Deck 11: Aggression

Question 1

Instead of getting into physical fights when they want to intimidate or get even with one another,adolescents sometimes spread vicious rumours to destroy the reputation of another student.These behaviours are an example of

A)extreme prejudice.
B)assertiveness.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)antisocial behaviour
E)hostile aggression.

Answer 1

instrumental aggression.

Question 2

Ethologist Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1963)raised rats in isolation.When other rats were finally introduced into their cages,rats raised alone _______,suggesting that _______.

A)fled from the new rats; aggression must be learned.
B)used the same aggressive behaviours as other rats; aggression need not be learned.
C)did not aggress against them; instrumental aggression does not exist in nonhumans.
D)could not defend themselves; aggression is learned.
E)become more aggressive than other rates; isolation leads to aggression.

Answer 2

used the same aggressive behaviours as other rats; aggression need not be learned.

Question 3

Hostile aggression differs from instrumental aggression in that instrumental aggression

A)is more destructive than hostile aggression.
B)involves inflicting pain as a means to an end.
C)is more likely to result in retaliation.
D)often follows from anger or frustration.
E)usually involves inflicting only psychological pain,and not physical pain.

Answer 3

involves inflicting pain as a means to an end.

Question 4

In an attempt to debunk the myth that aggression is instinctual,biologist Zing Yang Kuo (1961)raised a kitten in the same cage with a rat.Not only did the cat refrain from killing the rat,but the two became quite close companions.This experiments demonstrated that

A)aggression is not instinctual.
B)the aggressive instinct can be inhibited by early experience.
C)it is possible to learn to discriminate-the cat would not attach rats but would still attack other animals.
D)the aggressive instinct can be inhibited in an artificial environment.
E)the aggressive instinct can be inhibited in some species but not in others.

Question 5

Two necessary preconditions for an action to be viewed by social psychologists as "aggression" include _______ and _______.

A)intention to cause pain; success in doing so.
B)actual harm; intention to cause pain.
C)physical pain; psychological pain.
D)intention to harm; psychological or physical pain.
E)physical pain; an emotional reaction.

Question 6

_______ aggression is an act that stems from feelings of anger and that is aimed at inflicting pain.

A)Misplaced
B)Intentional
C)Malicious
D)Instrumental
E)Hostile

Question 7

_______ is defined as behaviour that causes pain,is meant to cause pain,and stems from feelings of anger,whereas _______ is defined as behaviour that causes pain,but is really a means to some other goal.

A)Assertiveness; general aggression
B)Instrumental aggression; hostile aggression
C)Instrumental aggression; assertiveness
D)Hostile aggression; instrumental aggression
E)Hostile aggression; assertiveness

Question 8

Which of the following is the best example of hostile aggression?

A)Bernie is angry at his mother and screams at her,"I hate you!"
B)Walter is angry and ignore a friend's request for a favor.
C)Angela threatens her younger brother to force him to give up his toy.
D)A lineman sacks a quarterback to put him out of the game.
E)An angry driver loses control and runs his car into a ditch.

Question 9

For 20 years,Debbie has bottled up her resentment toward her mother.Not coincidentally,she's developed a horrible skin rash,cannot sleep,and has lost her appetite.Debbie's situation is an example of

A)sociopathic behaviour.
B)a Freudian concept of aggression.
C)hostile aggression.
D)instrumental aggression.
E)misplaced aggression.

Question 10

_______ is to instinct toward life as _______ is to instinct toward death.

A)Jean Jacques Rousseau Thomas Hobbes
B)Eros; Thanatos
C)Jean Jacques Rousseau; Sigmund Freud
D)Daryl Bem; Leon Festinger
E)Ego; Id

Question 11

How does bonobos society deal with conflict?

A)They defuse tension by having sex.
B)There is aggressive conflict,but only among females.
C)There is aggressive interaction,but among both males and females in mixed sex combat.
D)They have a clear and unchallenged hierarchy with a female firmly in charge of the group.
E)They eject members who prove too aggressive.

Question 12

According to the social-psychological definition of "aggression," which of the behaviours below is the best example of aggression?

A)A student is upset with their professor after they receive a failing grade.
B)One basketball player fouls another when he is trying to shoot.
C)A child throws a temper tantrum and tries to hit his father.
D)David is not paying attention and runs over the neighbour's cat as he backs out of the driveway.
E)Amanda asserts herself with her boss and makes a spirited argument for a raise.

