Deck 9: Experimental-Design

Question 1

​As early as 1901,____ recognized the need for a control group.

A) ​Ronald Fisher
B) ​E.L.Thorndike
C) ​Louis Thurstone
D) ​John B.Watson

Answer 1

B

Question 2

​The factorial design is research design's equivalent to stratified random sampling.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

​The first clinical trial was conducted by ____.

A) ​Austin Bradford Hill
B) ​B.F.Skinner
C) ​Sigmund Freud
D) ​William McCal

Answer 3

A

Question 4

​Who is credited with the invention of experimental design?

A) ​Ronald Fisher
B) ​Ivan Pavlov
C) ​Louis Thurstone
D) ​William James

Question 5

​Random assignment depends on the idea of probabilistic equivalence.

Question 6

​Sue,an instructor,wonders whether using a red pen to correct papers is really necessary,as it has always seemed rather harsh to her.When her students complete a pretest,she randomly assigns them to a "Red Pen" group and a "Gold Pen" group,corrects their papers using the corresponding colored pens,and returns the students' papers.After her students complete the real exam,Sue compares the average scores of the Red and Gold groups.This is an example of a(n)____.

A) ​basic analysis of covariance experiment
B) ​randomized block with homogenous groups experiment
C) ​2 x 2 factorial experiment
D) ​basic two group post-test only randomized experiment

Question 7

​Blocking designs are a type of signal-enhancing design.

Question 8

​Experimental design is generally strong against selection-history threats.

Question 9

​The statement "If X then Y" is a statement of ____.

A) ​causality
B) ​covariance
C) ​plausibility
D) ​independence

Question 10

​The foundational randomized clinical trial,of polio vaccine,was conducted by ____.

A) ​Edward Jenner
B) ​Jonas Salk
C) ​Benjamin Waterhouse
D) ​John Snow

Question 11

​If an experimental design is well implemented,the experiment is probably the strongest design with respect to internal validity.

Question 12

​Factorial designs are classified as ____ designs.

A) ​signal-enhancing
B) ​signal-reducing
C) ​noise-enhancing
D) ​noise-reducing

Question 13

​The null case is a situation in which treatments have no effect.

Question 14

​The simplest of all experimental designs is the two-group posttest-only randomized experiment.

Question 15

​The Latin-square design derives from the work of ____.

A) ​William James
B) ​John Watson
C) ​Louis Thurstone
D) ​William McCall

Question 16

​What type of design is shown above?

A) ​basic analysis of covariance experiment
B) ​randomized block with homogenous groups experiment
C) ​2 x 2 factorial experiment
D) ​basic two group post-test only randomized experiment

Question 17

​Experimental design is particularly vulnerable to single group threats.

Question 18

​Experimental design is generally strong against diffusion threats.

Question 19

​The idea of signal-enhancing and noise-reducing experimental design is analogous to true score theory.

Question 20

​The statement "If X then Y and if not X then not Y" is a statement of ____.

A) ​causality
B) ​covariance
C) plausibility
D) ​independence

Question 21

​
Figure TB 9-9
​What is illustrated in the accompanying figure?

A) ​null case
B) ​main effect
C) ​intervention
D) ​crossover

Question 22

​A design in which some cells or combinations in a factorial design are intentionally left empty is said to be ____.

A) ​imperfect
B) ​incomplete
C) ​partial
D) ​limited

Question 23

​A(n)____ is a situation in which treatments have no effect.

A) ​null case
B) ​main effect
C) ​interaction effect
D) ​crossover case

Question 24

​
Figure TB 9-10
​What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) ​fully crossed
B) filled out
C) completed
D) ​totaled

Question 25

James is a clinical researcher who is interested in methods for reducing the intrusiveness of auditory hallucinations in individuals with paranoid schizophrenia.He has three treatments: dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT),medication,and deep brain stimulation (DBS).He also has three treatment settings: inpatient,day hospital,and outpatient.Although the participants in all three settings can receive DBT and medication,only those who are inpatient can receive DBS.As a result,James has a total of seven groups: DBT-Inpatient,DBT-Day Hospital,DBT-Outpatient,Medication-Inpatient,Medication-Day Hospital,Medication-Outpatient,and DBS-Inpatient.This design is best classified as a(n)____ factorial.

A) ​imperfect
B) ​incomplete
C) ​partial
D) ​limited

Question 26

​Blocking designs are classified as ____ designs.

A) ​signal-enhancing
B) ​signal-reducing
C) ​noise-enhancing
D) ​noise-reducing

Question 27

A design that includes the pairing of every combination of factor levels is said to be ____.

A) ​fully crossed
B) ​filled out
C) ​completed
D) ​totaled

Question 28

​
Figure TB 9-6
What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) ​basic analysis of covariance
B) ​randomized block with homogenous groups
C) ​2 x 2 factorial
D) ​incomplete factorial

Question 29

​Covariance designs are classified as ____ designs.

A) ​signal-enhancing
B) ​signal-reducing
C) ​noise-enhancing
D) ​noise-reducing

Question 30

​
Figure TB 9-2
​What effect is illustrated in the accompanying figure?

