Deck 13: Social Change: Collective Behaviour and Social Movements

Question 1

A social movement is in part distinguished from other collective behaviour by the degree of radical change it proposes.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Moral panic is an irrational, but widespread worry that certain groups present an enormous threat to the social order of society.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A collectivity that is so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that the participants may erupt into violent or destructive behaviour is called an "acting crowd."

Answer 3

True

Question 4

While collective behaviour is short lived and relatively unorganized, social movements are longer lasting and more organized and have specific goals or purposes.

Question 5

Revolutionary social movements seek large-scale change for a specific group.

Question 6

Alternative movements seek to bring about a total change in society.

Question 7

An expressive crowd is a gathering of people who share a common interest and are gathered at the same event with an explicit participatory purpose such as people attending a funeral.

Question 8

A popular rumour that persists among Elvis Presley fans is that he is still alive and is occasionally glimpsed doing everyday activities such as buying fuel for his vehicle.

Question 9

Emergent norm theory points out that crowds are irrational.

Question 10

Urban legends are typically dispersed among people from the rural areas who know little about urban life, with low levels of education and lower socioeconomic status.

Question 11

A long-lasting popular social pattern is called a "fashion."

Question 12

A social movement is in part distinguished from other collective behaviour by the degree of radical change it proposes.

Question 13

According to the text, gossip often involves stories about ambiguous individuals.

Question 14

The most important contribution of the new social movement theory is the notion of collective identity.

Question 15

According to the text, the process used when a social movement declares that a particular condition is unjust and identifies measures needed to resolve the unfairness, is called "claims making."

Question 16

A conventional crowd is a gathering of people who share a common interest and are gathered with an explicit participatory purpose.

Question 17

According to value-added theory, the first factor that must be present to facilitate social action is the growth and spread of a generalized belief.

Question 18

A value-added analysis to social movements fails to explain how a movement gathers a diverse range of individual supporters who come to collectively believe in a cause.

Question 19

A conventional crowd is a gathering of people who have gathered in the same place at the same time because of a shared interest or objective such as those who gather to watch a parade.

Question 20

Social movements promote universalistic goals.

Question 21

According to the text, what is the main assumption underlying resource mobilization theory?

A)Social movements develop based on what is possible given the resources available.
B)Social movements develop when the leaders believe there are enough resources to fulfill their mandate.
C) Social movements develop when mobilization receives adequate grassroots funding.
D) Social movements develop depending on how resources are brought together and utilized.

Question 22

Georges and several of his close friends work for Environment Canada as biologists, or teach environmental technology courses at universities and colleges. They have formed an action committee with the purpose of saving the northern tundra from diamond mining companies. What kind of social activists are they?

A)social citizenship activists
B)power balance theorists
C) revolutionary environmentalists
D) new social movement activists

Question 23

A social movement is in part defined by the type of change sought by the movement.

Question 24

Nicole Stephens, a researcher interested in exploring Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the American Gulf coast, and New Orleans in particular, wrote in a 2009 article that maybe people who "choose" to dig in their heels and remain in their communities, even when a storm's "a-comin'," actually don't feel like they ever had a choice. Whether for financial or psychological motives, they're staying. According to the text, what is the term used to describe the seemingly irrational behaviour of people who stay in the midst of a disaster?

A)solidarity
B)communality
C) social cohesion
D) social structure

Question 25

Homeless people are a constituency largely without a voice. However, until an organization such as Canada Without Poverty can coherently organize this constituency to become an effective source for change, the poor will remain poor. Which theoretical perspective would endorse this statement?

A)resource mobilization theory
B)value-added theory
C) relative deprivation theory
D) state-centred theory

Question 26

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the creation of a moral panic?

A)moral entrepreneurs
B)mass media
C) social pressure to conform
D) a group whose actions are interpreted as deviant

Question 27

A temporary but highly popular social pattern is called a fad. An example of this is when "Gangnam style" went viral in 2012.

