Deck 6: Emotion

Question 1

According to the textbook, all of the following statements about emotions are accurate EXCEPT

A) Emotions are associated with physiological changes.
B) Emotions last for hours or even days.
C) Emotions are reactions to specific people or events.
D) Emotions often help individuals achieve goals.

Answer 1

Emotions last for hours or even days.

Question 2

Research by Tracy and colleagues examined the expression of pride in athletes who were sighted as well as athletes who were blind.Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

A) Athletes who were blind did not show the nonverbal expressions of pride, such as throwing their arms in the air with their chest out.
B) Athletes at the Olympic level did not display prideful nonverbal expressions, so as not to anger the other athletes.
C) Blind athletes from the United States displayed nonverbal expressions of pride, but blind athletes from other countries did not.
D) Both sighted and blind athletes equally displayed nonverbal expressions of pride after winning.

Answer 2

Both sighted and blind athletes equally displayed nonverbal expressions of pride after winning.

Question 3

According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the ways that touch promotes closeness between friends and relationship partners?

A) Touch is pleasurable.
B) Touch is soothing in times of stress.
C) Touch communicates prosocial emotions.
D) Touch causes the body to create and release estrogen.

Answer 3

Touch causes the body to create and release estrogen.

Question 4

Which hormone does the textbook identify as promoting closeness and trust?

A) estrogen
B) oxytocin
C) testosterone
D) serotonin

Question 5

According to the textbook, which emotion is more often expressed by those high in power, compared to those low in power?

A) happiness
B) sadness
C) anger
D) disgust

Question 6

Ekman and colleagues' research on the universality of facial expression showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they label the emotions of

A) anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
B) frustration, aggression, disgust, happiness, and joy.
C) anger, fear, sadness, love, and joy.
D) disgust, fear, happiness, frustration, sadness, and love.

Question 7

According to the textbook, which of the following is a result of feeling sympathy?

A) believing in our shared humanity with others
B) being more focused on "us versus them" distinctions
C) an accelerated heart rate
D) focusing more on our own needs, rather than the needs of others

Question 8

Research shows that cultures vary in the

A) extent to which they hypercognize a particular emotion.
B) number of words they use to represent a particular emotion.
C) types of states they represent with emotion terms.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 9

Biting the tongue signals embarrassment in India but not in the United States.This is an example of

A) a focal emotion.
B) an emotion accent.
C) a display rule.
D) an appraisal process.

Question 10

According to research, shame is more likely to be a focal emotion for ____________ than for ____________.

A) members of interdependent cultures; members of independent cultures
B) members of individualistic cultures; members of collectivistic cultures
C) Europeans; the Awlad'Ali of Egypt
D) the Japanese; Utku Inuits

Question 11

Darwin's principle of serviceable habits suggests that

A) facial expressions arose randomly as a result of genetic mutations.
B) God had given humans specific facial expressions to express uniquely human experiences.
C) facial expressions of emotion derived from behaviors that proved useful and adaptive to our ancestors.
D) facial expressions of emotion are present only in humans because only humans experience emotions.

Question 12

Paul Ekman coined the term Duchenne smile in order to differentiate true, enjoyment smiles from fake, polite smiles.What is present in the Duchenne smile that is not present in polite smiles?

A) Duchenne smiles involve activity in the zygomatic cheek muscles, which pull the lips upward, but polite smiles do not.
B) Duchenne smiles involve verbal expressions of happiness, but polite smiles do not.
C) Duchenne smiles tend to last longer than 10 seconds, but polite smiles are shorter.
D) Duchenne smiles involve activity in the orbicularis eye muscle, but polite smiles do not.

Question 13

Carla's boyfriend breaks up with her.She comes up with her own explanation for this unfortunate turn of events during the ____________ stage of the appraisal process.

A) primary appraisal
B) secondary appraisal
C) core-relational
D) cognitive-processing

Question 14

The specific appraisals that trigger different emotions are known as _________________

A) evaluations.
B) cognitive processes.
C) core-relational themes.
D) appraisal themes.

Question 15

In the secondary appraisal stage,

A) a person automatically evaluates an event as positive or negative.
B) a person decides which facial expressions to display.
C) a person determines possible ways of responding to an event and the consequences of those responses.
D) the amygdala responds to an event.