Question 13

Biologist Zing Yang Kuo (1961)demonstrated that a cat who had been raised from birth with a rat in the same cage would attack neither that specific rat nor other rats.This research suggests that

A)aggression is species specific.
B)aggressive instincts can be modified through experience.
C)conflict over scarce resources contributes to aggression.
D)aggression is a learned response.
E)aggressive behaviour is not instinctive.

Question 14

According to most social psychologists,aggression is defined as

A)any behaviour that inflicts emotional damage on another person.
B)the intention to cause harm to or pain in another.
C)the intention to relieve frustration by harming another.
D)any action that results in physical or psychological pain in another.
E)the infliction of harm or pain on another.

Question 15

Researchers have found that humans kill members of their own kind at ____ rate _____.

A)the same; as bonobos.
B)a lower; than bonobos.
C)a higher; than chimpanzees.
D)the same; as chimpanzees.
E)a lower; than chimpanzees.

Question 16

The goal of _______ aggression is to inflict pain,while the goal of _______ aggression is to achieve some other outcome.

A)hostile; instrumental
B)biological; evolutionary
C)evolutionary; biological
D)hostile; functional
E)functional; instrumental

Question 17

_______ aggression is an act in the service of a goal that does not involve the infliction of pain.

A)Oblique
B)Misplaced
C)Social
D)Hostile
E)Instrumental

Question 18

Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression?

A)Scott has a quick temper and gets into fights at parties.
B)Angry at her boyfriend,Liz destroys his stereo.
C)Karin runs over her neighbour's cat.
D)An assassin kills a leader to ensure the success of a coup.
E)Andrea slaps Bob because she is offended at something he said.

Question 19

When Sigmund Freud (1930,p.67)wrote,"It is at work in every living being and is striving to bring it to ruin and to reduce life to its original condition of inanimate matter," he was referring to

A)the ego.
B)instrumental aggression.
C)the death instinct.
D)the Nazi war machine.
E)evolutionary processes.

Question 20

Freud theorized that human beings are born with an instinct towards life which he called_______ and an equally powerful death instinct,_____________,which leads to aggressive actions.

A)Eros; Thanatos
B)Eros; Agape
C)Thanatos; Storge
D)Agape; Thanatos
E)Storge; Agape

Question 21

According to social psychologist Leonard Berkowitz (1993),human beings

A)unlike animals,possess no clear means to halt aggression once it starts.
B)possess a large brain,which suggests that there is no inborn tendency to aggress.
C)seem to have an inborn tendency to aggress against certain provocative stimuli.
D)often engage in hostile aggression,but seldom engage in instrumental aggression.
E)often engage in instrumental aggression,but seldom engage in hostile aggression.

Question 22

Deaux & LaFrance (1998)performed cross cultural observational research that addresses levels of aggression in children.Based on the results of their research,which of the following children would be most likely to engage in "nonplayful" pushing,hitting,and shoving on the playground?

A)Stacey,because she grew up in a large city
B)Bobby,because he grew up in the United States
C)Robyn,because her parents use threats of severe punishment
D)Namara,because he is a boy
E)Althea,because she spent her formative years in Ethiopia

Question 23

In a study by Carré and colleagues,men played a computer game against a fictitious opponent.Researchers varied the rewards and costs as well as provocation from the opponent.Results supported the idea that

A)testosterone levels will vary depending on situational factors.
B)men who produce high levels of testosterone are more aggressive.
C)testosterone levels are non-responsive to situational factors.
D)aggression-levels vary as a response to situational factors rather than testosterone levels.
E)aggression depends on serotonin levels to a greater extent than testosterone levels.

Question 24

A(n)_______ would be most optimistic about the possibility of reducing human aggression.

A)Freudian psychologist
B)Jungian psychologist
C)social psychologist
D)evolutionary psychologist
E)sociobiologist

Question 25

Researchers Wells,Graham,and West have conducted a number of studies on male behaviour in bars,observing both bouncers and patrons.What conclusions have they reached?

A)Bouncers used excessive aggression against bar patrons when the bouncers were intimidated and needed to defend themselves.
B)No conclusions can be drawn as it was just observational research.
C)If threats or fights occur it is usually in response to direct provocation.
D)They documented the existence of a macho subculture among male bar patrons.
E)Patrons in bars often provoke the bouncers to become aggressive.

