Deck 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

____________ posits that a person's self-concept and self-esteem are based in part on group membership and group success.

A) Self-perception theory
B) Social verification theory
C) Interpersonal self-concept theory
D) Social identity theory

Answer 1

Social identity theory

Question 2

Recall that one study asked prejudiced and unprejudiced white participants to evaluate black and white college applicants (identified by photos attached to their applications)whose qualifications varied.What did this study show?

A) Both prejudiced and unprejudiced participants rated black applicants with excellent qualifications less favorably than white applicants with excellent qualifications.
B) When the applicants had mixed qualifications (that is, they excelled at some things and did not excel at others), prejudiced participants rated the black applicants less favorably than the unprejudiced participants.
C) When the applicants had either generally excellent qualifications or generally weak qualifications, prejudiced and unprejudiced participants rated white and black applicants similarly.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Answer 2

Both b and c are correct.

Question 3

Research shows that people are more likely to stereotype others or give in to their prejudices when ____________.

A) they are told they performed well on an experimental task.
B) their own self-esteem is threatened.
C) they receive praise from ingroup members.
D) they try hard not to use stereotypes to judge others.

Answer 3

their own self-esteem is threatened.

Question 4

Sarah took the implicit association test (IAT)and found that she responded faster when "strong" words were paired with male names, compared with when "strong" words were paired with female names.What does this finding suggest?

A) Sarah has a stereotype that women are stronger than men.
B) Sarah has a stereotype that men are stronger than women.
C) Sarah has a stereotype that male names are more attractive than female names.
D) Sarah does not have any stereotypes about gender and strength.

Question 5

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues conducted the "Robbers Cave" study, which generated conflict between two groups of boys.This study showed that

A) a superordinate goal reduced intergroup conflict.
B) outgroup favoritism occurred.
C) simple noncompetitive contact reduced intergroup conflict.
D) ingroup cohesion is unlikely to occur when resources are scarce.

Question 6

Recall that Glick and Fiske studied positive and negative stereotypes about women in 19 different countries.These researchers argue that

A) benevolent sexism cannot coexist with hostile sexism.
B) negative stereotypes have troublesome consequences, but positive stereotypes do not.
C) positive stereotypes can have troublesome consequences.
D) ambivalent sexist attitudes are easy for people to change.

Question 7

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the essence of social identity theory?

A) Oliver's sense of self was shaped by his mother's parenting style.
B) Laura's sense of self depends primarily on her personal achievements.
C) Jason's sense of self is determined by the triumphs and tribulations of his fraternity.
D) Mimi's sense of self is determined by dispositional factors.

Question 8

Modern racism in the United States is characterized by

A) prejudice directed at other racial groups that coexists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs.
B) possessing explicitly racist beliefs that encourage outgroup favoritism.
C) competition between racial groups that results from scarce resources.
D) an erroneous belief about the personal characteristics of an outgroup.

Question 9

Mr.Biggs sets up his fifth grade classroom so that students need to teach each other and cooperate in order to do well.Thus, Mr.Biggs is applying

A) the subcategorization procedure.
B) intergroup cooperation theory.
C) the minimal group paradigm.
D) the jigsaw classroom technique.

Question 10

The results of the "Robbers Cave" study suggest that ____________ creates more conditions that promote favorable intergroup contact than do ____________.

A) universities; the military.
B) the military; universities.
C) middle schools; high schools.
D) high schools; middle schools.

Question 11

Frustration-induced aggression tends to be

A) displaced toward authoritarian groups.
B) displaced toward relatively powerless groups.
C) directed toward groups that have desirable resources.
D) directed toward relatively high-status groups.

Question 12

Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that

A) groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria tend to show ingroup favoritism.
B) groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria do not tend to show ingroup favoritism.
C) ingroup favoritism is stronger in heterogeneous than homogeneous groups.
D) ingroup favoritism is weaker in heterogeneous than homogeneous groups.

Question 13

Janet believes that all Asians are polite and good at math.Janet is engaging in

A) discrimination.
B) stereotyping.
C) prejudicial thinking.
D) hostile racism.

Question 14

Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from

A) deficits in self-control.
B) erroneous categorizing and subtyping processes.
C) threats to self-esteem.
D) competition over limited resources.

Question 15

If experimental groups are created using the minimal group paradigm, which of the following characteristics do these groups have?