Question 28

People in groups generally do things that they would also engage in individually.
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Question 29

A moral entrepreneur is someone who sees a niche market for manufacturing goods that appeal to middle-class socially conservative groups.

Question 30

There has been some debate about Gardasil, a new vaccine that works by boosting the human immune system so that it effectively prevents four types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is said to infect half of all sexually active women In North America between 18 and 22. One side of the debate comprises social conservative groups who suggest that the vaccine will encourage immoral behaviour in young girls. The other side of the debate emerges from social progressives who claim the benefits of the vaccine are significant to the health of all young girls and women and that there is no basis to the worry that girls will misunderstand the nature of the vaccine. According to the text, what is the term given to this kind of dispute?

A)moral entrepreneur
B)ethical dialogue
C) moral panic
D) moral justification

Question 31

Neil Smelser discussed six interrelated factors that facilitate social action. This became known as what theory pertaining to social movements?

A)resource mobilization theory
B)sociological mobility theory
C) value-added theory
D) new social movement theory

Question 32

In 2005, Global Call to Action Against Poverty involved some 38 million people in actions to make world leaders live up to their promises to make a breakthrough on poverty. According to the text, what term best identifies this organization?

A)a social movement
B)a collective action group
C) a social justice movement
D) a grassroots movement

Question 33

What does the crowd do to individuals, according to Le Bon's contagion theory?

A)It transforms individuals from rational beings into a single organism with a collective mind.
B)It compels people to change their attitudes and accept behaviour they would not otherwise tolerate.
C) It brings people together in order to bring about social change.
D) It increases personal responsibility.

Question 34

According to the text, in what year were non-enfranchised Aboriginal peoples given the right to vote?

A)1976
B)1967
C) 1960
D) 1971

Question 35

The celibacy club chapter at a local junior high school might be connected to a larger abstinence movement. This exemplifies which of the following movements?

A)revolutionary
B)reformative
C) redemptive
D) alternative

Question 36

Collective behaviour always has a hierarchy of authority and established rules and procedures.

Question 37

What do people waiting at a station to get on the subway exemplify?

A)a conventional crowd
B)an expressive crowd
C) an acting crowd
D) a casual crowd

Question 38

What theory that blames the individual actors was used to examine the lynching of African Americans by poor and working-class white people in the United States?

A)emergent norm theory
B)convergence theory
C) contagion theory
D) constraint theory

Question 39

The delisting of chiropractors is an example of which of the following types of widespread worry that sometimes develops around particular groups?

A)social sanction
B)ethical dialogue
C) moral justification
D) moral panic

Question 40

According to the text, what would sociologists most likely NOT focus on in a study of disasters?

A)commonalities that underlie all forms of disaster
B)personal reactions to the disaster
C) distinguishing among types of disasters
D) disaster risk factors

Question 41

Bill plays for a hockey team that is playing against their main rivals for the league trophy. The referee makes a penalty call against his team. Spectators and players on the bench complain. Players leave both benches. Spectators walk around and start to heckle the referee. Fights break out between the opposing team members and among spectators in the stands. Which of the following describes this example?

A)contagion theory
B)convergence theory
C) emergent norm theory
D) contamination theory

Question 42

According to the text, what is the term for collective attempts to change all or part of society?

A)social movements
B)social revolutions
C) civil disobedience
D) civil rights

Question 43

According to the text, which of the following is an example of a crowd that is experiencing "collective excitement"?

A)The crowd that lingers after a parade that celebrated their city winning the Grey Cup.
B)The Vancouver riots after the Vancouver Canucks lost the Stanley Cup in 2011.
C) The "Oka Crisis" in Quebec in 1990.
D) The gathering of people at Lac Megantic, Quebec, after the oil-bearing train cars exploded in the centre of the town.

Question 44

According to the text, what is the term given to a shared fear underlying an impending threat that can produce a collective action?