Question 26

Survey research by Richard Nisbett (1993)has revealed that although Southerners in the United States are no more likely than Northerners to endorse aggression in general,

A)Southerners tend to endorse instrumental aggression but not hostile aggression.
B)Southerners are less likely to endorse aggression at the service of self-protection.
C)Southerners are more prone to aggress in response to insults.
D)the "culture of honor" in the North encourages alternatives to aggression.
E)the availability of handguns in the South produces more homicides there.

Question 27

Billy shows high levels of aggression on the playground,and his mother has attempted to determine the cause of his aggression.She has noted several facts about Billy that she thinks could be contributing to these aggressive displays.Which one of the following demonstrates a chemical cause for his aggression?

A)Billy's father was also very aggressive.
B)Billy's doctor found that Billy has exceptionally high levels of testosterone.
C)Billy's friends are also very aggressive boys.
D)Billy's mother consumed a great deal of alcohol when she was pregnant with Billy.
E)Billy watches a lot of violent cartoons.

Question 28

In Carré and colleagues' (2010)study of the testosterone levels of men who played a competitive computer game,which men showed an increase in testosterone?

A)Men who were provoked and for whom aggression was rewarding.
B)Men who were provoked and for whom aggression was costly.
C)Men who were unprovoked and for whom aggression was rewarding.
D)Men who were unprovoked and for whom aggression was costly.
E)Men who chose to help the experimenter rather than play another computer game.

Question 29

Based on research conducted with nonhuman animals,it is reasonable to conclude that aggression

A)may be instinctive-very few species are able to suppress aggressive urges.
B)is instinctive in all species except humans.
C)is not inevitable,but instead an optional strategy.
D)is not instinctive,but rather solely a result of learned processes.
E)is only instinctive in "lower" animals.

Question 30

The area in the core of the brain that is associated with aggressive behaviour is called

A)the corpus callosum.
B)the medulla oblongata.
C)the temporal lobe.
D)the amygdala.
E)the cerebellum.

Question 31

_______ is to the neural cause of aggression as _______ is to the chemical cause.

A)Arousal; frustration
B)The amygdala; testosterone
C)Frustration; arousal
D)An evolutionary explanation; a biological explanation
E)Testosterone; subcortical stimulation

Question 32

Which piece of evidence would best support the notion that aggressiveness involves a biological component in humans?

A)Across many cultures and classes,boys are consistently more aggressive than girls.
B)Some tribes show evidence that aggression among them is virtually nonexistent.
C)One particular culture can be peaceful for hundreds of years and then become aggressive due to changes in their living conditions.
D)Kuo (1961)raised a kitten in the same cage as a rat,and the cat grew up refusing to chase or kill any rat it encountered.
E)Across culture,aggression is generally exhibited in the same way.

Question 33

Although aggressiveness has evolved and has been maintained because it has survival value,researchers underscore the point that _______________ also seem to have developed strong inhibitory mechanisms that enable them to suppress aggression when it is in their best interest to do so.

A)nearly all organisms
B)nearly all vertebrates
C)cognitively developed species
D)most primates
E)only a few species

Question 34

Assume that Kyle grew up in the Southern United States,where a "culture of honor" predominates.Based on research conducted by Richard Nisbett (Nisbett,1993),Kyle would be more likely than a Northerner to behave aggressively when

A)he feels his life is threatened.
B)someone insults him.
C)he has been drinking.
D)he is with his girlfriend.
E)he has won a contest.

Question 35

Wells,Graham,and West (1998)suggested that members of a particular Canadian subculture,bouncers who work in bars,were most likely to act in an extremely aggressive manner because

A)the consumption of alcohol reduced inhibitions against aggressive behaviour.
B)of perceived threats to their masculinity and authority.
C)bar patrons tend to be aggressive.
D)people who are aggressive by nature tend to take those kinds of jobs.
E)the crowding and noise raised their levels of physiological arousal.

Question 36

James Dabbs and his colleagues have found that testosterone levels are significantly higher in men _______,suggesting a _______ contribution to aggression in humans.

A)convicted of property crimes; biological
B)who play professional sports; social
C)from abusive homes; chemical
D)convicted of violent crimes; chemical
E)from lower socioeconomic backgrounds; social

Question 37

During the seventeenth century,when European fur traders arrived,the Iroquois changed from a peace-loving tribe to fierce enemies of their neighbours,the Hurons.This suggests that

A)aggression is affected by innate propensities and learned inhibitory responses.
B)economic and social competition can elicit aggression.
C)instrumental aggression is inborn.
D)aggressive instincts can even vary within a culture.
E)tribal inbreeding selected for aggressive behaviours.