A) Participants will be separated by gender, with males in one group and females in another group.
B) Participants will be separated by race, with white participants in one group and black participants in another.
C) Groups will be created using meaningless and arbitrary criteria so that there is no real difference between the groups.
D) Groups will be created by allowing participants to choose whom they would rather work with.

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios illustrates "basking in reflected glory"?

A) feeling happy when you receive an A on your paper
B) congratulating a friend on a job well done
C) exaggerating how much effort you put into a group project
D) wearing your school's T-shirt whenever its football team wins

Question 17

According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when

A) groups must work together to meet a superordinate goal.
B) material resources are scarce.
C) ethnocentric beliefs are weak.
D) the groups value different types of material resources.

Question 18

Stereotypes are

A) unspoken instances of animosity toward certain groups.
B) negative behaviors directed toward members of particular groups.
C) negative affective responses toward certain groups.
D) generalizations about groups that are often applied to individual group members.

Question 19

The ____________ has been shown to reveal unconscious prejudices of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups.

A) implicit association test
B) draw-a-person test
C) internal attitudes test
D) true beliefs test

Question 20

Bill's belief that all African Americans are good at sports exemplifies ____________.Bill's refusal to hire African Americans exemplifies ____________.

A) discrimination; ethnocentrism.
B) prejudice; stereotyping.
C) stereotyping; discrimination.
D) racism; modern racism.

Question 21

While sitting in a restaurant with a friend, John looks across the street and sees a black man shoving a white man.Research suggests that if John is white, he is likely to

A) assume that the white person made a racist remark.
B) look away and continue his conversation.
C) recall the black man's face accurately.
D) assume that the black man was behaving aggressively.

Question 22

The ____________ perspective emphasizes that stereotypes can be useful categories that allow us to process information efficiently.

A) economic
B) emotional
C) motivational
D) cognitive

Question 23

"Basking in reflected glory" refers to a tendency to

A) overestimate our own contributions to a group effort.
B) take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom we are associated.
C) mistakenly believe that we are responsible for someone else's accomplishments.
D) expect ingroup favoritism after a major accomplishment.

Question 24

Patricia Devine's research indicates that the activation of stereotypes is typically ____________, and thus stereotypes ____________.

A) a rapid process; have only weak effects on people's behavior toward each other
B) an associative process; rarely lead to prejudice or discrimination
C) a controlled process; influence social judgments in everyday life
D) automatically controlled; are difficult for people to ignore

Question 25

People are more likely to form judgments on the basis of stereotypes when they are ____________ than when they are ____________.

A) alert; sleepy.
B) extraverted; introverted.
C) at a low point in their circadian rhythm; at a high point in their circadian rhythm.
D) making judgments in the morning; making judgments at night.

Question 26

According to the textbook, sexists who believe that all women are passive, dependent, and unintelligent maintain this stereotype by

A) attributing women's behaviors to situational factors.
B) discounting information that is stereotype consistent.
C) evoking delusional thought processes.
D) categorizing active, independent, and smart women as special exceptions.

Question 27

Recall that Devine and her colleagues studied whether high- and low-prejudiced people would differ with respect to their automatic and/or controlled processing of stereotypic information.The first part of their study entailed presenting participants with neutral words (number, animal)or words stereotypically associated with blacks (welfare, jazz).All of this information was presented subliminally.Then, participants were asked to read a story about a person who acted in an ambiguously hostile manner.All participants then rated the hostility of this person.Finally, participants were asked to list characteristics of black Americans.Results showed that

A) both high- and low-prejudiced participants who had been exposed to black stereotype words rated the person in the story as more hostile and more negative overall than participants who had been exposed to the neutral words.
B) high- and low-prejudiced participants who had been exposed to black stereotype words listed about the same number of negative characteristics stereotypically associated with blacks.
C) high-prejudiced participants who had been exposed to black stereotype words listed more negative characteristics stereotypically associated with blacks than did low-prejudiced participants.
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 28

Frustration-aggression theory predicts that the probability of

A) insulting someone else should be higher after getting reprimanded by one's boss.
B) committing a violent act should be lower after losing a loved one to illness.
C) intergroup conflict should be lower when material resources are scarce.
D) performing well on a task should be lower after one takes part in an argument or physical confrontation.

Question 29

Recall that Payne and colleagues showed that white participants were faster to identify a weapon as a weapon when it was preceded by a picture of an African American face as opposed to a white face.Subsequent research suggests that this effect is due to

A) a stereotypic association between handguns and African Americans.
B) generally negative attitudes toward African Americans.
C) deliberative cognitive processing of information about African Americans.
D) motivated inattention to stereotype-inconsistent information.