A)moral panic
B)widespread panic
C) social panic
D) collective panic

Question 45

According to the text, what is the name given to theory that can appropriately analyze social movements that emphasize human rights?

A)new social movement theory
B)resource mobilization theory
C) humane theory
D) new mobilization theory

Question 46

Young people across the country annually participate in Free the Children's "Me to We" campaign. Some watch the television program at home, others organize with friends, and others attend events in their community. Which of the following best defines this campaign?

A)an acting crowd
B)a casual crowd
C) a social collection
D) a social movement

Question 47

According to the text, which of the following is a major critique of the value-added theory?

A)It fails to identify the initial seed that creates the impetus for social change.
B)It fails to address the larger political context within which many social movements develop.
C) It fails to address relations of power between the actors involved.
D) It fails to explain how the movement spreads in this era of globalization.

Question 48

What is the term used to describe the organized efforts by a substantial number of people to change or to resist change in some major aspect or aspects of society?

A)a revolution
B)a social aggregate
C) a social movement
D) an interest collectivity

Question 49

According to the text, which of the following is a characteristic shared by both social movements and other forms of collective behaviour?

A)their need for quantification
B)their need for funding
C) their need for media attention
D) their unconventional nature

Question 50

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a social movement?

A)intense, but short lived
B)organization
C) planning
D) unconventional

Question 51

According to the text, what is the name given to abstract unsubstantiated stories containing an underlying message or moral?

A)tales
B)gossip
C) rumours
D) urban legends

Question 52

According to the text, which of the following is NOT often included in a social movement's claim making?

A)type of change sought
B)degree of change
C) timeline for change
D) intended recipients

Question 53

According to the text, what kind of social movement is Alcoholics Anonymous?

A)alternative
B)redemptive
C) reformative
D) religious

Question 54

According to the text, what theory developed to emphasize the importance of cycles of contention and political opportunities?

A)convergence theory
B)social movement theory
C) political process theory
D) value-added theory

Question 55

According to the text, spreading rumours, gossiping, and telling urban legends are all part of what kind of collective behaviour?

A)resourceful
B)media-driven
C) fictional
D) dispersed

Question 56

According to the text, what is the term used for a relatively sudden, unscheduled one-time event that causes a great deal of damage or large-scale loss of life, and substantial disruption or stress among residents of the stricken area?

A)a focal point
B)a disaster
C) a media opportunity
D) a sociological calling

Question 57

Karl Marx argued that workers would eventually overthrow capitalism and socialism would replace it. What kind of movement did Marx see as inevitable?

A)revolutionary
B)reformative
C) religious
D) resistance

Question 58

According to the text, social movements share several characteristics with other forms of collective behaviour. However, social movements have some unique characteristics that disqualify them as being categorized as collective behaviour. Which of the following statements is NOT a feature that distinguishes social movements from collective behaviour?

A)They involve prior organization and planning.
B)They have identifiable leaders.
C) They conduct public campaigns and recruiting drives for members.
D) They can be short-lived and very effective in raising awareness of social issues.

Question 59

According to the text, in what year was the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms enacted?

A)1992
B)1987
C) 1982
D) 1967

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of a reformative movement?

A)labour movements
B)terrorist movements
C) millenarian movements
D) vegetarianism movements

Question 61

According to the text, what is the name given to stories about specific people that may not be verifiable?

A)tales
B)gossip
C) news
D) urban legends

Question 62

Which of the following best describes the process of "frame alignment"?

A)attempts to bring about complete changes in ideology
B)attempts to link ideologically compatible individuals
C) the idealization, embellishment, clarification or invigoration of existing values or beliefs
D) attempts by social movement organizations to present their claims and directives in a manner that fits individuals' existing ideas and values

Question 63

Rachel heard that, if you parked your car in an underground parking lot at night, it was important that you should always approach your car from the back, not the side, so that you could see if someone was hiding beneath it. She also was warned to check the back seat to ensure that no one was crouching in the back ready to attack her. She heard this warning from her older sister's best friend who read it in an email from a college acquaintance. According to the text, what is the term given to this kind of anecdote?

