Deck 12: Health and Illness: Is It Lifestyle, or Something More

Question 1

The emergence and rapid transmission of infectious diseases has been tied to the rise of capitalism.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

For most of human history, life expectancy was between 20 and 30 years of age.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The main reason for the increasing proportion of seniors in the population is a decline in mortality rates.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Postmodern culture is distinguished by a fixation on health.

Question 5

Critics of the functionalist model of health and illness claim that the sick role places too much blame on which of the following?

A)the individual
B)the health-care system
C) the media
D) the government

Question 6

Social determinants of health include smoking and alcohol abuse.

Question 7

Low-income Canadians are much more likely to experience a mental illness.

Question 8

Health care in Canada is a provincial and territorial responsibility.

Question 9

More men die of strokes than do women.

Question 10

It is not just poverty that is bad for health, but inequality in general.

Question 11

According to the text, why does the government NOT take more extreme measures to reduce alcohol consumption?

A)Politicians are among the heaviest drinkers.
B)Taxes on alcohol are a significant income stream.
C) Alcohol provides a popular election platform.
D) It is not seen as an area that should be regulated by government.

Question 12

Critics of the functionalist view of health and illness argue that it places too much responsibility for illness on the sick people themselves.

Question 13

In studying health, the interactionist perspective focuses on how the meaning that people give their illness or disease affects their self-concept and their relationship with others.

Question 14

The leading cause of preventable death in the world today is tobacco.

Question 15

A major issue of concern for conflict theorists is the ability of all citizens to obtain health care.

Question 16

What were Canada's health-care expenditures in 2011, according to the text?

A)$28.7 billion
B)$123.5 billion
C) $200.1 billion
D) $489 billion

Question 17

Today, diet and activity have minimal influence on causes of death.

Question 18

Deaths in old age now usually result from chronic degenerative diseases.
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Question 19

The dominant medical model is making alternative approaches to medicine obsolete.

Question 20

Canadians have always enjoyed a universal health-care system.

Question 21

According to the text, what is the term to describe the incidence and patterns of death in a population?

A)morbidity
B)mortality
C) population decline
D) sociology of health

Question 22

As indicated in your text, what are the advantages of those with education, occupational status, income, and wealth?

A)They have roughly the same life expectancy as those who do not have these advantages.
B)They live longer than those who do not have these advantages.
C) They often travel to the United States for health care.
D) They are able to get better health care in Canada than other people can.

Question 23

Kathleen has symptoms such as fatigue and pain. Friends are sometimes skeptical Kathleen is suffering from a real ailment until she is diagnosed with fibromyalgia, which is controversial as there is no scientific consensus on the illness. However, with the diagnosis, her friends become more supportive and offer more assistance to Kathleen. Which of the following perspectives would best explain this case?

A)feminist theory
B)symbolic interactionist theory
C) conflict theory
D) postmodern theory

Question 24

According to the text, how many minutes of moderate activity per week should adults engage in?

A)60 minutes
B)120 minutes
C) 135 minutes
D) 150 minutes

Question 25

According to the text, which of the following is most commonly associated with lifestyles in high-income countries?

A)gym memberships
B)smoking
C) poor eating habits
D) consumption of fruit

Question 26

From a sociological perspective, how do social inequalities lead to poorer health in disadvantaged groups?

A)The disadvantaged have lower incomes and poorer material living conditions.
B)The disadvantaged have inadequate diets and they exercise less than others.
C) The disadvantaged tend to smoke and drink more than others.
D) The disadvantaged do not seek the medical advice they need when they are ill.

Question 27

Shen is 80 and came from China to Canada three years ago. He has noticed that the Canadians he meets at the senior's centre seem to have more health problems than he does, even though he is older than most of them. According to the text, how might Shen's relatively good health be explained?

A)the healthy immigrant effect
B)the ethnic factor
C) the new immigrant hypothesis
D) the Asian longevity quotient

Question 28

Canadian women who live in rural areas are often unable to obtain adequate prenatal support, pregnancy counselling, or abortion services. How would a conflict theorist approach this problem?

A)analyze dysfunctions of the maternal health-care system
B)critique differential access to health services
C) examine medicalization of women's lives
D) illustrate the social construction of reproduction

Question 29

What is Canada's health-care system called?

A)medicaid
B)med-assist
C) medicalization
D) medicare

Question 30

When did health problems among Aboriginal people begin?

