Deck 10: Relationships and Attraction

Question 1

Catherine and Greg currently have an exchange relationship with one another.This means that their relationship is likely ____________ and is governed by ____________.

A) short term; the principle of need.
B) long term; the principle of need.
C) short term; principles of equity and reciprocity.
D) long term; principles of equity and reciprocity.

Answer 1

short term; principles of equity and reciprocity.

Question 2

The term ____________ refers to the idea that a building's layout can encourage contact between some people but discourage contact between other people.

A) functional distance
B) objective distance
C) social distance
D) serviceable distance

Answer 2

functional distance

Question 3

The attachment style most closely associated with excessive attempts to get close to others and worrying continually about these relationships is

A) secure.
B) anxious-preoccupied.
C) dismissive-avoidant.
D) secure-avoidant.

Answer 3

anxious-preoccupied.

Question 4

As discussed in the textbook, principles of ____________ explain why the mere exposure effect occurs.

A) reciprocity
B) operant learning
C) punishment
D) classical conditioning

Question 5

Because they are currently are in a(n)________________ relationship, Bobby and Cindy feel a special responsibility for one another and expect that they will be together for a long time.

A) individualistic
B) communal
C) sharing
D) casual

Question 6

Artie and Robyn just broke up.Robyn calls her best friend to talk about it.She says, "Artie is the kind of guy who never seemed to feel comfortable with intimacy or being in love.He just didn't seem to trust, need, or depend on me.In fact, he would even tell me that I loved him more than I should, and this made him nervous." According to this description, Artie's attachment style is best characterized as

A) anxious-preoccupied.
B) secure.
C) dismissive-avoidant.
D) resistant.

Question 7

Recall that Mary Ainsworth classified the attachment patterns of infants according to how they responded to separations and reunions with their caregivers.Which of the following is NOT one of the styles she specified?

A) anxious
B) secure
C) communal
D) avoidant

Question 8

Consider the following quote from William Whyte Jr.: "Despite the fact that a person can pick and choose from a vast number of people to make friends with, such things as the placement of a stoop or the direction of a street often have more to do with determining who is friends with whom." This quote captures the essence of how ____________ can influence relationships.

A) similarity
B) propinquity
C) mere exposure
D) physicality

Question 9

Gwendolyn is considering whether to become involved in her first dating relationship but is not sure what to expect in terms of how she or her potential boyfriend would likely behave in the relationship.What would Andersen and Chen's relational self theory say about Gwendolyn's question?

A) People form relationships that maximize reward and minimize punishment.
B) Relationships are governed by principles of reciprocity.
C) People form relationships in order to gain resources, perspectives, and life experiences.
D) Prior relationships shape our current beliefs, feelings, and interactions.

Question 10

A natural experiment involves

A) using self-selection to increase the validity of study results.
B) observing what happens under naturally occurring conditions.
C) randomly assigning participants to different conditions.
D) studying participants only when they are outdoors.

Question 11

If the need to belong is universal, then this need should occur in

A) relationships with parents but not with friends.
B) humans but not animals.
C) individualist cultures but not collectivist cultures.
D) cultures around the world.

Question 12

Janet often encounters John at school.Because of this, they end up becoming friends.This scenario illustrates how ____________ influences interpersonal attraction.

A) equity
B) physical attractiveness
C) reciprocity
D) propinquity

Question 13

Cassandra and Martin have been dating for some time.Cassandra recently gave Martin a framed print of a painting she had noticed him admiring on a previous trip to the museum.Martin now feels that he should buy Cassandra a bottle of her favorite perfume as a way of repaying her kindness.Which theory best explains Martin's response to Cassandra's gift?

A) social exchange theory
B) reciprocity theory
C) equity theory
D) complementarity theory

Question 14

People living in East Asian and Latin American societies are inclined to take a(n)____________ stance in various social situations, whereas people living in European and Commonwealth countries are inclined to take a(n)____________ stance in these situations.

