Question 41

Explaining medicalization as a matter of the medical establishment broadening its customer base is a part of the ________ perspective.

A) symbolic interactionist
B) functionalist
C) conflict
D) neo-conflict

Question 42

In an effort to reduce the rising costs of medical care, what has the federal government established that specifies the amount it will pay for the treatment of specific illnesses or injuries?

A) It has introduced a bill advocating socialized medicine.
B) It created committees to judge the necessity of treatment.
C) It introduced a sliding scale payment schedule.
D) It classified all illnesses into diagnosis-related groups.

Question 43

Many of the physical signs of aging such as balding, wrinkles, and a sagging chin or buttocks are now treated by physicians. This process of turning a normal characteristic into a medical matter is termed ________.

A) medicalization
B) professionalism of medicine
C) mediphobia
D) monopolization of medicine

Question 44

Based on research, if death from medical errors were an official classification, it would rank as the _______ leading cause of death in the United States.

A) fifth
B) third
C) sixth
D) seventh

Question 45

Selma works for a company that pays a set fee to the Midwest Physicians Clinic to take care of their employees' needs. This type of medical care is known as a ________.

A) co-insurance medical plan
B) health maintenance organization
C) diagnosis-related group plan
D) capping medical insurance plan

Question 46

When doctors and hospitals refer to adverse events, what do they mean?

A) There has been an error in scheduling doctors and patients.
B) A person has impersonated another individual to receive a diagnostic test using the other person's medical insurance.
C) A surgeon has performed the wrong procedure on a patient.
D) There has been a needless death of a patient cause by medical incompetence.

Question 47

Which of these states passed a law allowing doctors to write lethal prescriptions for terminally ill patients?

A) California
B) New York
C) Oregon
D) Florida

Question 48

Which of the following examples would best illustrate the functionalist perspective of the medicalization of society?

A) Wrinkles are seen as a sign of the natural aging process.
B) The medicalization of acne, baldness, and weight gain broadens the customer base of the medical establishment.
C) Medicalization reflects the growing power of the medical establishment.
D) Medicalization increases the profit of physicians.

Question 49

According to your text, how have physicians responded to malpractice suits to protect themselves from patients?

A) They have depersonalized medicine.
B) They have added non-Western alternative methods of treatment.
C) They have engaged in ordering additional tests only as a defensive strategy.
D) They have become more patient-based.

Question 50

Mercy killing for terminally ill people is defined as ________.

A) hospice
B) the medicalization of death
C) the depersonalization of medicine
D) euthanasia

Question 51

In which two countries is euthanasia legal?

A) Great Britain; Germany
B) Holland; Belgium
C) Spain; France
D) Greece; Italy

Question 52

In the United States, doctors often convince women to have unnecessary hysterectomies because the uterus and ovaries are potentially disease-producing organs. What does this practice of convincing women to have unnecessary surgery suggest?

A) Women are more likely to be psychosomatic.
B) Women are more likely to have more serious medical conditions.
C) Women need to be aware of gender bias in medicine.
D) Women have little understanding of medicine and operations.

Question 53

Which of the following is not a likely outcome of the Affordable Care Act?

A) People with higher incomes will receive higher quality healthcare.
B) Inequality in medical care will be eliminated.
C) The poor will continue to suffer from more health problems and die at a younger age.
D) Congress will maintain its luxurious, government-paid medical care.

Question 54

Dr. Smith owns stock in the XYZ drug company. The majority of her patients have been prescribed a high-priced medication that is only manufactured by XYZ. This situation illustrates which of the following points?

A) Drug companies have a monopoly on certain drugs.
B) The medical cash machine generates conflicts of interest.
C) Doctors depersonalize patients by treating them all alike.
D) Medical fraud can endanger people's lives.

Question 55

When Anthony visited a specialist, the doctor briefly listened to Anthony's symptoms, then spoke to the physician assistant in the room as though Anthony wasn't even there. The specialist then exited the room, leaving a prescription for Anthony at the receptionist's desk along with a bill for $135. Such an occurrence illustrates the ________ of medicine.

A) depersonalization
B) modernization
C) bureaucratization
D) personification

Question 56

When Haas and Shaffir observed medical students preparing to become physicians, what were their initial observations about these students?

A) Many were overwhelmed and lacked efficiency with their patients
B) They were prepared for the rigors of medical school.
C) They were very personal with their patients.
D) They had excellent doctor-patient communication skills.

Question 57

In the 1800s, what was the popular medical explanation for the cause of sickness?

A) bacterial infection
B) bad fluids
C) demonology
D) environmental toxins

Question 58

Dr. Jeckyl has a patient who is terminally ill and in great pain. In order to relieve him of needless suffering, Dr. Jeckyl injected him with a lethal dose of morphine that will make it look like the patient slipped away. What is this process called?