A)with contact with European animals
B)with contact with European medicine
C) with contact with Europeans
D) with the use of alcohol

Question 31

What have sociologists said about attempts to explain social inequalities in health, when comparing them with individually chosen lifestyle behaviours, such as diet and exercise?

A)Sociologists hypothesize that advances in medicine are improving everyone's health regardless of social inequalities.
B)Sociologists agree that lifestyle choices are the major determinants of one's health regardless of social inequalities.
C) Sociologists suggest that an individual's genetic makeup is more important to health outcomes than social inequalities.
D) Sociologists suggest that social inequalities are more important than lifestyle choices.

Question 32

Which of the following has the greatest impact on a young person's decision whether to start smoking?

A)social determinants of health
B)advertising and marketing
C) peer pressure
D) social policies

Question 33

As outlined in your text, what are some of the social determinants of health?

A)mentality and country of origin
B)inherent physical attributes and genetics
C) social class and ethnicity
D) attitude, outlook, and expectations

Question 34

According to the text, what is one consequence of the "baby boom" from 1946 to 1965?

A)an increase in marriages
B)high economic growth
C) the creation of a population pyramid
D) a rising median age

Question 35

According to information in the text, what is the major cause of death in old age?

A)lack of health insurance
B)poverty and inequality
C) poor health care
D) chronic degenerative diseases

Question 36

Nathan had a falling out with his family, dropped out of school when he was 16 years old, and moved to a lower-income neighbourhood. Twenty years later, he has a mental illness that requires medical attention. According to the text, which of the following influences on his health does Nathan's experience reflect?

A)social determinants
B)personal determinants
C) life course
D) gender

Question 37

According to the text, which of the following is NOT considered an "actual" cause of death?

A)diet and activity patterns
B)tobacco
C) alcohol misuse
D) carelessness

Question 38

What is the main reason health care costs are expected to rise dramatically over the upcoming years?

A)increasing rates of immigration
B)large numbers of baby boomers are aging
C) the huge increase in HIV/AIDS
D) increased availability of new, but more expensive, prescription drugs

Question 39

Which of the following terms refers to the requirement that all Canadians be covered for health care on uniform terms and conditions?

A)universality
B)comprehensiveness
C) accessibility
D) portability

Question 40

Irene has Crohn's disease. She is currently taking five university courses and working part-time. When she has a bout of her illness she calls in sick for work and stays home from school. To what extent does Irene conform to the sick role?

A)Irene's behaviour challenges the sick role.
B)Irene's behaviour falls short of the sick role.
C) Irene's behaviour is consistent with the sick role.
D) Irene's behaviour is in opposition to the sick role.

Question 41

Martin has been battling flu symptoms and a cold for more than two weeks. He complains about how he is feeling to his roommate, but refuses to follow his doctor's suggestion to stay at home, rest, and focus on his recovery. Which of the following characteristics of the sick role is Martin ignoring?

A)The sick person is temporarily exempt from normal social responsibilities.
B)The sick person must want to get well and cooperate with the physician's directions.
C) The sick person should seek technically competent help.
D) The sick person is not responsible for getting sick.

Question 42

Today more women have caesarean sections, are assisted in the birth process by medical technology and drugs, and are more likely to deliver babies in hospitals than 100 years ago. What do these trends illustrate?

A)greater attention to women's reproductive health needs
B)the influence of feminism
C) medical treatment of reproduction
D) medicalization of women's lives

Question 43

Approximately what percentage of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) did Canada spend on health care in 2011?

A)less than 1 percent
B)5 percent
C) 11 percent
D) 25 percent

Question 44

According to Talcott Parsons's concept of the sick role, what obligations does the sick person have?

A)The sick person must fulfill normal social responsibilities.
B)The sick person must do everything in her or his power to return to a healthy state.
C) The sick person must take the blame for becoming sick in the first place.
D) The sick person must get support from a range of service providers.

Question 45

Genvieve took up smoking at the age of 15 because she saw a girl smoking in a movie and thought it looked cool. According to the text, what is influencing Genvieve's decision to smoke?

A)social determinants of health
B)micro-level factors
C) cultural norms
D) social policies

Question 46

Which theoretical perspective explains street-involved youth who have no ID or health-care card, and are more likely than other youth to suffer from acute health problems?