A) secure; avoidant
B) exchange; communal
C) avoidant; secure
D) communal; exchange

Question 15

____________ claims that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards as well as the costs and rewards of other relationships available to them.

A) Social exchange theory
B) Equity theory
C) Similarity theory
D) Tit-for-tat theory

Question 16

Veronica was rejected and belittled by both of her parents and teased by her classmates.According to John Bowlby, Veronica would create representations of the availability, warmth, and likely actions of other people.He called these representations

A) working models of relationships.
B) cognitive schemas.
C) repressed unconscious traumas.
D) relational models.

Question 17

Kristin's mother was very critical and hard to please.As a result, Kristen often felt ashamed and nervous around her mother.Years later, Kristin took a job where her boss was critical and hard to please-just like her mother! According to ____________, Kristin is likely to feel ashamed and nervous around her boss, which in turn will shape the nature of their relationship.

A) relational self theory
B) self-expansion theory
C) transactive memory theory
D) social dominance theory

Question 18

According to the textbook, the strongest support for the claim that we have a need to belong comes from the finding that

A) when we lose a friendship, we do not seek out new friendships.
B) only humans form long-lasting relationships.
C) relationships are vital to our physical and mental well-being.
D) relationship styles vary among cultures.

Question 19

Gina is about to have her first baby.To learn more about how to raise a securely attached child, she has just read an article about John Bowlby's research, which emphasizes that attachment style

A) fluctuates in accordance with momentary changes in our moods and desires.
B) is shaped by how the child is treated during infancy.
C) is genetically inherited (as opposed to environmentally determined).
D) is likely to change from one style to another over the life span.

Question 20

According to social exchange theory, people

A) seek out rewards in their interactions with others, but they are not willing to pay certain costs in order to obtain them.
B) seek out rewards in their interactions with others, and they are willing to pay certain costs in order to obtain them.
C) tend to pursue those interactions that require the least effort.
D) tend to pursue those interactions that require the most effort.

Question 21

Recall that Burgess and Wallin (1953)studied the personality characteristics of hundreds of engaged couples.Specifically, they compared couples who planned to marry each other with "random" couples they created by pairing individual members of one couple with individual members of another couple.Results showed that members of engaged couples were significantly

A) less similar to each other.
B) more similar to each other on a majority of the personality characteristics.
C) more similar to each other on a minority of the personality characteristics.
D) more outgoing and confident.

Question 22

Joseph is energetic and fun-loving and craves attention from other people.He also wants to find a girlfriend.According to this information and social psychological research, Joseph is most likely to be attracted to a woman who is

A) conscientious.
B) intellectual.
C) shy.
D) extraverted.

Question 23

Jim was just convicted of drunken driving.The findings of a social psychological research study suggest that Jim may be given a lighter jail sentence if he

A) is physically attractive.
B) is happy and confident.
C) sits far away from the jury.
D) wears light-colored clothing.

Question 24

Vivica finds Dion physically attractive.Judging from his appearance, she assumes that he is also outgoing and honest.Vivica is displaying the ____________.

A) complementarity hypothesis.
B) mere exposure effect.
C) halo effect.
D) counterbalancing principle.

Question 25

According to the textbook, we are attracted to people who are similar to us because they

A) expose us to new ways of thinking about old ideas.
B) have our best interests at heart.
C) validate our own beliefs.
D) keep us from becoming narcissistic.

Question 26

Sternberg's triangular theory of love holds that there are three major components of love.One of them is commitment.The other two are

A) intimacy and power.
B) intimacy and passion.
C) security and passion.
D) emotion and cognition.

Question 27

Recall that Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977)conducted a study in which men spoke with a woman over the telephone.Using different photographs, the researchers manipulated the men's beliefs about the woman's physical attractiveness.The woman did not know whether any given man believed her to be attractive or unattractive.The results of this study are ____________ with the self-fulfilling prophecy.Specifically, ____________.