A) the medicalization of death
B) the criminalization of medicine
C) passive euthanasia
D) active euthanasia

Question 59

To reduce the number of deaths and injuries caused by medical incompetence, what was the recommendation of the Institute of Medicine?

A) socializing medicine and placing it under government control
B) establishing a Federal Center for Patient Safety to investigate these cases
C) computerizing medical care, including all prescriptions
D) assigning two physicians to each patient, one to check the diagnosis of the other

Question 60

Medical specialists, medial equipment corporations, and pharmaceutical companies have all been associated with ________.

A) blue collar crimes
B) medical hazards
C) white-collar crimes
D) medical misdemeanors

Question 61

When Donna visits her doctor she receives diagnosis, treatment, or other services and pays the receptionist with cash when she leaves the office. By doing so, she gets a nice discount from the doctor. Such an arrangement is referred to as a ________ program.

A) fee-for-service
B) socialized medicalization
C) pay-as-you-go
D) health maintenance

Question 62

Sabrina went to the emergency room of the Angels of Mercy Hospital complaining of severe chest pains, difficulty breathing, and a high fever. While waiting to see a doctor, she collapsed. Because a check of Sabrina's health insurance by the hospital showed her coverage had expired, Sabrina was sent to a public hospital in a comatose state and died along the way. Such a practice is called ________.

A) death by incompetence
B) dumping
C) an adverse event
D) malpractice

Question 63

What is alternative medicine?

A) experimental drugs used by doctors in Third World countries
B) nontraditional medicine such as acupuncture and meditation
C) laymen practicing medicine, as in the case of midwives
D) self-doctoring oneself, rather than trusting the medical profession

Question 64

The area of the world most devastated by the AIDS virus is ________.

A) southeast Asia
B) sub-Saharan Africa
C) the Amazon Basin
D) the Pacific Rim nations

Question 65

In 1918, 500,000 Americans and 20 to 40 million people worldwide died in an epidemic caused by which of the following diseases?

A) the flu
B) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
C) Ebola
D) tuberculosis

Question 66

Why are the concepts of sickness and health not absolutes?

Question 67

The risk of AIDS has been shown to be related to race-ethnicity. The reason for this relationship between AIDS and race-ethnicity is that the risks differ because of ________.

A) genetic factors, such as the fragile X gene
B) social factors, such as IV drug use and unsafe sex practices
C) psychological factors, such as anxiety or stress
D) the geographic location of those affected

Question 68

The greenhouse effect can best be described by which of the following?

A) a dramatic change in the ocean's currents
B) a warming of the earth that may change the globe's climate and melt the polar ice caps
C) an ultraviolet radiation affect causing a worldwide cooling
D) a sudden plate movement involving the earth's crust

Question 69

Which of the following jobs is most related to the concept of disabling environment?

A) insurance salesman
B) high school teacher
C) convenience store clerk
D) lumberjack

Question 70

In what year did death from AIDS peak in the United States?

A) 1995
B) 1981
C) 1989
D) 2000

Question 71

What are the three components of health as identified by international health experts and the fourth that has been identified by the author?

Question 72

Why are parents and physicians classified as being the gatekeepers of the sick role?

Question 73

In the 1800s, what was believed to be the cause of sickness and how was this cause treated?

Question 74

From a functionalist perspective, what are the four elements of the sick role?

Question 75

Some doctors have cut medical costs by meeting several patients who share the same condition, such as pregnancy, at the same time. This method of treatment is called ________.

A) pay-as-you-go medicine
B) fee-for-service plan
C) health maintenance
D) group care

Question 76

Discuss the disparity in experiences between the man who sold his kidney and the woman who received it, and what role middleman groups play?

Question 77

What was the Flexner report?

Question 78

According to the text, what is the reason Nevada residents have a 50 percent higher overall death rate than Utah residents?

A) the effects of values and lifestyles of the people in each state
B) the lack of qualified doctors in Nevada
C) the differences in climate and environmental conditions in each state
D) Low standards established by Nevada attract fewer health care professionals.

Question 79

What is the impact of industrialization on life expectancy between people in the industrialized world and people living in Least Industrialized Nations, such as Afghanistan?

Question 80

In the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, what did the medical staff at Tuskegee University do?

A) They provided low-cost care for men infected with venereal disease during World War II
B) They discovered a new strain of syphilis, but did not report it to the Center for Disease Control.
C) They used unauthorized, experimental treatments for syphilis.
D) They left men diagnosed with syphilis go untreated so they could follow the disease.