Question 16

Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspective(s)on emotions?

A) the evolutionary approach, but not the cultural approach
B) the cultural approach, but not the evolutionary approach
C) neither the cultural nor the evolutionary approach
D) both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches

Question 17

Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that emotions are strongly influenced by values, roles, institutions, and socialization practices?

A) the physiological approach
B) the evolutionary approach
C) the universality approach
D) the cultural approach

Question 18

The concept of display rules refers to

A) principles that govern how experimental research on emotion is conducted.
B) universal facial expressions of emotion that are found in most cultures.
C) genetically determined predispositions to form certain types of facial expressions in response to certain types of environmental stimuli.
D) culturally specific principles that govern how and when and to whom we express emotion.

Question 19

Recall that Lazarus proposed that there are two stages to the appraisal process, which gives rise to human emotions.In the primary appraisal stage, the person

A) assesses the future implications of an event.
B) evaluates whether an event is congruent or incongruent with his or her goals.
C) arrives at a causal attribution for an event.
D) considers many different ways of responding to an event.

Question 20

Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that the components of emotion allow adaptive responses to threats to survival?

A) the physiological approach
B) the evolutionary approach
C) the universality approach
D) the cultural approach

Question 21

Research using the "trust game" conducted by Kosfeld and colleagues has manipulated whether participants inhaled oxytocin prior to the experiment.Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

A) Oxytocin did not influence trust in this research because participants were interacting only with strangers, not with loved ones.
B) Participants who had inhaled oxytocin were more trusting and gave more money to a stranger than those who had not inhaled oxytocin.
C) Participants who had inhaled oxytocin rated the stranger as more trustworthy than did participants who had not inhaled oxytocin.
D) Participants who had inhaled oxytocin gave less money to the stranger than participants who had not inhaled oxytocin.

Question 22

Recall that Schwarz and Clore (1983)examined how weather might affect the emotional lives of people in the Midwest.Specifically, they called people on a sunny day or on a gloomy day.All the participants were asked to rate how satisfied they felt with their lives.But half of the participants were asked about the weather right before providing their satisfaction rating.Results showed that

A) when participants were asked about the weather, their satisfaction ratings did not depend on whether the day was sunny or gloomy.
B) when participants were not asked about the weather, their satisfaction ratings did not depend on whether the day was sunny or gloomy.
C) being asked about the weather did not affect any participants' satisfaction ratings.
D) people were less likely to talk to the researchers on gloomy days than on sunny days.

Question 23

Following the terrorist attacks on 9/11, Josh was very afraid of the possibility of future attacks.According to the feelings-as-information perspective, how could Josh's fear influence his perception of his environment?

A) Josh is also generally afraid of other potential risks, even those unrelated to terrorism.
B) Josh is afraid of risks from terrorism but not other types of potential risks.
C) Josh is more likely to feel positive and optimistic about his everyday situations, which helps distract his from his fear.
D) Josh is not going to be affected by his fear of terrorist attacks.

Question 24

According to research discussed in the textbook, which of the following individuals should be better at communicating emotion through touch?

A) Steve, who was raised in the United States and currently lives in London
B) Maria, who has lived her entire life in Spain
C) Joshua, who is blind
D) Stacy, who has especially high oxytocin levels

Question 25

Emotions such as sympathy, concern, or compassion are called ______________ and motivate prosocial behavior toward people who are vulnerable.

A) self-critical emotions
B) harm-related emotions
C) other-condemning emotions
D) positive moods

Question 26

The textbook describes research that examined cultural differences in mimicry.Both Anglo-American and Hispanic employees underwent mock interviews, and the interviewer either mimicked or did not mimic their behaviors.Which of the following best describes the results of this study?

A) Both Anglo-American and Hispanic interviewees were rated higher when the interviewer mimicked their behaviors during the interview.
B) Hispanics were rated higher than Anglo-Americans when the interviewer mimicked their behaviors during the interview.
C) Hispanics were rated lower than Anglo-Americans when the interviewer did not mimic their behaviors during the interview.
D) Anglo-Americans were rated higher than Hispanics in both conditions of the experiment.

Question 27

Which of the following examples provides the best evidence for the broaden-and-build hypothesis of how positive emotions influence cognition?

