Deck 9: Gene Expression and Gene Regulation

Question 1

Prions are created when normal proteins in the body ____.

A) combine with large ribosomal subunit and become infectious
B) exchange several long sections of amino acids with other infected proteins
C) refold into a different and infectious three-dimensional shape that kills cells in the brain and nervous system
D) undergo mutation and create hundreds of copies of themselves
E) invade the immune system, causing it to mistakenly destroy the body's healthy tissue

Answer 1

C

Question 2

At one end of a tRNA molecule is a sequence of 3 nucleotides called an anticodon that ____.

A) signals the production of a ribosome
B) signals the unwinding of the DNA coils
C) initiates the movement of mRNA out of the cell nucleus and into the cytoplasm
D) binds to its anti-complementary tRNA codon
E) binds to its complementary mRNA codon

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by the ____ and the results of chemical modifications and other processing events.

A) interaction of R groups
B) interaction with other polypeptide chains
C) amino acid sequence
D) bonds formed with other proteins
E) initiation complex

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Twenty different types of amino acids are used to make proteins.

Question 5

Translation begins when the DNA in a chromosome unwinds and one strand is used as a template to make a pre-mRNA molecule.

Question 6

The secondary structure of a protein forms ____.

A) pleated sheets or coils
B) when pleated sheet regions fold back on themselves
C) from interactions between polypeptide chains
D) from covalent bonding between amino acids
E) a functional chromatin unit

Question 7

Codons are ____ that encode the information for a specific amino acid in a protein.

A) made of two polynucleotide strands
B) ribosomal subunits
C) mRNA templates that are transcribed into tRNA
D) post-translational templates of tRNA
E) triplets of nucleotides in mRNA

Question 8

Prion diseases are always fatal and there is no treatment.

Question 9

An mRNA molecule has a cap attached to its 5' end and a poly-A tail attached to its 3' end.

Question 10

Each amino acid is encoded by only one mRNA codon.

Question 11

During translation,the rRNA in the large ribosomal subunit acts as an enzyme,linking amino acids together to form a polypeptide.

Question 12

The most common mutation in cystic fibrosis is the deletion of a single amino acid which results in a misfolded protein.

Question 13

mRNA is made up of introns that have been spliced together.

Question 14

During the elongation step of translation,____.

A) the small ribosomal subunit pairs with an anticodon
B) amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain
C) methionine is inserted at the beginning of all proteins
D) mRNA is transformed into tRNA
E) release factors bind to stop codons

Question 15

One gene is able to encode information for different forms of a protein via ____.

A) alternative splicing
B) primary splicing
C) secondary splicing
D) mRNA mutations
E) tRNA mutations

Question 16

Peptide bonds form between ____.

A) two amino groups
B) two carboxyl groups
C) a carboxyl group and an R group
D) an amino group and a carboxyl group
E) an amino group and an R group

Question 17

The codon encoding the amino acid methionine functions as a start codon when it occurs at the beginning of a gene.

Question 18

Amino acids are characterized by ____.

A) an amino group and a hydrogen bond
B) a carboxyl group and a hydrogen bond
C) two R groups
D) an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group
E) an amino group and a hydrochloric group

Question 19

Messenger RNA is a(n)____ of the amino acid-coding nucleotide sequence of a gene.

A) exact copy of the DNA template
B) exact copy of the tRNA template
C) double-stranded complementary copy
D) single-stranded complementary copy
E) single-stranded anti-complementary copy

Question 20

The set of proteins in a particular cell type is always equal to the number of genes in the genome.

Question 21

Archibald Garrod was the first to advance the idea that there is a direct link between ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 22

Tetracyclines interfere with ____.

A) DNA replication
B) initiation of transcription
C) initiation of translation
D) the process of protein folding
E) transport of proteins to the Golgi complex

Question 23

Amino acids that cannot be manufactured by the human body are called ____________________.

Question 24

Proteins are composed of subunits called ____ linked together by chemical bonds.

A) nucleotides
B) polynucleotides
C) mRNAs
D) amino acids
E) proteasomes

Question 25

In pre-mRNA processing,____.