Question 30

Research on the principle of paired distinctiveness has shown that people tend to ____________ a negative behavior is performed by members of a ____________.

A) overestimate how often; minority group
B) underestimate how often; minority group
C) feel more angry when; minority group
D) feel more angry when; majority group

Question 31

Recall that Payne (2001)had participants decide as quickly as possible whether an object depicted in a photograph was a handgun or a hand tool (for example, pliers).Each photograph was immediately preceded by a picture of either a black face or a white face.Results showed that ____________.

A) black participants identified a weapon as a weapon more quickly than did white participants; however, white participants identified a hand tool as a hand tool more quickly than black participants.
B) black participants were faster to identify a weapon as a weapon when it was preceded by a white face than a black face; however, black participants were faster to identify a hand tool as a hand tool when it was preceded by a black face than a white face.
C) white participants were faster to identify a weapon as a weapon when it was preceded by a black face; however, white participants were faster to identify a hand tool as a hand tool when it was preceded by a white face.
D) white participants identified a weapon as a weapon and a hand tool as a hand tool more quickly than did black participants.

Question 32

Research indicates that automatic, negative associations to members of various stigmatized groups appear to be more easily activated among

A) high-school educated people than among college-educated people.
B) children than among adults.
C) prejudiced individuals than among nonprejudiced individuals.
D) men than among women.

Question 33

According to the social psychological concepts of distinctiveness and the illusory correlation, ____________ on the part of members of ____________ are particularly distinctive and memorable.

A) negative behaviors; majority groups
B) positive behaviors; majority groups
C) negative behaviors; minority groups
D) positive behaviors; minority groups

Question 34

According to the textbook, stereotyping can sometimes be ____________ because it can ____________ our social environment.

A) justified; increase our attention to the details of
B) useful; decrease the time and effort needed to deal with
C) destructive; lead us to introspect too much about
D) harmful; decrease the predictability of

Question 35

Recall that Stone and his colleagues had participants listen to a play-by-play account of a college basketball game.The researchers manipulated whether participants thought a particular player named Mark was black or white.Results showed that

A) participants who thought Mark was black believed he was less athletic and played generally less well.
B) participants who thought Mark was white believed he was less athletic and played generally less well.
C) participants who thought Mark was black believed he showed more hustle, played a savvier game, was more athletic, and played generally better.
D) participants who thought Mark was white believed he showed more hustle, played a savvier game, was more athletic, and played generally better.

Question 36

Consider the following quote from the work of the social psychologist Dan Gilbert: "Stereotypic beliefs about women's roles, for example, may enable one to see correctly that a woman in a dark room is threading a needle rather than tying a fishing lure, but they may also cause one to mistakenly assume that her goal is embroidery rather than cardiac surgery." This quote illustrates the fact that

A) stereotypes bias how we construe behaviors.
B) discrimination leads to self-fulfilling prophecies.
C) stereotyping is mentally demanding.
D) prejudicial beliefs are often unconscious.

Question 37

Jim is prejudiced against Jewish people.Thus, Jim is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-inconsistent actions, such as an act of philanthropy, to ____________.In contrast, Jim is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-consistent actions, such as self-interested behavior, to ____________.

A) situational causes; dispositional causes
B) permanent factors; temporary factors
C) global causes; specific causes
D) personality traits; internal dispositions

Question 38

Research suggests that people tend to perceive ____________ variability of habit among members of the ingroup than they do among members of the outgroup because people are ____________

A) more; motivated to feel dissimilar to ingroup members.
B) less; more likely to notice the idiosyncrasies of outgroup members.
C) more; more likely to notice the idiosyncrasies of ingroup members.
D) less; motivated to feel similar to ingroup members.

Question 39

As discussed in the textbook, the American journalist Walter Lippmann stated that "the real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeting, for direct acquaintance....We have to construct it on a simpler model before we can manage with it." By a "simpler model," he means

A) priming.
B) discrimination.
C) paired distinctiveness.
D) a stereotype.