A) People who watch an amusing film clip rate themselves as more similar to outgroup members.
B) People who are in a good mood are more creative when working on complicated tasks.
C) People who are given a bag of candy rate their life satisfaction as higher.
D) People who unexpectedly find a dollar on the floor are in a better mood.

Question 28

Which of the following is a major assumption of the feelings-as-information perspective?

A) Many judgments are too complex for us to review all the relevant evidence thoroughly.
B) Emotions disrupt our ability to process information from the environment.
C) Emotions are most likely to alter judgment when people accurately attribute them to environmental events.
D) Judgments lead to emotions that inform subsequent decisions.

Question 29

Research on affective forecasting suggests that people tend to

A) overestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.
B) underestimate the emotional impact of emotional events.
C) be accurate at predicting the emotional impact of emotional events.
D) be overly optimistic about their ability to cope with negative life events.

Question 30

The textbook presents the story of Kirsten and Jack, who, because of their Asperger's syndrome, struggle with accurately perceiving one another's emotions and managing their emotions appropriately.This would suggest that they are low in

A) relationship intelligence.
B) happiness.
C) emotional intelligence.
D) role negotiation.

Question 31

According to research on the processing style perspective, people who are induced to experience sadness

A) are less creative.
B) pay careful attention to contextual details.
C) are less likely to use heuristics.
D) are less likely to stereotype others.

Question 32

Which of the following biases best explains the pattern of findings yielded by research on affective forecasting?

A) subjectivism
B) emotion congruence
C) centralism
D) immune neglect

Question 33

According to the textbook's discussion of harm-related emotions, people who attribute a criminal defendant's immoral action to contextual causes (such as focusing on the situation that led to the crime)are more likely to experience ____________ and to recommend a ____________ punishment.

A) guilt; more severe
B) embarrassment; less severe
C) anger; more severe
D) sympathy; less severe

Question 34

Steve heard a mean rumor about Josh and told all his friends.Now, Steve is feeling a little guilty about spreading this rumor.Steve is experiencing

A) a self-critical emotion.
B) a harm-related emotion.
C) an other-condemning emotion.
D) a positive mood.

Question 35

Which of the following does the textbook present as outcomes for people high in emotional intelligence?

A) having more friends
B) being perceived to be better workplace citizens
C) cooperating better with romantic partners
D) all of the above

Question 36

Steve is undergoing a medical procedure that only takes 20 minutes but will be very painful at the end.Deborah is undergoing a medical procedure that takes over 2 hours and will be very painful at the beginning, but the pain tapers off over the rest of the time.Afterward, which one will remember experiencing more pain?

A) Deborah will remember more pain, because her procedure lasted longer.
B) Steve will remember more pain, because his procedure was more painful at the end.
C) Steve and Deborah will remember equal amounts of pain.
D) Pain is such an individual, relative experience that it is impossible to predict who will remember more.

Question 37

The concept of infrahumanization refers to the tendency of ingroup members to attribute animal-like qualities to outgroup members and to assume that outgroup members

A) are equally likely to experience complex emotions as are ingroup members.
B) are more likely to experience complex emotions than are ingroup members.
C) are less likely to experience complex emotions than are ingroup members.
D) are capable of experiencing complex emotions but choose not to.

Question 38

Jan has just met her new roommate and wants to be sure to become good friends with her.According to research on emotional mimicry, how should Jan respond to her roommate?

A) Jan should mimic the facial expressions and laugh of her roommate, because mimicry promotes closeness and friendship.
B) Jan should not mimic the facial expressions and laugh of her roommate, because her roommate may find it annoying.
C) Jan should act the opposite of her roommate, so as to seem interesting.
D) Jan should mimic her roommate only if her roommate has a higher status than Jan.

Question 39

Recall that Isen studied how emotions might influence cognitive processes.She found that

A) negative emotions led participants to use stereotypes when forming judgments.
B) positive emotions led participants to categorize objects in more inclusive ways.
C) negative emotions led participants to produce more unique responses to a word association task.
D) positive emotions led participants to behave more selfishly.

Question 40

The concept of duration neglect refers to which of the following phenomena?

A) Immediate reports of pleasure are unrelated to overall reports of pleasure.
B) The beginning of an event exerts a stronger impact on overall reports of pleasure.
C) The length of a pleasurable experience is unrelated to overall reports of pleasure.
D) The number of peak moments during an event has no effect on overall reports of pleasure.