Question 38

Which statement best reflects most social psychologists' beliefs about the nature of aggression?

A)Aggression is the result of both inborn propensities and a particular situational context.
B)Aggression is based on normal inborn instincts.
C)Aggression is entirely determined by situational factors.
D)Aggression occurs when unexpressed emotions build up inside and must be expressed to relieve pressure.
E)Aggression is almost always maladaptive.

Question 39

The Pygmies of Central Africa and the Arapesh of New Guinea live in peace and harmony.Formerly peace-loving,the Iroquois became a fierce and aggressive Native American tribe in the seventeenth century.These examples illustrate that

A)humans will always eventually exhibit aggressive tendencies.
B)in humans,innate behavioural patterns,including aggression,are infinitely malleable and modifiable.
C)there are strong regional differences in the endorsement of aggression as a solution to social problems.
D)humans,lacking inhibitory mechanisms,must rely on cultural norms to curb aggression.
E)frustration often contributes to aggression in otherwise peaceable societies.

Question 40

Stimulation of the amygdala in dominant rhesus monkeys often yields aggression,whereas stimulation of the amygdala in less dominant monkeys may yield either fight or flight,depending on the status of another nearby monkey (Moyer,1976).These results suggest that in nonhuman primates

A)some additional structure at the core of the brain is involved in aggression.
B)aggression is primarily biologically determined.
C)both social and biological factors play a role in aggression.
D)aggression is primarily socially determined.
E)group norms influence the acceptability of aggression.

Question 41

Archer and McDaniel (1995)completed a cross-cultural study of adolescents' responses to conflict situations.Which of the following results from their 11-country study suggests that gender differences might be explained at least in part by biochemistry?

A)The responses of male and female adolescents in detention centers did not differ from one another.
B)There are only gender differences in instrumental aggression and not in hostile aggression.
C)Gender differences in endorsing aggression increased with increasing age.
D)Within any given country,men were more likely than women to endorse aggression.
E)Women in some countries were more likely than men from other countries to endorse aggression.

Question 42

Which research findings below provide the most sound evidence that excessive heat causes greater aggression?

A)Compared to students who took a test in a normal temperature room,test-taking students in a 32ºC room were more likely to express hostility toward a stranger.
B)In cities all over the country,riots are more likely to occur on hot days than on cold days.
C)Throughout the history of the World Series,more batters have been hit by pitched balls on hot days than on cool days.
D)There are fewer riots in Canadian cities than there are in American cities.
E)In Phoenix,drivers without air conditioning are more likely to honk at others than drivers with air conditioning.

Question 43

Identify the true statement concerning the link between alcohol and aggression.

A)When women show aggression it tends to be targeted towards other women in bars.
B)Alcohol consumption leads to an increase in aggression in males,but not in females.
C)Alcohol tends to interact with testosterone levels causing some individuals to be much more violent than others.
D)Marital violence is much more likely to occur when the male partner abuses alcohol.
E)Any links between alcohol and domestic violence are still unclear.

Question 44

William Griffitt and Roberta Veitch (1971)administered tests to students who were randomly assigned to take the test in a room with normal temperature or in a 32ºC room.After completing the test,students were asked how aggressive they felt and their hostility toward a stranger was measured.These researchers found that students in the

A)normal room felt more aggressive than those in the 32ºC room,but both sets of students were equally hostile to the stranger.
B)32ºC room felt more aggressive than those in the normal room and were more hostile to the stranger.
C)normal room felt less aggressive than those in the 32ºC room,but were more hostile to the stranger.
D)32ºC room felt more aggressive than those in the normal room,but both sets of students were equally hostile to the stranger.
E)normal room felt less aggressive than those in the 32ºC room,but both sets of students were equally hostile to the stranger.

Question 45

Recall from your text that boys are more aggressive than girls,that worldwide,men are more likely than women to be convicted of violent crimes,and if women are arrested,it is typically for nonviolent crimes such as forgery or fraud.According to the authors,these findings suggest the role of _______ factors that contribute to aggression.