A) ​null case
B) ​main effect
C) ​interaction effect
D) ​crossover case

Question 31

​
Figure TB 9-1
​What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) ​basic analysis of covariance experiment
B) ​randomized block with homogenous groups experiment
C) ​2 x 2 factorial experiment
D) ​basic two group post-test only randomized experiment

Question 32

​
Figure TB 9-5
​What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) ​basic analysis of covariance
B) ​randomized block with homogenous groups
C) ​2 x 2 factorial
D) ​incomplete factorial

Question 33

​
Figure TB 9-3
​What is illustrated in the accompanying figure?

A) ​null case
B) ​main effect
C) ​interaction effect
D) ​crossover case

Question 34

​
​What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) ​randomized block
B) ​covariance
C) ​switching-replications
D) factorial​

Question 35

​
Figure TB 9-4
​What is illustrated in the accompanying figure?

A) ​null case
B) ​main effect
C) ​interaction effect
D) ​crossover case

Question 36

​A(n)____ exists when differences on one factor depend on your level on another factor.

A) ​null case
B) ​main effect
C) ​interaction effect
D) ​crossover case

Question 37

​A(n)____ is a consistent difference between levels of a factor.

A) ​null case
B) ​main effect
C) ​interaction effect
D) ​crossover case

Question 38

Figure TB 9-7
​What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) ​randomized block
B) ​covariance
C) ​switching-replications
D) ​factorial

Question 39

​A measured variable that is correlated with the dependent variable is called a(n)____.

A) ​covariate
B) ​independent variable
C) ​signal-enhancer
D) ​regressor

Question 40

​
Figure TB 9-8
​What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) ​randomized block
B) ​covariance
C) ​switching-replications
D) ​factorial

Question 41

​Michelle is conducting an experiment in which she is evaluating the effects of reward magnitude and reward immediacy on classroom behavior.She has two levels of reward (Low and High)and two levels of immediacy (Daily and Weekly)with four groups: Low-Daily,Low-Weekly,High-Daily,and High-Weekly.Michelle's design is best described as ____.

A) ​fully crossed
B) ​filled out
C) ​completed
D) ​totaled

Question 42

​The purpose of a covariate is to ____.

A) ​reduce the noise
B) ​increase the signal
C) ​reduce the signal
D) ​increase the signal

Question 43

​Random assignment depends on the idea of _______________.

Question 44

​
Figure TB 9-11
​What type of treatment effect is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) ​short-term persistent
B) ​short-term
C) ​long-term continuing
D) ​long-term

Question 45

​A(n)_______________ is a major independent variable in an experiment.

Question 46

​The switching-replications design's strength against social threats comes from ____.

A) ​its use of the double-blind methodology
B) ​the fact that everyone will eventually get the treatment
C) ​the use of random selection and random assignment
D) ​the careful selection of covariates

Question 47

​Variables that are "adjusted for" in a study are called _______________.

Question 48

​The two major types of _______________ experimental designs are covariance designs and blocking designs.

Question 49

​The notion that two groups,if measured infinitely,would on average perform identically is called _______________.

Question 50

​A switching-replications design is good at defending against _______________ threats to internal validity.

Question 51

​In contrast to many other experimental designs,the covariance design necessarily includes ____.

A) ​randomization
B) ​a pre-program measure
C) ​a control group
D) ​blinding

Question 52

​The blocks in the randomized block design are ____.

A) ​constructed to be homogeneous
B) ​randomly constructed
C) ​constructed to be representative of the population
D) ​self-selected

Question 53

​A(n)_______________ design is a two-group design in two phases defined by three waves of measurement.

Question 54

​The signal-enhancing experimental designs are also called _______________ designs.

Question 55

A(n)_______________ is a subdivision of the major independent variable.

Question 56

Subgroups are to stratified random sampling as ____ is/are to the randomized block design.

A) ​homogeneity
B) ​randomization
C) ​blocks
D) ​order effects

Question 57

​The key idea in the randomized block design is that variability within each block____.

A) ​is greater than the variability of the entire sample
B) ​is less than the variability of the entire sample
C) ​can be used to estimate the variability in the entire sample
D) ​cancels out variability in the entire sample

Question 58

​
Figure TB 9-12
​What type of treatment effect is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) ​short-term persistent
B) ​short-term
C) ​long-term continuing
D) ​long-term

Question 59

​If a study reports performance on a measure "controlling for the effects of education" or some other variable,it is likely the design is one involving ____.

A) ​randomized blocks
B) ​covariance
C) ​factorial design
D) ​switching

Question 60

​Experimental design in vulnerable to selection-_______________ threats.

Question 61

​Although any continuous variable can be used as a covariate,a(n)_______________ is usually best.

Question 62

​A(n)_______________ is a consistent difference between levels of a factor.

Question 63

​What is the reasoning behind the randomized block design?

Question 64

​A(n)_______________ effect occurs when differences on one factor depend on the level of another factor.

Question 65

​In the _______________,the treatment has no effect.

Question 66

​What are main effects and what are interactions? Provide an illustrative example for each.

Question 67

​What are some of the limitations of an experimental design?

Question 68

​What are the strengths of the switching-replications design with respect to threats to internal validity and why does it have these strengths?

Question 69

​In a(n)_______________ design some of the cells are intentionally left empty and subjects are not assigned to certain combinations of factors.