A) exons are spliced out and used to produce ribosomal subunits
B) introns are spliced out and combined to form complete proteins
C) introns are spliced out and combined in the tRNA
D) exons are spliced out and the introns are combined in the mature mRNA
E) introns are spliced out and the exons are combined in the mature mRNA

Question 26

The primary structure of a protein is the ____________________ in a polypeptide chain.

Question 27

Transcribed DNA sequences that are removed during mRNA processing are called _____________________.

Question 28

A protein folded into an infectious conformation that is the cause of several disorders is called a(n)____________________.

Question 29

Each amino acid has a different side chain,called a(n)____.

A) amino strand
B) carboxyl group
C) R group
D) glucose pentose configuration
E) ribosomal attachment

Question 30

Of the 64 triplet combinations in the genetic code,____________________ code(s)for amino acids and ____________________ code(s)for the signal that ends protein synthesis.

Question 31

In the process of initiation,RNA polymerase and several regulatory proteins bind to a(n)____________________ that marks the beginning of a gene.

Question 32

The process of post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by micro-RNA molecules that stop translation is called ____.

A) RNA interference
B) micro-interference
C) translational interference
D) transcriptional disruption
E) disruptive genetic silencing

Question 33

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by errors in ____.

A) DNA replication
B) translation
C) transcription
D) protein folding
E) RNA template replication

Question 34

Most protein synthesis ____.

A) takes place on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) takes place inside the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) takes place inside the nucleus of the cell
D) relies on mitochondria to supply the amino acids necessary
E) is carried out by ribosomes on the Golgi complex

Question 35

A proteome is the set of ____________________ present in a particular cell at a specific time under a particular set of conditions.

Question 36

Cytoplasmic organelles composed of two subunits,one large and one small,which are the sites of polypeptide synthesis are called ____________________.

Question 37

Activated genes can be inactivated by reversing histone modification during a process called ____.

A) chromatin remodeling
B) histone remodeling
C) chromatin interference
D) interference remodeling
E) histone interference

Question 38

The tertiary structure of a protein is ____.

A) the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain
B) generated by the formation of bonds between amino acids
C) formed by a protein region folding on itself
D) formed by the interaction of two or more polypeptide chain
E) generated by bonding and folding of ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 39

____ nucleotides form the code for one amino acid.

A) Two
B) Three
C) Six
D) Nine
E) Twelve

Question 40

The process of turning genes on and off is called ____________________.

Question 41

Elaborate on the idea that proteins are the workhorse molecules of the cell.

Question 42

Outline the three stages involved in the transcription of a DNA molecule.

Question 43

Figure 9.11

Summarize the sequence of processing,sorting,and transport of proteins synthesized in a human cell.Then indicate which cell component corresponds with each number above.

Question 44

Explain how the composition and distribution of codons among living organisms provide evidence for evolution from a common ancestor.

Question 45

George Beadle and Edward Tatum discovered the key step in showing that genes produce ____________________ through the action of proteins.

Question 46

Describe the three steps of translation.

Question 47

Outline the series of steps that transfers genetic information from the linear sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Question 48

The RNA molecule involved in both transcription and translation is ____________________.

Question 49

Discuss the concept and consequences of built-in redundancy as it applies to amino acid sequences,and include an example.

Question 50

During processing in the nucleus,a(n)____________________ is added to the 3' end of mRNA molecules.

Question 51

Another name for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)is ____________________.

Question 52

A mechanism of gene regulation that controls the amount of mRNA available for translation is called ____________________.

Question 53

Proteins are the intermediary between a(n)____________________ and a(n)____________________.

Question 54

If the nucleotide sequence in a DNA template strand is GGCTTAACCATT; the complementary mRNA strand will have the sequence ____________________.

Question 55

An N-terminus is the end of a(n)____________________ that has a free amino group.

Question 56

A protein that guides the folding of a polypeptide into a functional,three-dimensional shape,converting the polypeptide into a protein is called a(n)____________________.

Question 57

Explain why vegetarians and vegans might be deficient in some amino acids.

Question 58

Explain how chromatin remodeling can involve changes to DNA instead of histones.

Question 59

Outline the four levels of protein structure that give the protein its three-dimensional shape and determine its function.

Question 60

Proteins are made in the ____________________,but are present in all parts of the cell.