A)cultural
B)evolutionary
C)biochemical
D)social
E)psychological

Question 46

An experimental study by McDonald,Zanna,and Holmes (2000)gave alcohol,placebo drinks,or no drinks to male students in relationships.They were asked to describe and evaluate conflict in their relationship.The results show that

A)both the intoxicated and placebo groups had a more negative view of their partner and their relationships than the control group.
B)both the intoxicated and placebo groups had a more positive view of their partner and their relationships than the control group.
C)intoxicated participants had a more positive view of their relationship than either the placebo or control group.
D)intoxicated participants reported more negative emotions and had a more negative view of their partner than the placebo or control group.
E)intoxicated participants changed to a more positive view of their relationship after consuming alcohol compared to their perceptions before consuming alcohol.

Question 47

Which of the following conclusions concerning gender differences in aggression is FALSE?

A)Women's aggression is more likely to be directed at a romantic partner.
B)Although men are much more aggressive than women under ordinary circumstances,gender differences are smaller when men and women are provoked.
C)Women are less likely than men to be physically aggressive toward their partner.
D)Patterns of male aggression show a link to alcohol consumption.
E)Men's aggression is more likely to be directed at other men.

Question 48

One problem with using archival data (e.g.,existing records of disturbances)to demonstrate that exposure to uncomfortable levels of heat causes people to behave aggressively is that

A)more people might simply be outside on a warm day than on a cold day.
B)by definition,people who participate in disturbances are not a random sample.
C)it is difficult to access such records.
D)the records focus on the past 200 years.
E)such disturbances do not involve the kind of aggression of interest to social psychologists.

Question 49

_______ occurs when a person is thwarted on the way to an expected goal or gratification.

A)Depression
B)Frustration
C)Low self-esteem
D)Anger
E)Aggression

Question 50

Your text provide evidence that the alcohol-aggression relationship may be modified by all of the following EXCEPT

A)the size of the drinker.
B)whether drinking is at home or at a party.
C)whether drinking is in a "jock" bar or an upscale establishment.
D)whether the drinker is in a dating relationship or not.
E)whether the drinker tends to be aggressive generally.

Question 51

Which of the following findings concerning aggression in men and women is TRUE?

A)The most frequent targets of male aggression tend to be female strangers.
B)In dating relationships most physical aggression is committed by females.
C)Physical aggression is most likely to be reported among long-term married couples.
D)Women's physical aggression results in greater degree of injury than men's physical aggression.
E)The most frequent targets of male aggression tend to be a romantic partner or spouse.

Question 52

DeWall and Bushman's (2009)study of the impact on aggression of heat-related,cold-related,or neutral words,found that those exposed to ________ words produced the most aggressive word completions.

A)heat-related
B)cold-related
C)neutral
D)heat- and cold-related
E)cold-related and neutral

Question 53

Desdemona is having a bad day.As she runs to answer the phone,she bangs her knee on the coffee table.Cursing and limping,Desdemona grabs the phone and tosses it across the room.She never did figure out who called.This is an example of

A)the neural basis of aggression.
B)a biochemical cause of hostile aggression.
C)hostile aggression caused by pain.
D)irrational behaviour.
E)instrumental aggression caused by pain.

Question 54

A large volume of research has revealed that,in everyday circumstances,aggression is less common among girls and women than among boys and men.Because these findings are _______,gender differences _______.

A)consistent; are strictly biological in nature.
B)small; are social in nature.
C)consistent; can be extremely important.
D)small; have nothing to do with biological factors.
E)correlational; are still somewhat ambiguous.

Question 55

Archer and McDaniel (1995)completed a cross-cultural study of adolescents' responses to conflict situations.Which of the following results from their 11-country study suggests that gender differences might be explained at least in part by cultural differences?

A)Women in some countries were more likely than men from other countries to endorse aggression.
B)Gender differences were found only in interdependent cultures.
C)Gender differences in endorsing aggression increased with increasing age.
D)Male and female adolescents in detention centers did not differ from one another.
E)Within any given country,men were more likely than women to endorse aggression.

Question 56

Riots do occur more often on hot days than on cool days (Carlsmith & Anderson,1979).The hotter the day in a number of cities,the more violent crimes occur (Anderson & Anderson,1984; Rotton & Frey,1985).These results suggest that discomfort can lead to aggression.However,such results should be interpreted with caution because

A)the results apply only to urban areas.
B)researchers only studied violent aggression.
C)representative samples were not secured by the researchers.
D)some third variable might account for the relation.
E)researchers limited themselves to the United States.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a viable explanation for the relation between alcohol consumption and increased aggressiveness?