A) consistent; the woman showed greater social skill when talking to men who thought she was attractive.
B) inconsistent; the woman showed greater social skill when talking to men who thought she was attractive.
C) consistent; the woman seemed more familiar to men who thought she was attractive.
D) inconsistent; the woman seemed more familiar to men who thought she was attractive.

Question 28

Leon finds himself attracted to women whose physical appearance suggests that they are very healthy.Evolutionary theorists would argue that, whether he realizes it or not, Leon is attending to the ____________ of the women he encounters.

A) biological readiness
B) complementarity
C) reproductive fitness
D) kinship selectivity

Question 29

According to the textbook, ____________ is the rule and ____________ is the exception where the formation of relationships is concerned.

A) similarity; complementarity
B) similarity; propinquity
C) complementarity; similarity
D) the halo effect; mere exposure effect

Question 30

Evolutionary psychology predicts that women (relative to men)ought to be ____________ selective in their choice of mates because their levels of parental investment (relative to men's)are ____________.

A) less; high
B) more; high
C) less; low
D) more; low

Question 31

As discussed in the textbook, social psychologists have used the bogus stranger paradigm to study the effects of ____________ on liking.

A) physical attractiveness
B) propinquity
C) similarity
D) intelligence

Question 32

Kevin is writing an ad for the singles section of his local newspaper.According to the evolutionary theory of attraction, which piece of information below should he mention to increase the odds that women will respond to his ad?

A) his high income
B) his political affiliation
C) his hobbies and interests
D) his sense of humor

Question 33

Recall that Leon Festinger and his colleagues conducted research at a university housing project called Westgate West.Among other things, they examined friendship formation among apartment residents who lived the same distance from each other.On Floor A, one of the two apartments was near the stairwell.On Floor B, however, neither of the two apartments was near the stairwell.Study results showed that the residents living on Floor A were twice as likely to become friends, compared with the residents living on Floor B.This finding illustrates the impact of ____________.

A) physical distance.
B) similarity.
C) functional distance.
D) sociometric distance.

Question 34

Recall that through either photographic or computer technology, researchers can make a composite (or "averaged")face out of any number of individual faces.When people are asked to rate the attractiveness of composite faces relative to individual faces,

A) men tend to prefer composite faces, but women tend to prefer individual faces.
B) men tend to prefer individual faces, but women tend to prefer composite faces.
C) regardless of sex, people tend to prefer individual faces.
D) regardless of sex, people tend to prefer composite faces.

Question 35

Jerome heard that Liza has a great sense of humor.On meeting her for the first time, Jerome encourages Liza to share jokes she has heard and to tell him about comedy films she has seen.Although Liza does not see herself as especially funny, she obliges Jerome, and he concludes that what he had heard about Liza is true.Which of the following phenomena is most closely reflected in the exchange between Jerome and Liza?

A) the mere exposure effect
B) sociometry
C) the halo effect
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 36

Barbara wants Jason-her new boss-to like her.To this end, Barbara should try all of the following EXCEPT

A) making herself more physically attractive.
B) disagreeing with her boss so that he will see she can think for herself.
C) working in an office that is closer to her boss.
D) voicing similar opinions during casual conversations.

Question 37

Which of the following occurrences is a reflection of the mere exposure effect?

A) Museum visitors have especially favorable attitudes toward paintings that they view at the end of their visit.
B) The public immediately prefers a company's new logo to the existing logo.
C) Radio listeners like a song the station plays many times more than they like a song the station plays a few times.
D) Students memorize humorous poems faster than dramatic poems.

Question 38

Physically attractive people generally feel ____________ than people who are comparatively less attractive.

A) happier
B) less stressed
C) more in control of their lives
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 39

According to the textbook, two physical features that signal health and reproductive fitness are

A) averageness and bilateral symmetry.
B) anomalous faces and wide hips.
C) gender and ethnicity.
D) distinctiveness and facial symmetry.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about physical attractiveness is FALSE?