Question 40

The textbook describes a study that used the minimal group paradigm to divide participants into two groups.In this study, participants filled out an attitude questionnaire twice-once to record their own attitudes and once to record how they thought another ingroup or outgroup member might respond.Results showed that participants tended to

A) assume that their beliefs were more similar to those of fellow ingroup members than to those of outgroup members.
B) estimate ingroup members' beliefs more accurately than outgroup members' beliefs.
C) overestimate variability in ingroup attitudes but to underestimate variability in outgroup attitudes.
D) assume that ingroup members held more socially desirable beliefs than outgroup members.

Question 41

Thinking that members of a particular group are hostile, we may act toward them in a guarded manner.As a result, we may elicit a coldness that we see as proof of their hostility.This scenario captures the essence of

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) ingroup homogeneity.
C) paired distinctiveness.
D) correspondent inference.

Question 42

Bob believes strongly that the "typical" African American is good at sports and bad at business.Research suggests that if Bob encounters an African American who is bad at sports but an excellent businessman, he is likely to

A) believe even more strongly in the accuracy of his stereotype about the "typical" African American.
B) abandon any stereotypical beliefs about the "typical" African American.
C) invent a subtype of African Americans who can be good at business.
D) use stereotypes but not schemas when forming judgments about African Americans.

Question 43

Jenny asks herself, "Did my officemate get the promotion instead of me because I'm overweight or because I'm really less qualified?" This sort of thought illustrates the ____________ that members of stigmatized groups are likely to experience in everyday life.

A) stereotype threat
B) fundamental attribution mistake
C) attributional ambiguity
D) self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 44

People are most likely to rely on stereotypes when they lack mental energy.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements listed in the textbook for a situation in which contact between members of different groups will reduce prejudice?

A) clear penalties if group members show prejudice toward each other
B) one-on-one interactions between members of equal status
C) cooperative pursuit of superordinate goals
D) contact supported by social norms

Question 46

Members of stigmatized groups often cannot tell whether many of their experiences have the same origins as those of nonstigmatized groups or whether these experiences are the result of prejudice.Research on this attributional predicament in performance-based contexts has shown that

A) black participants' self-esteem was affected by negative feedback but not by positive feedback.
B) black participants were more likely to seek negative feedback than positive feedback.
C) compared with that of white students, black participants' self-esteem was more strongly affected by both positive feedback and negative feedback.
D) black participants' self-esteem was not affected by positive or negative feedback if they knew that their evaluators could see them.

Question 47

Research on stereotype threat has shown that female students performed

A) better on a verbal test when they took it in the presence of male students.
B) worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher.
C) worse on a verbal test when they had to indicate their gender on a demographic questionnaire.
D) better on a math test when they were threatened with punishment for doing poorly.

Question 48

The activation of stereotypes is typically automatically controlled, and thus stereotypes can be triggered even if one does not want them to be.

Question 49

A person can discriminate against Koreans without being prejudiced against them.

Question 50

The textbook suggests that even if schools are integrated, if children's parents don't encourage and support that integration, children will be less likely to meet and play with children from minority groups.In this case, which condition for reducing prejudice is NOT met?

A) clear penalties if group members show prejudice toward each other
B) one-on-one interactions between members of equal status
C) cooperative pursuit of superordinate goals
D) contact supported by social norms

Question 51

The outgroup homogeneity effect is people's tendency to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for ingroups than for outgroups.

Question 52

According to minimal group paradigm research, differences in background or differences in appearance are necessary for the development of intergroup hostility.

Question 53

Recall that Steele and Aronson (1995)showed that black participants performed relatively poorly on a test when they were led to believe it was a particularly good measure of intellectual ability.Which of the following concepts is most closely related to this finding?

A) illusory correlation
B) attributional ambiguity
C) stereotype threat
D) distinctiveness pairing

Question 54

A certain college student believes that all male professors think alike, act alike, and look alike.Thus, this student is demonstrating the ____________ effect.

A) memory distortion
B) outgroup homogeneity
C) group generalization
D) oversimplification

Question 55

Performance by members of stigmatized groups can be enhanced by stereotype threat.

Question 56

Social identity theory predicts that difficult economic conditions should produce aggression against weak groups.

Question 57

____________ is the fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding one's own group.

A) Self-fulfilling prejudice
B) Scapegoating
C) Prejudice aversion
D) Stereotype threat

Question 58

A stereotype can persist in the face of contradictory evidence because people create subtypes that accommodate exceptions to the stereotype.

Question 59

Realistic conflict theory acknowledges that groups sometimes conflict over economic issues.

Question 60

A stereotype is a negative attitude toward a certain group and its individual members.