A)Alcohol can reduce our ability to consider the consequences of aggressive behaviour.
B)Alcohol consumption can result in us having a "shorter fuse."
C)Alcohol can reduce our threshold for aggression.
D)Alcohol can reduce the inhibitions that keep our aggressive behaviours in check.
E)Alcohol increases physiological arousal,which can make us over-react to provocation.

Question 58

The implications of the study by McDonald,Zanna and Holmes (2000)on the effect of alcohol on perceptions of conflict in relationships are that

A)alcohol may have an indirect effect on conflict by making people less willing to work on conflict in the relationship.
B)alcohol can play a causal role in increasing relationship conflict.
C)alcohol has little direct effect on perception of conflict in a relationship.
D)women's perceptions of relationship conflict are more affected by alcohol than men's perceptions.
E)the fact that both the alcohol and placebo groups reacted negatively shows that alcohol provides an excuse for relationship conflict.

Question 59

In DeWall and Bushman's (2009)study of the impact on aggression of heat- or cold-related words,participants exposed to ________ words showed more ________.

A)cold-related; aggressive word completions.
B)heat-related; non-aggressive word completions.
C)cold-related; hostile attributions to others behaviour.
D)heat-related; hostile attributions to others behaviour.
E)heat-related; non-hostile attributions to others behaviour.

Question 60

Applying the research findings of Debra Peplar and colleagues (2002),how soon would we want to introduce interventions to deal with alcohol abuse and dating violence?

A)age 11-12
B)age 16-17
C)age 7-8
D)age 13-14
E)age 17-18

Question 61

Kristi has been very frustrated in her search for the perfect apartment that costs next to nothing.According to frustration-aggression theory,what would most likely increase the likelihood that Kristi's frustration will lead to aggressive behaviour?

A)Kristi takes an apartment that she believes is overpriced.
B)Kristi realizes that the real estate agent is doing the best he can.
C)Kristi finally admits that her expectations were unrealistic.
D)The perfect apartment burned down the day after she put down a deposit.
E)The delay is frustrating,but not unexpected; students are already back in town.

Question 62

_______ refers to the tendency to aggress when we perceive that our progress is thwarted.

A)The displacement effect
B)Reactance theory
C)The hydraulic model
D)The catharsis hypothesis
E)Frustration-aggression theory

Question 63

One determinant of whether we will respond aggressively when provoked is whether

A)provocation was accompanied by forewarning.
B)the offending party intended to frustrate us.
C)the provocation was physical or psychological.
D)provocation takes the form of a threat.
E)we perceive the provocation as intentional.

Question 64

In explaining the race riots of 1967 and 1968,Reverend Jesse Jackson noted that the riots occurred "in the middle of rising expectations and the increased,though inadequate,social spending." His analysis best reflects _______ as a source of aggression.

A)the discomfort caused by the long,hot summer
B)thwarted expectations
C)discrimination and direct provocation
D)social issues
E)catharsis

Question 65

You are about to leave on vacation and your brother is driving you to the airport.Unfortunately,you get to the airport too late and you find out that your flight has already left.Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to feel aggressive toward your brother and want to scream at him?

A)You missed your flight by two minutes.
B)The next available flight is two days away.
C)Your brother forgot to put your luggage in the car.
D)You missed your flight by an hour.
E)Your flight has been delayed.

Question 66

As Dale is walking by Andy,he trips over Andy's foot,falls to the ground,and hits his face on the side of a table as he is falling.Dale will be most likely to reciprocate by acting violently toward Andy if

A)Dale knows that Andy grew up in abusive household.
B)Andy intentionally tripped him.
C)Andy's cat just died.
D)Andy unintentionally tripped him.
E)Andy is clumsy.

Question 67

Roger Barker,Tamara Dembo,and Kurt Lewin (1941)manipulated _______ by making some children view attractive toys that were kept out of their reach.

A)relative deprivation
B)anticipation
C)response latency
D)aggression
E)frustration

Question 68

In an experiment in which participants were insulted either before or after they learned that the offender was upset due to a low grade (Johnson & Rule,1986),participants were more likely to retaliate when the situation was explained to them after the insult.These results support the idea that provocation is less likely to result in an aggressive response when

A)those who provoke us apologize before we are provoked.
B)those who provoke us apologize after we are provoked.
C)we learn of mitigating circumstance ahead of time.
D)we can empathize with those who provoke us.
E)those who provoke us have an excuse for their behaviour.