A) Unattractive adults tend to feel less happy (relative to attractive adults).
B) Signs of a halo effect are found in both individualist and collectivist cultures.
C) There is no tendency for people to treat unattractive children less fairly (relative to attractive children).
D) Physical attractiveness has a stronger impact on the lives of women (relative to men).

Question 41

According to research by Levenson and Gottman, ____________ undermines relationships.It entails rejecting and looking down on someone else.

A) contempt
B) denial
C) defensiveness
D) avoidance

Question 42

Peggy is a generally neurotic person.According to research discussed in the textbook, Peggy is particularly

A) likely to experience relationship problems.
B) likely to get married.
C) unlikely to have strong reactions to conflict.
D) likely to come from a lower socioeconomic status (SES)background.

Question 43

Mary Ainsworth defined these three attachment styles: passionate, companionate, and intimate.

Question 44

Susie is participating in research that assesses how strong the bonds between her and her relationship partner are.She responds to a question asking, "All things considered, how attractive are the people other than your partner with whom you could become involved?" This question is measuring which element of the commitment model of relationships?

A) rewards
B) alternatives
C) investments
D) satisfaction

Question 45

Physically unattractive infants (relative to attractive infants)tend to receive equivalent levels of affectionate and playful attention from their mothers.

Question 46

Mortality rates are higher for divorced, unmarried, and widowed individuals.

Question 47

The triangular theory of love holds that just two factors, intimacy and commitment, combine to form consummate love.

Question 48

Larry suspects that his girlfriend wants to break up with him.Being a rather mean-spirited fellow, Larry tells his girlfriend that if she breaks up with him, she will be alone and will never find another boyfriend.Thus, to manipulate his girlfriend, Larry is focusing on the ____________ component of Carol Rusbult's investment model.

A) investment
B) alternatives
C) rewards
D) passion

Question 49

Sternberg's triangular theory of love would predict that ____________ will be most prevalent in a long-term marriage.

A) commitment and passion
B) passion and intimacy
C) security and intimacy
D) intimacy and commitment

Question 50

Karen tends to idealize her husband, which means that she

A) underestimates his virtues.
B) accurately perceives his virtues and his faults.
C) overestimates his virtues and underestimates his faults.
D) overestimates his virtues and accurately perceives his faults.

Question 51

Carol Rusbult's investment model of interpersonal relationships holds that three things determine how committed people will be to their relationship.These things include

A) passion, rewards, and investment.
B) rewards, alternatives, and investment.
C) companionship, passion, and intimacy.
D) rewards, alternatives, and passion.

Question 52

Social exchange theory holds that people's primary motivation is to minimize their own utility and feelings of satisfaction.

Question 53

Given research findings on physical attraction, we would predict that Melissa, who is much more physically attractive than Sarah, is also likely to earn more money than Sarah.

Question 54

Evolutionary theory helps explain why cosmetics companies focus so extensively on marketing their "youth-enhancing" products to women.

Question 55

Research using the interaction dynamics approach yielded four behaviors that are particularly toxic to relationships.Which of the following is NOT one of those four behaviors?

A) stonewalling
B) contempt
C) defensiveness
D) idealizing

Question 56

Using measures of couples' behavior during a 15-minute conversation, Gottman and Levenson could predict who would stay married and who would get divorced with more than 90 percent accuracy.

Question 57

According to the textbook, research on attributions and relationships points to a characteristic way of explaining one's partner's behaviors that predicts relationship dissatisfaction and dissolution.This tendency is

A) reciprocity.
B) equity.
C) indifference.
D) blame.

Question 58

According to research on how relationships form, the statement "birds of a feather flock together" is more likely to explain friendships than the statement "opposites attract."

Question 59

Recall that John Gottman and Robert Levenson studied romantic couples.Working from their observations, they identified the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse." These "Horsemen" are types of

A) global values and attitudes that predict divorce rates.
B) personality traits that predict infidelity.
C) interpersonal behaviors that predict relationship problems.
D) demographic characteristics that predict infidelity.

Question 60

The investment model of interpersonal relationships holds that simple rewards are all a relationship needs in order to last.