A)postmodernist
B)symbolic interactionist
C) conflict
D) functionalist

Question 47

As indicated in your text, what is one fact about aging that distinguishes our era from other historical periods?

A)In the past, the elderly had more family contact.
B)People have healthier diets and lifestyles today.
C) Most Canadians can expect to live to old age.
D) In the modern age the elderly have limited sources of support.

Question 48

The legacy of which of the following still affects Aboriginal people's health problems today?

A)traditional culture
B)colonialism
C) imperialism
D) diffusion

Question 49

Jack is a typical Canadian whose eating habits follow the trends found in the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey. This means he is consuming enough from which of the following food groups?

A)fruits
B)grains
C) vegetables
D) meat and other protein

Question 50

Which of the following terms refers to all citizens receiving medical services paid for through taxation revenues?

A)user-pay system
B)two-tiered system
C) universal medical insurance
D) medicare health system

Question 51

Which of the following perspectives might make the claim: If men got pregnant and had babies, then the paternal health system would be much more extensive and effective than the existing maternal health system?

A)symbolic interactionist theory
B)conflict theory
C) postmodernist theory
D) feminist theory

Question 52

Prem Gupta, like many people coming to Canada recently, belongs to a group of people who are less likely to have chronic diseases. According to your text, which of the following describes the effect of this trend?

A)the healthy immigrant effect
B)the Indian immigrant effect
C) the Asian immigrant effect
D) the recent immigrant effect

Question 53

What was one of the first problems about health and health care that feminist scholars identified?

A)More women than men suffer from illness and disease.
B)Women's life expectancy has been steadily declining over the last decade.
C) Most medical research has centred on males and ignored diseases affecting women.
D) Male doctors outnumber female doctors.

Question 54

According to the text, what is the label given to the suggestion that people with mental disorders may drift into lower levels of socioeconomic status, or be prevented from rising out of lower levels of status?

A)social class causation hypothesis
B)social selection hypothesis
C) social causation hypothesis
D) mental acuity hypothesis

Question 55

Tobacco use, alcohol use and misuse, as well as diet and activity levels, are all considered part of which determinants of health?

A)social
B)lifestyle
C) preventable
D) avoidable

Question 56

According to the text, which factor significantly increases a senior's visits to health professionals?

A)living in easy access of health care
B)having three or more chronic health conditions
C) being able to afford private health care
D) having smoked for more than 40 years

Question 57

According to the text, why is it more common for people in the lower classes to smoke?

A)They do not care about their health as much as the upper class.
B)Immediate economic challenges are more important than health issues.
C) Smoking is a way to gain social status when economic status is not possible.
D) Smoking relieves other stresses in their lives.

Question 58

From a sociological perspective, many of the diseases affecting Aboriginal people result from which of the following?

A)inequitable conditions in their communities
B)bad choices as adolescents
C) high-risk lifestyles
D) heredity

Question 59

Which perspective considers the political, economic, and social forces that affect health and illness?

A)functionalist theory
B)conflict theory
C) feminist theory
D) interactionist theory

Question 60

According to the text, most Canadians consider individual behaviours such as diet, smoking, exercise, and stress important-but another important factor gets relatively little consideration. What is it?

A)a person's age
B)a person's disabilities
C) a person's culture
D) a person's education

Question 61

According to the Canadian Community Health Survey in 2004, what percentage of adults was not eating enough fruits and vegetables?

A)25 percent
B)50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 85 percent

Question 62

What is the symbolic interactionist approach to health based on?

A)analyzing how the sick role functions in society
B)the meanings attributed to illness and disease
C) the impact of race, class, and gender on access to health care
D) the role of doctors as gatekeepers determining access to the health-care system

Question 63

According to Talcott Parsons's concept of the sick role, which of the following characterizes the sick person?

A)The sick person is exempt from normal social responsibilities.
B)The sick person has the choice whether or not to return to a healthy state.
C) The sick person is not expected to get well.
D) The sick person is still responsible for meeting social and personal obligations.

Question 64

According to critics, to which of the following people is the sick role most applicable?

A)Peter, a 60-year-old man with heart disease
B)Thomas, who is suffering with measles
C) Brent, who has type 2 diabetes
D) Jacob, a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 65

What proportion of the Canadian population is currently age 65 or over?