Question 69

When Roger Barker and his colleagues (1941)prevented children from playing with attractive toys,once the children gained access to the toys,they behaved destructively,smashing the toys and throwing them against the wall.These results demonstrate the power of _______ to increase frustration and aggression.

A)social learning
B)absolute deprivation
C)aggressive stimuli
D)relative deprivation
E)imitation

Question 70

According to Freud,aggressive behaviour is the result of a build-up of emotions that then needs to be released._______ is the modern explanation for aggression that is most similar to Freud's.

A)The weapons effect
B)Ego tension
C)Social learning theory
D)Frustration-aggression theory
E)Reactance theory

Question 71

In which of the following situations is frustration least likely to result in aggression?

A)A woman grabs you and says "Hey,slow down," as you rush to catch your train.
B)The parking lot is full,and a driver pulls around you to take the parking place for which you've been waiting.
C)Your friend sprained her ankle,and cannot help you move,as promised.
D)A telemarketer interrupts your dinner to sell you a magazine subscription.
E)You realize you are being lowballed by a salesperson.

Question 72

Two children,Jane and Joan,have been eyeing a new water pistol in the local toy store for months.Each is convinced that her parents will buy her the water pistol as soon as summer comes.Yesterday,Jane's parents bought her the water pistol.As soon as Joan found out,she had a temper tantrum and hit Jane in the stomach._______ best explains Joan's behaviour?

A)The weapons effect
B)The cathartic effect
C)Social exchange theory
D)Frustration-aggression theory
E)The emotional consistency effect

Question 73

Chip and Dale get into a bitter fight over who owes what for their large phone bill.Chip is frustrated that Dale won't see his side of the argument.Which of the following will increase the odds that Chip will resort to physical aggression against Dale?

A)Dale outweighs Chip by 25 pounds.
B)Dale can refuse to pay the utility bills,too.
C)Dale admits that he might have forgotten a few of his long distance calls.
D)Dale is a martial arts expert.
E)Dale pulls out his check book,but then refuses to write the check to Chip.

Question 74

Grant (2008)asked skilled immigrants from Asia and Africa about their feelings when credentials earned in their country of origin were not recognized in Canada.Participants showed anger,frustration,and resentment.The authors explained this as due to

A)frustration-aggression.
B)social exclusion.
C)relative deprivation.
D)aggressive stimuli.
E)provocation.

Question 75

_______ refers to the perception that you (or your group)have less than you were led to expect,or less that similar others have.

A)Relative deprivation
B)Functional deprivation
C)Frustration
D)Absolute deprivation
E)Aspirational deprivation

Question 76

According to the principle of relative deprivation,which group is most likely to rebel against the leadership of a country?

A)The group that is most privileged and feels threatened by demands of less powerful groups.
B)The group that has the most charismatic leader.
C)The group that has been treated the worst for the longest period of time.
D)The group that has received some,but not all,of its demands for equality.
E)The group that perceives that is has nothing to lose but its chains.

Question 77

Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response,but does not inevitably lead to such a response .A number of situational factors work to accentuate frustration,further increasing the odds of aggression.For example,frustration is accentuated when we

A)perceive the frustrating act as unavoidable.
B)expect the frustration.
C)perceive the frustrating act as random.
D)are close to our intended goal.
E)perceive the frustrating act as unintentional.

Question 78

According to the relation between frustration and aggression,who is most likely to get into an argument with someone who cuts in line ahead of him or her?

A)Alicia,who only has one item at the drug store
B)Alinda,who is in line to pay for a parking ticket
C)Barbara,who is the next in line at the grocery store check-out counter
D)Tim,who has been waiting two hours to buy concert tickets
E)Hector,who is last in line for movie tickets

Question 79

Several factors can increase frustration and accordingly will increase the probability that some form of aggression will occur.Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A)unexpectedness
B)closeness to the goal or object of your desire
C)alcohol consumption
D)relative deprivation
E)someone intentionally causes you to become frustrated

Question 80

Kevin is told that if he works for five days at a telemarketing job,he can expect to earn $100 a day on commission alone.When he gets his paycheck at the end of the week,it comes to only about $80 per day.He's very upset even when he finds out that his co-workers all made only about $60 each per day.This is an example of

A)unfulfilled expectations leading to frustration.
B)catharsis.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)hostile frustration.
E)dispositional frustration.