A)urban lore
B)urban legend
C) rumour
D) gossip

Question 64

In the late 1950s, guerrilla fighters were able to overthrow the Batista government of Cuba, leading to the eventual leadership of Fidel Castro in Cuba's communist state. What term best describes the actions of the guerrilla fighters?

A)redemption
B)revolution
C) coup d'état
D) alternative

Question 65

According to Turner and Killian, what develops when people redefine "right" and "wrong" in response to unique situational events?

A)convergent rules
B)contagious mores
C) emergent norms
D) noncircular reactions

Question 66

The feminist movement is an example of what kind of social movement?

A)revolutionary
B)reformative
C) redemptive
D) alternative

Question 67

According to the text, what is the term used to describe a process wherein a social movement declares that a particular condition is unjust and identifies measures needed to resolve the unfairness?

A)claims identification
B)claims making
C) claims analysis
D) claims proclamation

Question 68

Without any proof, community members begin to discuss a recent homicide as gang related. What does this illustrate?

A)rumour
B)gossip
C) mass hysteria
D) panic

Question 69

What is an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action?

A)a revolution
B)a social aggregate
C) a social movement
D) an interest collectivity

Question 70

According to value-added theory, what must be present prior to the growth and spread of a generalized belief?

A)structural strain
B)precipitating factors
C) the operation of social control
D) mobilization of participation for action

Question 71

According to the text, which of the following is an example of a crowd that is experiencing "social contagion"?

A)The crowd that lingers after a parade that celebrated their city winning the Grey Cup.
B)The Vancouver riots after the Vancouver Canucks lost the Stanley Cup in 2011.
C) The "Oka Crisis" in Quebec in 1990.
D) The gathering of people at Lac Megantic, Quebec, after the oil-bearing train cars exploded in the centre of the town.

Question 72

According to the text, what characteristic differentiates an expressive crowd from a conventional crowd?

A)An expressive crowd does not necessarily share a common interest.
B)An expressive crowd has organizational features.
C) An expressive crowd is an institutionalized form of gathering.
D) An expressive crowd has an explicit participatory purpose.

Question 73

Which social theory could explain why a crowd outside a government building became violent following a speech by an infamous politician?

A)contagion theory
B)milling theory
C) riot theory
D) emergent norm theory

Question 74

According to the text, which of the following statements can be made about collective behaviour?

A)Collective behaviour is more predictable than other forms of behaviour.
B)Collective behaviour usually lies outside what is considered normative behaviour.
C) Collective behaviour is institutionalized unlike other forms of behaviour.
D) Collective behaviour takes on a specific form under specific circumstances.

Question 75

How do we label people who bring morally damaging behaviour to the attention of others?

A)law enforcement
B)social watchdogs
C) media messengers
D) moral entrepreneurs

Question 76

According to the text, what was the name of the earliest theory used to explain the "collective mind" when people lose their individuality in crowds?

A)convergence theory
B)contagion theory
C) new social movement theory
D) resource mobilization theory

Question 77

Which theorist was responsible for the development of contagion theory?

A)Clark McPhail
B)Gustave Le Bon
C) Robert Park
D) Herbert Blumer

Question 78

An interior décor trend inspired by Zen is an example of which of the following?

A)fashion
B)a fad
C) gossip
D) propaganda

Question 79

According to the text, which of the following is the definition for a casual crowd?

A)people who share a common interest
B)people who have an explicit participatory purpose
C) people who happen to be in the same location
D) people who want to join a social movement

Question 80

The Beatles made their first appearance on North American soil on February 7, 1964, at Kennedy Airport in New York. History has recorded images of crowds of youth, mostly teenaged girls, who gathered just to see these pop icons wherever and whenever the Beatles appeared in public. Which of the following describes this example?

A)contagion theory
B)convergence theory
C) emergent norm theory
D) contamination theory