A)under 5 percent
B)between 10 and 15 percent
C) between 16 and 24 percent
D) over 25 percent

Question 66

Raul was working as a janitor, but was unable to make ends meet for his family. He fell into a deep depression. According to the text, which of the following hypotheses does Raul exemplify?

A)social class causation hypothesis
B)social selection hypothesis
C) social causation hypothesis
D) mental acuity hypothesis

Question 67

Which of the following best reflects the medicalization of women's health issues?

A)It benefits women in Canada and the United States.
B)It is based on objective, scientific evidence.
C) It can be highly subjective and does not always serve the interests of women.
D) It does not affect women with biologically normal bodies.

Question 68

With which of the following is the conflict approach to health and illness most concerned?

A)the state's power to legitimize some forms of health care over others
B)how the sick role operates in society
C) the subjective meanings people attach to illness and disease
D) the ways that various illnesses are medicalized

Question 69

According to the text, what are the implications around the evidence that increased income means increased health?

A)Both poverty and inequality are important in influencing health.
B)Neither poverty nor inequality is important in influencing health.
C) Inequality is more important than poverty in influencing health.
D) Poverty is more important than inequality in influencing health.

Question 70

On a vacation in British Columbia, Jurgen, a Manitoba resident, breaks his leg. He goes to the hospital nearest where his accident occurred and receives full health services. Which of the following requirements of the Canadian health-care plan does this case illustrate?

A)universality
B)comprehensiveness
C) accessibility
D) portability

Question 71

Which of the following statements accurately describes Aboriginal people's health status in Canada over the years?

A)Many of the diseases that affect Aboriginal people can be traced to inadequate housing, crowding, and poor sanitary conditions on reserves.
B)Aboriginal people were especially likely to contract malaria in the late 19th century when they were moved to reserves.
C) As a result of declining infant mortality rates, Aboriginal people now have a longer life expectancy than the Canadian average.
D) Aboriginal people are among the poorest in Canada and yet have higher than adequate nutrition due to high participation in traditional hunting, fishing, and cultivating practices.

Question 72

The notion that all necessary medical services should be guaranteed, without a specific dollar limit, and should be available solely on the basis of medical need refers to which of the following?

A)universality
B)comprehensiveness
C) portability
D) public administration

Question 73

Daniela has attention deficit disorder and is unable to hold a steady job. She currently bags groceries at Loblaws, but her wages do not cover her current living expenses. According to the text, which of the following hypotheses does Daniela exemplify?

A)social class causation hypothesis
B)social selection hypothesis
C) social causation hypothesis
D) mental acuity hypothesis

Question 74

Why are Canada's poor still less healthy than individuals from the middle and upper classes?

A)Medical care cannot compensate for other disadvantages of poverty, such as poor housing or inadequate diet.
B)The poor have longer life spans, so they naturally fall victim to many more illnesses than the middle and upper classes.
C) The poor suffer less stress, and as a result do not go to doctors as often.
D) The poor choose not to use preventive strategies, despite being more informed about them than the middle and upper classes.

Question 75

According to the text, which of the following would be the best health tip, consistent with available evidence on the social determinants of health?

A)Practise safe sex.
B)Use sunscreen.
C) Don't become unemployed.
D) Keep physically active.

Question 76

What was introduced in 1957 with the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act?

A)a two-tiered medical system
B)access to family doctors
C) publicly funded medical insurance
D) medical access fully funded by the provincial government

Question 77

With which of the following statements would a conflict theorist agree?

A)Disease, of the mind or body, is solely about biology.
B)Capitalism paved the way for the emergence and rapid transmission of infectious diseases.
C) Postmodern culture cares little about health and health-related issues.
D) There is no ambiguity about the nature of most disorders.

Question 78

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a leading cause of death in women?

A)cancer
B)heart disease
C) accidents
D) stroke

Question 79

Which of the following groups is more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviours, have an inadequate diet, lack knowledge of preventive strategies and services, and have hazardous employment?

A)men
B)young adults
C) the poor
D) women

Question 80

Claude was killed in a drinking and driving accident at the age of 16. According to the text, this preventable death was part of which of the following statistics?

A)Alcohol is directly related to more than 10 percent of accidents worldwide per year.
B)Alcohol is directly related to 25 percent of teenage deaths each year in Canada.
C) Alcohol is directly related to 47 percent of driving accidents each year in Canada.
D) Alcohol is directly related to more than 3.3 million deaths worldwide per year.