Question 41

People from cultures that differ in their religion, political structure, development, and self-construals nevertheless tend to agree in how they label photos depicting anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Question 42

Mimicking another person's behaviors can increase feelings of rapport and closeness.

Question 43

The length of a pleasurable experience is a strong predictor of how generally positive that experience is judged to be later on.

Question 44

Injecting oxytocin into nonmonogamous montane voles can increase preferences for a single partner.

Question 45

Because of _______________, we often underestimate our ability to rise above the effects of negative experience and trauma.

A) happiness
B) immune neglect
C) focalism
D) affective forecasting

Question 46

Emotions have physiological components.

Question 47

The concept of immune neglect suggests that we ____________ our capacity to be resilient in responding to negative life events, and therefore ____________ the extent to which a negative event will reduce our well-being.

A) overestimate; underestimate
B) underestimate; overestimate
C) do not know; underestimate
D) underestimate; underestimate

Question 48

Bill thinks that if he could find a wonderful wife, his entire life would be ideal.He thinks of all the great times he will have but never considers the difficulties that are bound to arise.Thus, Bill is engaging in

A) projection.
B) affective anticipation.
C) focalism.
D) immune neglect.

Question 49

Affective forecasting research indicates that people tend to underestimate how much a romantic breakup will diminish their life satisfaction.

Question 50

Compared with those in positive moods, people experiencing negative moods are less likely to apply stereotypes when making judgments about others.

Question 51

Social theorists including Adam Smith and Charles Darwin called ____________ the glue of cooperative communities.

A) gratitude
B) happiness
C) working together
D) expressing emotion

Question 52

Bill and Janet want to take their children on a backpacking trip.Research suggests that if they want to increase the probability that their children will look back on the trip and think it was great fun, Bill and Janet should try to

A) make sure that the trip is as long as possible.
B) make sure that peak moments during the trip are less emotional than nonpeak moments.
C) make sure that that the entire trip is consistently fun.
D) make sure that the end of the trip is extremely fun.

Question 53

According to the textbook, why is it beneficial to put emotions into words and write a narrative of your life, especially during stressful times?

A) Writing about your problems can make you realize that you need to get outside help.
B) Inhibiting expressing emotion can lead to stress, so expressing your emotions in writing helps to reduce stress.
C) Writing a life narrative helps you choose less stressful events to participate in.
D) Writing about emotion actually does not bring any real benefits.

Question 54

The secondary appraisal process is characterized by automatic positive or negative evaluations.

Question 55

Shame is more likely to be a focal emotion for people living in interdependent cultures than for people living in independent cultures.

Question 56

The feelings-as-information perspective predicts that weather does not influence individuals' emotional states.

Question 57

Lois has just won a lottery that netted her a great deal of money.According to research on happiness, Lois should be ____________ as a result.

A) less happy
B) not much happier, especially if she has attended college
C) much happier
D) happier only if she already lives in a wealthy nation

Question 58

In the United States during the 1970s and 1980s

A) married and unmarried people reported equivalent levels of happiness.
B) 25 percent of married people said they were "very happy."
C) 50 percent of unmarried people said they were "very happy."
D) compared with unmarried people, married people were twice as likely to say that they were "very happy."

Question 59

Gilbert and colleagues (1998)compared the happiness estimates of people in a relationship who predicted how they would feel if they broke up with the happiness levels of people who had recently ended a relationship.What did they find?

A) People estimated they would be happier compared with those who had actually broken up.
B) People estimated they would be less happy compared with those who had actually broken up.
C) There was no difference between the estimated happiness of those in a relationship and the actual happiness of those who had actually broken up.
D) The unhappier people thought they would be, the less likely they were actually to break up with their relationship partners.

Question 60

The textbook describes research by Davidson examining the effects of mindful meditation on Tibetan monks.Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

A) Monks who mediated more were more introspective and less likely to show affective forecasting biases.
B) The Tibetan monks showed greater activity in the left frontal lobes, regions associated with positive emotions.
C) The Tibetan monks showed greater activity in the right frontal lobes, regions associated with negative emotions.
D) Mediation did not seem to affect happiness.